Bussiness Planning BPC_manual SAP BPC manual

BPC User Manual
2017
VERSION 1.0.0
FISCAL AFFAIRS DIVISION
MINISTRY OF FINANCE & TREASURY | Male’ Maldives

What is SAP BPC?
• Business Planning and Consolidation (BPC) is a solution offered by SAP for Budgeting,
Forecasting and Consolidations
• SAP BPC has an Excel Add-in, users enter data and generate reports with Excel
• Security will be configured in SAP BPC to restrict user access by Business Area and Programs
• SAP BPC integrates with other SAP systems like SAP Business Intelligence (BI), SAP
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).
• SAP BPC will use the same Master data as in SAP ERP–Business Areas, GL Accounts and other
dimensions
• After finalizing Ceiling and Budget in SAP BPC, this data will be made available to SAP ERP
How SAP BPC will help?
• Budgeting in Excel is a manual process and it is not robust system. SAP BPC will provide a
robust functionality for budgeting.
• Program Budget will be implemented in SAP BPC
• SAP BPC will provide controls. Example, User can only enter data in predefined segments
within Ceilings
• Processes will be automated in SAP BPC, Example, data consolidation from all Business
Areas
• Workflows will be implemented in SAP BPC to send notifications. Example, to start data
input in a form, completion of data entry/task
• With the new data structure in SAP BPC, detailed reports will be generated to create the
Budget Book and internal reports
• Users can dynamically generate Ad-hoc reports on the available data
SAP BPC System Landscape
SAP BW
Reporting System
SAP BPC
• Budget Solution
• Virements
• Cash Flow
SAP ECC
• Enter
Transaction
Data
• System of
Records
Data transfer

Create SAP BPC Connection in Excel Add-In
This document will help users to create SAP BPC Excel add-in connection. For each connection (e.g. for
test and production system) you have to follow the same steps.
If you have the SAP BPC Excel Add-in please follow steps below, if you do not have SAP BPC Excel Add-in
or have any question regarding creating a connection please contact Ministry of Finance & Treasury.
Pre-requisite configuration of DNS Server
Create a DNS record in the DNS server of the organization with the following details;
prbici01.finance.gov.mv 10.244.7.17
1. Open Excel on your machine
1.1.Navigate to ‘EPM’ ribbon on the menu.
1.2.Click ‘Log On’ on the left side of the ribbon.
2. A new connection window is displayed. Click on the highlighted button.

3. ‘Connection Manager’ is displayed. Click on ‘Create…’ button.
4. ‘Create Connection’ window is displayed. Do not change anything in this window, except the
server URL.
Please use the URL as applicable.
System Server URL Purpose
Production http://prbici01.finance.gov.mv:8000/sap/bpc/ This is the production
system, where the budget
forecast is to be done.

5. After entering the correct server URL, please click ‘Connect’ button.

6. Logon window will be displayed. Please enter your logon credentials (SAP BI Username and
Password) and click ‘Log On’.
7. Create connection window will be displayed. ‘Environment’ and ‘Model’ details will
automatically be filled. Next, click ‘Generate Connection Name’.

8. ‘Connection Name’ will be filled. Next click ‘Ok’ button.
9. You have created and saved the SAP BPC Connection. In the ‘Connection Manager’ window,
connection is displayed.
9.1.Click ‘Set Default’, this will set the selected connection as default.
9.2.Now that you created the connection let’s try to Log On to SAP BPC. Click ‘Ok’ button.

10. Logon window is displayed. Each time you Log On to SAP BPC, you need to provide logon
credentials. Enter your credentials and click ‘Ok’ button.

11. Once you are connected, you will see
11.1. EMP Context, just below Excel ribbon.
11.2. Data Connection, to the right side of the Excel Window.
11.3. Log Off button, on the top left of the Excel EPM Add-In ribbon.

Set Default Co text Me ers &
Sheet Optio s i SAP BPC Ex el Add-I
This document will help users to setup default context members and sheet options in SAP BPC Excel
Add-In. This is one time setup.
The set default members will be used in SAP BPC Excel input forms and reports. Currently input forms
and reports have selection criteria, which will allow you to change dimension members – e.g. Change
Business Area, Program and Fund members.
Default Context Members
The below steps shows how to set default Business Area, Program and Currency
1. After login to SAP BPC
1.1. Na igate to EPM ri o o the e u
1.2. Click drop-down arrow near Options option, as displayed below

2. EPM – Co te t Optio s i do ill e displa ed
3. Na igate to the se o d ta Co te t Lo k . Ne t, li k the highlighted cell next to
ORGANIZATION_DIM as displayed below.

4. EPM Sele tor i do ill e displa ed
5. To displa oth the e er ID a d des riptio , li k the Displa e u a d sele t ID-Des riptio
option. Now, member ID and description will be displayed.

