Score each trait using the measures below. Traits that cannot be observed due to damaged or missing elements are noted with dashes. - 's denote ignoring a given cell. In this scoring, Homo sapiens is to be used as the frame of reference Cranial Morphology A. Sagittal Crest: Mark it as a ' P ' or 'A', present or absent. B. Nuchal Crest: Mark it as a ' C ' or ' L ', crest or line. C. Supra-orbital Ridge: Mark it as a ' C ' or ' D ', continuous or discontinuous. D. Prognathism: Mark it as ' R ' or ' L ', reduced or large (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of ' R ' or ' L ') E. Post-orbital Constriction: Mark it as ' R ' or ' L ', reduced or large (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of ' R ' or ' L ') F. Temporal Fossae: Mark it as ' R ' or ' L ', reduced or large (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of ' R ' or ' L ') G. Foramen Magnum: Mark it as 'A' or 'P', anterior or posterior (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of 'A' or 'P') Dental Morphology A. General Dentition: Mark it as 'R' or ' G ', robust or gracile (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of ' R ' or ' G ') B. Canines: Mark it as ' R ' or ' L ', reduced or large (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of ' R ' or ' L ') C. Diastema: Mark it as a 'P' or 'A', present or absent. D. Simian Shelf or Chin: Mark it as a ' S ' or ' C ', either a simian shelf or a chin. E. Dental Arcade: Mark it as 'U', 'P', or 'V', "U-shaped", parabola-shaped, or "V-shaped" (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of 'U', 'P' or ' V ') F. Molars: Mark it as ' R ' or ' L ', reduced or large (use + , + + , + + + to denote degree of ' R ' or ' L ') 2. "Ardi" and Gracile Australopithecines (Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus) .