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Review and Thought Questions for Natural History and Physiological Ecology 1) The oldest vertebrates originated in aquatic habitats, but mammals arose in more recent time in terrestrial habitats. However, some mammalian species have since evolved life history strategies for living in aquatic habitats (beavers, sea otters, mink, whales, dolphins, etc). What physiological problems do aquatic mammals face? What causes these problems? If there are so many physiological issues, what are the benefits for aquatic mammals, specifically for aquatic mammalian a) carnivores and b) herbivores? 2) A)The species composition of boreal forests and tundra are much more similar than the species composition of tropical rain forests and Mediterranean woodlands around the globe. What causes this? What are the management implications? B) Sasquatch are only found in the boreal forest of northern Canada. The exceptions are some smaller, isolated populations at high elevation in southern Colorado, over 2,000 miles away. Explain how this distribution pattern is possible. 3) One species of aquatic plant lives at the edge of wetland habitats in very shallow water that occasionally dries, while another species is found only in deep-water habitats that never dry. A) which species likely has a wider "physiological tolerance" for abiotic factors (said another way, a larger fundamental niche). B) abiotic factors in the deeper habitat are within the tolerance range of the shallow water species, why isn't the shallow species found in high numbers in the deeper-water habitat? Use natural selection to argue why you usually wouldn't expect species to have exactly the same physiological tolerances or exactly the same distribution. C) which species likely has a larger geographic range? Why? D) which species is probably a better overall competitor? Why? 4) An underlying theme of physiological ecology is adaptation of organisms to their local environments. But these adaptations shouldn't be viewed as an optimal fit of species to their environment. In fact, over geological time, nearly all species have gone extinct. Discuss why this is the case. Why cant natural selection "prevent" species extinctions? 5) Use optimal foraging theory to explain the widespread love of fatty foods in humans. 6) In your own words, explain the relevance of the saying "a jack of all trades is a master of none" to the field of ecology. .

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