6. Navigate to your responsible Business Area. If you are responsible for a sector, navigate to it.
e.g. Navigate to Business Area
e.g. Navigate to Sector

7. After navigating to the desired Business Area/Sector, click it. A ti k ark ill e displa ed for our
sele tio . Ne t, Cli k OOK utto .

8. You ill e a igated a k to EPM – Co te t optio i do . Your Orga izatio e er sele tio
will be displayed. Che k Lo k optio e t to it.

9. Next we will set Curre . Sele t the ell e t to ‘PTCU‘‘ENCY
10. EPM – Sele tor i do ill e displa ed. Sele t Lo al Curre a d li k OK utto

11. The sele ted Lo al Curre ill e displa ed i the 'EPM – Co te t Optio s i do . Che k Lo k
option

12. Ne t e ill set the default Progra . If the sele ted e er displa ed is Total Progra s - check
the Lo k optio s. Else, Sele t the ell e t to P‘OG‘AM_DIM

13. Sele t Total Progra s i the EPM Sele tio i do a d li k OK
14. You have completed the default context members. You can now close the EPM – Co te t Optio s
window

Set User Options
The below steps will help you to set user default options. This is a one-time setup.
15. Na igate to EPM ri o o the e u. Next, click drop-down arrow near Options option, as
displa ed elo a d li k User Optio s…
16. I the Na igatio ta , sele t/u sele t optio s the as displa ed elo

17. Ne t, a igate to Displa ta a d sele t/u sele t optio s the as displa ed as elo
18. Next, navigate to Others tab and select/unselect options the as displayed as below

19. Please click OK button to save your settings. You have now successfully completed the user option
setup.

Program Classification
InBPC,currentlywehavepre-definedprogramsforeachsectoraccordingtotheClassificationof
ExpenditurebyFunctionsofGovernment(IMFClassification).BusinessAreasshouldpreparetheirbudgets
fortheavailablerelevantprograms.Abusinessareamightfindirrelevantprogramsavailabletothem.This
isbecausewepre-definedprogramstosectors.Onesectorcouldhavebusinessareasthathasdifferent
functions.IMFClassificationofExpendituresbyFunctionsofGovernment(COFOG),willbeattachedwith
thisdocumentforyourreference.
Pre-Defined Programs for Sectors
For each sector, below are the pre-determined functions.
S01 Presidents Office
Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs
S02 People's Majlis
S03 Judicial Service Commission
Law Courts
S04 Department of Judicial Administration
Law Courts
S05 Elections Commission
General Public Services N.E.C
S06 Civil Service Commission
General Services
S07 Human Rights Commission
Law Courts
S08 Anti-Corruption Commission
Law Courts
S09 Auditor General’s Office
S10 Prosecutor General’s Office
Law Courts
S11 Maldives Inland revenue Authority

S12 Employment Tribunal
Law Courts
S13 Maldives Media Council
Broadcasting & Publishing Services
S14 Maldives Broadcasting Commission
Law Courts
S15 Tax Appeal Tribunal
Law Courts
S16 Local Government Authority
Community Development
S17 Information Commissioners Office
General Services
S18 National Integrity Commission
Law Courts
S19 Public Service Media
S20 Ministry of Finance and Treasury
Communication
General Economic, Commercial & Labor Affairs
General Services
Old Age
Police Services
Public Debt Transactions
Transport
S21 Ministry of Defense & National Security
Civil Defense
Fire Protection
Military Defense
S22 Ministry of Home Affairs
Communication

Police Services
Prisons
Public Order & Safety N.E.C
S23 Ministry of Education
Cultural Services
Education N.E.C
Post-Secondary Nontertiary Education
Pre-Primary & Primary Education
Secondary Education
Tertiary Education
S24 Maldives Islamic University
Tertiary Education
S25 Maldives National University
Education N.E.C
Tertiary Education
S26 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
S27 Ministry of Health
Health N.E.C
Hospital Services
Public Health Services
Sickness & Disability
Survivors
S28 Ministry of Economic Development
Police Services
Transport
S29 Ministry of Tourism
Other Industries
Transport
S30 Ministry of Youth and Sports
Education N.E.C

Recreational & Sporting Services
Religious & Other Community Services
S31 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
Hospital Services
Housing Development
Mining, Manufacturing & Construction
Protection of Biodiversity & Landscape
Transport
Waste Management
Waste Water Management
S32 Ministry of Fisheries & Agriculture
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
Fuel & Energy
S33 Ministry of Islamic Affairs
S34 Ministry of Environment and Energy
Fuel & Energy
Housing & Community Amenities N.E.C
Protection of Biodiversity & Landscape
Waste Management
Waste Water Management
Water Supply
S35 Attorney General’s Office
S36 Ministry Of Gender & Family
Family & Children
Social Protection N.E.C
S37 MOFT / Special Budget
Public Debt Transactions
S38 MOFT / Pension Budget
Old Age

S39 Maldives Police Services
Police Services
Prisons
S40 Maldives Customs Services
S41 National Social Protection Agency
Survivors
S42 Indhiraagaandhi Memorial Hospital (IGMH)
Health N.E.C
Hospital Services
S43 Councils

Funds Explanation
• Consolidated Revenue Fund – This is the fund to record the general revenues collected
and domestic budget expenditures of government offices. Some business area’s might
not receive any revenue, thus they can skip this fund. But almost all government offices
incur expenditures from this fund. By default there is only one sub fund for consolidated
revenue fund, so everything must be recorded in sub fund C-GOM.
• Cash Grant – This is the fund to record grants received as cash to implement recurrent
programs/activities. Once you select this fund, you must also select the right sub fund to
record the grants. Also, all the expenditures from that grant should be budgeted in the
expenditure forms as well. Sub funds consist of donors, and all sub funds for cash grant
starts with a “G”. For example G-ADB, G-BRU.
• Trust Fund – This is the fund to record revenue and expenditure projections for trust
funds. Any business area that owns a trust fund should forecast their revenues and
expenditures in this fund type. Once you select this fund, you must also select the right
sub fund to input the revenues and expenditures. Sub funds define the specific trust
fund. For example if you want to record revenues for Zakat fund, you must select Trust
Fund, then select T-ZKT (Zakat Fund) from the sub fund selection.
• Project Grant – Project grants are grants we receive for specific projects, it could be a
recurrent project, but usually we receive grants for capital projects (PSIP). Projects
should have a project code (P-HTE011-155). You can only enter revenues up to the
ceiling amount for project grants, and you can enter expenditures up to the revenue
amount entered for the specific fund. Once you select this fund, you must also select the
right sub fund to record the grants. Sub funds consist of donors, and all sub funds for
project grant starts with a “D”. For example D-ADB, D-BRU. You must record revenues,
in order to record expenditures for this fund in the expenditure forms.

Project Loan – Project loans are loans we receive for specific projects, it could be a recurrent
project, but usually we receive loans for capital projects (PSIP). Projects should have a project
code (P-HTE011-155). You can only enter inflows up to the ceiling amount for project loans, and
you can enter expenditures up to the inflows amount entered for the specific fund. Once you
select this fund, you must also select the right sub fund to record the loans. Sub funds consist of
donors, and all sub funds for project loan starts with an “L” or an “X”. For example X-ADB, L-
BRU. You must record inflows, in order to record expenditures for this fund in the expenditure
forms.

Revenue Input Form
Purpose of this form is to input the revenue forecasts for the budget by funds. Each business
area should enter revenues for the following funds.
Steps to enter revenues
• Select the Business Area (Example : B1001 – President’s Office)
• Select the Fund Type (Example : Project Grant)
• Select the Sub Fund (Example : D-ADB – Asian Development Bank)
• Hit Refresh – This is very important, if you do no refresh, the data you entered cannot be
saved. So it is very important to hit refresh every time a selection changes from the top.
• Enter the forecasted revenues in the correct GL code.
• Hit Save
Once the data has been saved, you can change selection to enter revenues to another
business area or a fund. If so, repeat this process.

Loans/Inflows Input Form
Purpose of this form is to input the inflows of loans and other financing instruments for the
government. Any business area that has a project financed by a loan, bond etc. should use this
form to record the forecasted inflows.
You can only enter inflows up to the ceiling amount for project loans, and you can enter
expenditures up to the inflow amount entered for the specific fund. As this form is for only one
fund type (Project Loan), you only need to select the right sub fund to record the loan. Sub funds
consist of lending agency/country, and all sub funds for project loan starts with “X” or “L”. For
example X-ADB, L-BRU. You must record inflows, in order to record expenditures for this fund
in the expenditure forms.
• L – Project Loans by Cash
• X – Project Loan directly disbursed
Steps to enter Inflows
• Select the Sub Fund (Example : L-ADB – Asian Development Bank)
• Enter the forecasted inflows in the correct GL code.
• Hit Save
Once the data has been saved, you can change selection to enter inflows to another
business area or a sub fund. If so, repeat this process.

Expenditure Input Form
Purpose of this form is to input all the expenditures except for projects. For projects there is a
separate form to input the expenditures.
Business area’s should enter their forecasted expenditures by program for each fund using this form.
The following funds are available in the form to input the expenditures.
Steps to enter Expenditures
• Select the Program (Example : PS010200 - Executive and legislative organs, Financial and
Fiscal affairs)
• Select the Sub Program (Example : AS010200 – Act-Executive and legislative organs,
Financial and Fiscal affairs)
• Enter the forecasted expenditures in the correct GL code.
• Hit Save
Once the data has been saved, you can change selection to enter expenditures to another
business area, program or a fund. If so, repeat this process.

Projects Input Form
Purpose of this form is to input all the expenditures for projects. It could be either capital (PSIP) or
even a recurrent project.
Business area’s should enter their forecasted expenditures by program for each fund using this form.
The following funds are available in the form to input the expenditures.
Steps to enter Expenditures
• Select the Program (Example : PS010200 - Executive and legislative organs, Financial and
Fiscal affairs)
• Select the Project (Example : P-JAS001-019 - Const.of Majistrate court - K.Guraidhoo)
• Enter the forecasted expenditures in the correct GL code.
• Hit Save
Once the data has been saved, you can change selection to enter expenditures to another business
area, program or a fund. If so, repeat this process

Annex: Classiﬁcation of the Functions
of Government
his annex describes the classiication of expenditure
according to the functions of government.
Introduction
6.126 he Classiication of Functions of Gov-
ernment (COFOG) is a detailed classiication of the
functions, or socioeconomic objectives, that general
government units aim to achieve through various
kinds of expenditure. COFOG is integral to the GFS
presentation. It is one of a family of four classiications
referred to as classiications of expenditure according
to purpose.45
COFOG provides a classiication of gov-
ernment outlays by functions that experiences have
shown to be of general interest and useful to a wider
variety of analytic applications. Statistics on health,
education, social protection, and environmental pro-
tection, for example, can be used to study the efec-
tiveness of government programs in those areas. In
contrast, the Classiication of Environmental Activi-
ties (CEA) is a functional classiication that covers a
more limited but specialized activity.46
6.127 While the COFOG as used in this Manual
fully agrees with the OECD/UN classiication, the
concept is applied slightly diferently in GFS. Final
outlays are referred to in a general sense by the OECD/
UN, and therefore include grants, loans, and/or subsi-
dies. In GFS, COFOG is applied only to expenditure,
comprising expense and the net investment in non-
inancial assets. Transactions in inancial assets and
45
COFOG was produced by the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) and was published together
with the other three classiications in United Nations (UN), Clas-
siications of Expenditure according to Purpose (New York, 2000).
he other classiications are the Classiications of Individual
Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP), the Classiica-
tion of the Purpose of Nonproit Institutions Serving Households
(COPNI), and the Classiication of the Outlays of Producers Ac-
cording to Purpose (COPP).
46
CEA is one of the classiications and lists contained in the
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Central Framework
(SEEA). See Appendix 7 for a description of the linkages between
GFS and the SEEA. For more details on CEA, also see the Clas-
siication of Environmental Protection Activities and Expenditure
(CEPA) (UN, 2000c).
liabilities, such as loans, are excluded when compil-
ing COFOG data for GFS reporting purposes. For the
general government sector, transactions in inancial
assets and liabilities are usually fungible, to such an
extent that a functional classiication of these inanc-
ing activities may be less useful.
Structure of COFOG Classiﬁcations
6.128 he classiication codes of COFOG are
somewhat diferent from the structure of other GFS
classiication codes. he functions are classiied
using a three-level scheme. here are 10 irst-level,
or two-digit, categories, referred to as divisions. Ex-
amples are health (Division 07) and social protection
(Division 10). Within each division, there are sev-
eral groups, or three-digit categories, such as hospi-
tal services (Group 073) and sickness and disability
(Group 101). Within each group, there are one or
more classes, or four-digit categories, such as nursing
and convalescent home services (Class 0734) and dis-
ability (Class 1012). All three classiication levels and
detailed descriptions of the contents of each class are
reproduced in this annex. Table 6A.1 lists the divi-
sions and groups. In the GFS framework, the preix
“7” has been added to align the COFOG codes with
other GFS classiication codes.
6.129 All expenditure on a particular function
is aggregated in one category of COFOG regardless
of the economic nature of the expenditure. hat is,
transfers payable in cash designed to be used for a
particular function, the purchase of goods and ser-
vices from a market producer that are transferred to
households for the same function, the production
of goods and services by a general government unit,
and/or the net investment in a noninancial asset for
that same function are all reported under the same
function.
Uses of COFOG
6.130 COFOG permits trends in government ex-
penditure on particular functions or policy purposes

143
Expense
Table 6A.1 Classiﬁcation of Expenditure by Functions of Government According to Divisions and Groups
7 Total expenditure
701 General public services 706 Housing and community amenities
7011 Executive and legislative organs, financial and
fiscal affairs, external affairs
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
707
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
708
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
709
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
710
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
Housing development
Community development
Water supply
Street lighting
R&D Housing and community amenities
Housing and community amenities n.e.c.
Health
Medical products, appliances, and equipment
Outpatient services
Hospital services
Public health services
R&D Health
Health n.e.c.
Recreation, culture, and religion
Recreational and sporting services
Cultural services
Broadcasting and publishing services
Religious and other community services
R&D Recreation, culture, and religion
Recreation, culture, and religion n.e.c.
Education
Pre-primary and primary education
Secondary education
Postsecondary nontertiary education
Tertiary education
Education not definable by level
Subsidiary services to education
R&D Education
Education n.e.c.
Social protection
Sickness and disability
Old age
Survivors
Family and children
Unemployment
Housing
Social exclusion n.e.c.
R&D Social protection
Social protection n.e.c.
7012 Foreign economic aid
7013 General services
7014 Basic research
7015 R&D General public services
7016 General public services n.e.c.
7017 Public debt transactions
7018 Transfers of a general character between
different levels of government
702 Defense
7021 Military defense
7022 Civil defense
7023 Foreign military aid
7024 R&D Defense
7025 Defense n.e.c.
703 Public order and safety
7031 Police services
7032 Fire protection services
7033 Law courts
7034 Prisons
7035 R&D Public order and safety
7036 Public order and safety n.e.c.
704 Economic affairs
7041 General economic, commercial, and labor
affairs
7042 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting
7043 Fuel and energy
7044 Mining, manufacturing, and construction
7045 Transport
7046 Communication
7047 Other industries
7048 R&D Economic affairs
7049 Economic affairs n.e.c.
705 Environmental protection
7051 Waste management
7052 Waste water management
7053 Pollution abatement
7054 Protection of biodiversity and landscape
7055 R&D Environmental protection
7056 Environmental protection n.e.c.
Note: R&D = research and development; n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
to be examined over time. Conventional government
accounts are not usually suitable for this purpose
because they relect the organizational structures of
governments. Not only might time series be distorted
by organizational changes, but at a speciic time some
organizations may be responsible for more than one
function, and responsibility for one function might
be divided among several organizations. For exam-
ple, if a government establishes a new department
that brings together some of the functions previously

144 Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014
administered by several departments or at several lev-
els of government, it will not usually be possible to
use conventional government accounts to compare
expenditure on these purposes over time.
6.131 COFOG is also used for making interna-
tional comparisons of the extent to which govern-
ments are involved in particular economic and social
functions. Just as COFOG avoids the problems of or-
ganizational changes in a single government, so too
does it avoid the problems of organizational difer-
ences among countries. In one country, for example,
all functions connected with water supply may be
undertaken by a single government agency, while in
another country, they may be distributed among de-
partments dealing with the environment, housing, or
industrial development.
6.132 For particular kinds of analyses, COFOG
provides key aggregates that could be used as indica-
tors or measures of results. For example, in studies of
social assistance, information on past expenditure on
the social protection function could give an indication
of changes in the support provided by government for
the welfare of the population. Similarly, analyzing the
impact of economic growth on the environment may
require information on the expenditure on environ-
mental protection.
Individual versus Collective Goods
and Services
6.133 Government services can beneit the com-
munity either individually or collectively. COFOG is
used to distinguish between individual and collective
goods and services provided by general government
units. he COFOG functions are deined so that they
represent individual or collective consumption, but
not both.
6.134 A collective service is a service provided si-
multaneously to all members of the community or to
all members of a particular section of the community,
such as all households living in a particular region.
Other characteristics of these collective services may
be summarized as follows:
• he use of such services is usually passive and
does not require the explicit agreement or active
participation of all the individuals concerned.
• he provision of a collective service to one indi-
vidual does not reduce the amount available to
others in the same community or section of the
community. here is no rivalry in consuming
these services.
6.135 An individual consumption good or ser-
vice is one that is acquired by a household and used to
satisfy the needs or wants of members of that house-
hold. Individual goods and services are essentially
“private” as distinct from “public” goods and services.
hey have the following characteristics:
• It must be possible to observe and record the ac-
quisition of the good or service by an individual
household or member thereof as well as the time
at which it took place.
• he household must have agreed to accept the
provision of the good or service and to take what-
ever action is necessary to make it possible—for
example, by attending a school or clinic.
• he good or service must be such that its acquisi-
tion by one household or person, or possibly by
a small, restricted group of persons, precludes its
acquisition by other households or persons.
6.136 An important characteristic of an individual
good or service is that its acquisition by one house-
hold, person, or group of persons brings no (or very
little) beneit to the rest of the community. he bor-
derline between individual goods and services and
collective services is not always clear. While the provi-
sion of certain individual health or education services
(e.g., vaccination or immunization) may bring some
external beneits to the rest of the community, in gen-
eral, the individuals concerned derive the main ben-
eit. When a government unit incurs expenditure on
the provision of individual goods or services, it must
decide not only how much to spend in total but how
to allocate, or distribute, the goods or services among
individual members of the community. In contrast,
in the case of collective services, all members of the
community beneit from such services.
6.137 Expenditure incurred by governments in
connection with individual services such as health
and education are to be treated as collective services
when they are concerned with the formulation and
administration of government policy, the setting and
enforcement of public standards, the regulation, li-
censing, or supervision of producers, etc. For exam-
ple, the expenditure incurred by ministries of health
or education at a national level are to be included in

145
Expense
collective consumption expenditure as they are con-
cerned with general matters of policy, standards, and
regulation. On the other hand, any overhead expenses
connected with the administration or functioning of
a group of hospitals, schools, colleges, or similar insti-
tutions are to be included in individual expenditure.
For example, if a group of private hospitals has a cen-
tral unit that provides certain common services such
as purchasing, laboratories, ambulances, or other fa-
cilities, the costs of these common services would be
taken into account in the prices charged to patients.
he same principle must be followed when the hos-
pitals are nonmarket producers: all the costs that are
associated with the provision of services to particular
individuals, including those of any central units pro-
viding common services, should be included in the
value of expenditure on individual services.
6.138 All of classes 701 to 706 are collective ser-
vices, as are sections 7075 and 7076 of health; sections
7083 to 7086 of recreation, culture, and religion; sec-
tions 7097 and 7098 of education; and sections 7108
and 7109 of social protection. hese sections cover
expenditure on general administration, regulation,
research that is not recorded as investment in non-
inancial assets, and so on. he remaining sections
of health, recreation, culture and religion, education,
and social protection (which dominate each of the
classes) are considered to be individual services.
6.139 In this annex, each class is marked “CS” or
“IS” to designate it as collective services or individual
services, respectively. his distinction is used for the
computation of inal consumption expenditure and
actual inal consumption of the general government
and household sectors in the national accounts, as
described in paragraphs A7.53–A7.62. Purchases of
goods and services that are provided to individual
households or persons are treated as social transfers in
kind in the 2008 SNA so that the actual inal consump-
tion of government and households, in addition to
their inal consumption expenditure, can be computed.
herefore, statistics compiled for each economic type
of expenditure by function are needed for compiling
national accounts according to the 2008 SNA.
Units of Classiﬁcation
6.140 he units of classiication are, in principle,
individual transactions. Each purchase of goods and
services, wages payable, transfer, or other expendi-
ture should be assigned a COFOG code according to
the function that the transaction serves. For most ex-
penditure, however, it will generally not be possible
to use transactions as the unit of classiication and
institutional units may also not necessarily be per-
forming a single function. Instead, COFOG codes
may best be done at the smallest level of entities, re-
gardless of their status as institutional units. Func-
tions oten have to be assigned to all transactions
of agencies, oices, programs, bureaus, and similar
smaller entities within government departments or
ministries.
6.141 When these smaller government entities
rather than transactions are used for classiication, it
may happen that the smallest entity that can be iden-
tiied in the government accounts may perform more
than one COFOG function. If possible, the expen-
diture of multifunction entities should be allocated
among COFOG functions using a relevant physical
indicator, such as hours worked by employees. It may
be possible only to assign all expenditure by multi-
function entities to whichever purpose appears to ac-
count for the largest part of expenditure.
6.142 A single classiication cannot serve all ana-
lytic purposes. he selection of functions in COFOG
is based on judgment. he scope of each function
could be broader or narrower, and completely dif-
ferent functions could have been included. For ex-
ample, expenditure for medical schools is classiied
in COFOG as education rather than health. Also,
research and development could be a function of its
own, but in COFOG, research and development ex-
penditure is shown separately, classiied according to
the function the goal of the research and development
most closely serves. hus, COFOG statistics must be
used with care to be sure that the desired coverage is
obtained for a speciic analytic purpose.
Problems in Identifying Functions
of Government
Shared Expenditure
6.143 Government ministries generally are respon-
sible for the formulation, administration, coordination,
and monitoring of overall policies, plans, programs,
and budgets; for the preparation (in some countries) and
enforcement of legislation; and for the production and

dissemination of general information, technical docu-
mentation,andstatistics.Consequently,theexpenditure
of these ministries has to be shared across the classes
for which they are responsible. For example, the expen-
diture of a ministry of transport should be divided be-
tween road transport (70451), water transport (70452),
railway transport (70453), air transport (70454), and
pipeline and other transport (70455).
Administrative Expenditure
6.144 Administrative expenditure on general ser-
vices, such as personnel services, supply and purchas-
ing services, accounting and auditing services, and
computer and data processing services, undertaken
by ministries or units within ministries should be
classiied at the most detailed level possible. If admin-
istrative expenditure overlaps two or more classes, an
attempt should be made to apportion expenditure be-
tween the classes concerned. If this approach is not
feasible, the total should be allocated to that class that
accounts for the largest part of the total expenditure.
Subsidies
6.145 Particular diiculties may arise with regard
to subsidies. he main objective behind such govern-
ment support may be, for example, to assure capac-
ity to build naval vessels considered vital to national
defense, to maintain living standards of important
groups such as farmers or miners, or to provide em-
ployment for workers in underutilized hospitals.
hese political objectives are not to be confused with
functions as the term is used in COFOG. Hence, a
government subsidy to shipyards is classiied under
manufacturing (70442), and grants to hospitals are
classiied under hospital services (7073) regardless of
the ultimate purposes. Subsidies and grants designed
chiely to increase employment opportunities in gen-
eral are an exception to this rule. Because such pro-
grams do not focus on any single industry, they are
classiied under general labor afairs (70412).
Consumption of Fixed Capital
6.146 It is likely that consumption of ixed capital
will be diicult to allocate by function, especially if
only aggregated igures for total government capital
stock and consumption of ixed capital are compiled.
In these circumstances, approximations will have to
be used. One possibility may be to distribute con-
sumption of ixed capital according to book value de-
preciation, if it is available for detailed organizational
units within government. Another approach would
be to distribute consumption of ixed capital among
functions in proportion to the net acquisition of ixed
assets over a number of earlier years.
6.147 Another caution regarding the use of
COFOG statistics relates to net investment in non-
inancial assets. Because expenditure classiied by
COFOG includes consumption of ixed capital as an
expense, and includes it in the calculation of net in-
vestment in noninancial assets (deducted from ac-
quisition minus disposals), the consumption of ixed
capital will net out in COFOG data. However, if a
functional classiication is compiled for expense items
only, this will include consumption of ixed capital
representing part of the resource cost of using previ-
ously acquired ixed assets.
Cross-Classiﬁcation of Expenditure
6.148 he economic and functional classiications
of expenditure can be cross-classiied as illustrated
in Table 6A.2. A cross-classiication of COFOG with
each of the categories of the economic classiication of
expense is analytically useful. he cross-classiication
allows an analysis of:
• he inputs, which show how governments per-
form their functions, and the outputs, which
show what governments are doing
• How governments carry out their public expen-
diture policy functions to meet social objectives
• he changes in the composition of expenditure
over time to serve speciic policy objectives
• Comparison of how speciic functions are car-
ried out by diferent governments.
6.149 Table 6A.2 includes a column for each major
economic type of expense and for net investment in
noninancial assets. As indicated earlier, this classii-
cation is needed to compile data on the actual inal
consumption of the general government and house-
holds (see paragraph 6.139).
Detailed Classiﬁcation of the
Functions of Government
6.150 As outlined earlier, the complete Classiica-
tion of the Functions of Government (COFOG) has
three levels of detail: Divisions, Groups, and Classes.

147
Expense
he Divisions could be seen as the broad objectives
of government, while the Groups and Classes de-
tail the means by which these broad objectives are
achieved. he classiication numbers have been modi-
ied slightly to conform with the coding system of this
Manual. he numeral “7” is preixed to all codes and
the punctuation separating Divisions, Groups, and
Classes are deleted. In addition, where appropriate,
reference has been made to expenditure rather than
outlays. Otherwise, these descriptions are the same as
those of the United Nations Statistical Division.47
47
See http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.
asp?Cl=4&Top=1&Lg=1.
701 GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES
7011 EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE
ORGANS, FINANCIAL AND FISCAL
AFFAIRS, EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
70111 Executive and legislative organs (CS)
• Administration, operation, or support of execu-
tive and legislative organs:
Includes: oice of the chief executive at all levels of gov-
ernment—oice of the monarch, governor-general,
president, prime minister, governor, mayor, etc.; legis-
lative bodies at all levels of government—parliaments,
chambers of deputies, senates, assemblies, town coun-
cils, etc.; advisory, administrative, and political stafs
attached to chief executive oices and legislatures;
Table 6A.2 Cross-Classification of Expenditure by Functional and Economic Classifications
Compensation
of employees
[GFS]
Use of
goods
and
services
Consumption
of fixed
capital [GFS]
Interest
[GFS] Subsidies Grants
Social
benefits
[GFS]
Other
expense
Net
Investment in
nonfinancial
assets
General public
services
Defense
Public order
and safety
Economic
affairs
Environmental
protection
Housing and
community
amenities
Health
Recreation,
culture, and
religion
Education
Social
protection
1
Consumption of fixed capital is a cost (expense) for a general government unit and reduces the value of nonfinancial assets. The net effect
of consumption of fixed capital on total expenditure is thus zero.

libraries and other reference services serving mainly
executive and legislative organs; physical amenities
provided to the chief executive, the legislature, and
their aides; permanent or ad hoc commissions and
committees created by or acting on behalf of the chief
executive or legislature.
Excludes: ministerial oices, oices of heads of de-
partments of local governments, interdepartmental
committees, etc. concerned with a speciic function
(classiied according to function).
70112 Financial and fiscal affairs (CS)
• Administration of inancial and iscal afairs and
services; management of public funds and public
debt; operation of taxation schemes
• Operation of the treasury or ministry of inance,
the budget oice, the inland revenue agency, the
customs authorities, the accounting and auditing
services
• Production and dissemination of general infor-
mation, technical documentation and statistics
on inancial and iscal afairs and services.
Includes: inancial and iscal afairs and services at all
levels of government.
Excludes: underwriting or lotation charges and inter-
est payments on government loans (70170); supervi-
sion of the banking industry (70411).
70113 External affairs (CS)
• Administration of external afairs and services
• Operation of the ministry of external afairs
and diplomatic and consular missions stationed
abroad or at oices of international organizations;
operation or support of information and cultural
services for distribution beyond national bound-
aries; operation or support of libraries, reading
rooms, and reference services located abroad
• Regular subscriptions and special contributions
to meet general operating expenses of interna-
tional organizations.
Excludes: economic aid to developing countries and
countries in transition (70121); economic aid mis-
sions accredited to foreign governments (70121);
contributions to aid programs administered by in-
ternational or regional organizations (70122); mili-
tary units stationed abroad (70210); military aid to
foreign countries (70230); general foreign economic
and commercial afairs (70411); tourism afairs and
services (70473).
7012 FOREIGN ECONOMIC AID
70121 Economic aid to developing
countries and countries in transition
(CS)
• Administration of economic cooperation with
developing countries and countries in transition
• Operation of economic aid missions accred-
ited to foreign governments; operation or sup-
port of technical assistance programs, training
programs, and fellowship and scholarship
schemes
• Economic aid in the form of grants (in cash or in
kind) or loans (regardless of interest charged).
Excludes: contributions to economic development
funds administered by international or regional or-
ganizations (70122); military aid to foreign countries
(70230).
70122 Economic aid routed through
international organizations (CS)
• Administration of economic aid routed through
international organizations
• Contributions in cash or in kind to economic de-
velopment funds administered by international,
regional, or other multinational organizations.
Excludes: aid to international peacekeeping opera-
tions (70230).
7013 GENERAL SERVICES
his group covers services that are not connected with
a speciic function and that are usually undertaken by
central oices at the various levels of government. It
also covers those services connected with a particular
function that are undertaken by such central oices.
For example, the compilation of industry, environ-
ment, health, or education statistics by a central sta-
tistical agency is included here.
70131 General personnel services (CS)
• Administration and operation of general person-
nel services, including development and imple-
mentation of general personnel policies and
procedures covering selection, promotion, rating

149
Expense
methods, the description, evaluation and classii-
cation of jobs, the administration of civil service
regulations, and similar matters.
Excludes: personnel administration and services
connected with a speciic function (classiied according
to function).
70132 Overall planning and statistical
services (CS)
• Administration and operation of overall eco-
nomic and social planning services and of overall
statistical services, including formulation, coor-
dination, and monitoring of overall economic
and social plans and programs and of overall sta-
tistical plans and programs.
Excludes: economic and social planning services and
statistical services connected with a speciic function
(classiied according to function).
70133 Other general services (CS)
• Administration and operation of other general
services, such as centralized supply and pur-
chasing services, maintenance and storage of
government records and archives, operation of
government-owned or -occupied buildings, cen-
tral motor vehicle pools, government-operated
printing oices, centralized computer and data
processing services, etc.
Excludes: other general services connected with a spe-
ciic function (classiied according to function).
7014 BASIC RESEARCH
Basic research is experimental or theoretical work un-
dertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the
underlying foundations of phenomena and observ-
able facts, without any particular application or use
in view.
70140 Basic research (CS)
• Administration and operation of government
agencies engaged in basic research
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support basic re-
search undertaken by nongovernment bodies
such as research institutes and universities.
Excludes: applied research and experimental develop-
ment (classiied by function).
7015 R&D GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES
Applied research is original investigation under-
taken in order to acquire new knowledge, but di-
rected primarily toward a speciic practical aim or
objective.
Experimental development is systematic work,
drawing on existing knowledge gained from re-
search and practical experience that is directed to
producing new materials, products, and devices; to
installing new processes, systems, and services; or
to improving substantially those already produced
or installed.
70150 R&D General public services (CS)
agencies engaged in applied research and experi-
mental development related to general public
services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support applied re-
search and experimental development related to
general public services undertaken by nongov-
ernment bodies, such as research institutes and
universities.
Excludes: basic research (70140).
7016 GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES N.E.C.
70160 General public services n.e.c. (CS)
• Administration, operation, or support of general
public services, such as registration of voters,
holding of elections and referendums, admin-
istration of nonself-governing and trust territo-
ries, etc.
Includes: general public services that cannot be as-
signed to (7011), (7012), (7013), (7014), or (7015).
Excludes: public debt transactions (7017); transfers of
a general character between diferent levels of govern-
ment (7018).
7017 PUBLIC DEBT TRANSACTIONS
70170 Public debt transactions (CS)
• Interest payments and expense for underwriting
and loating government loans.
Excludes: administrative costs of public debt manage-
ment (70112).

7018 TRANSFERS OF A GENERAL
CHARACTER BETWEEN DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
70180 Transfers of a general character
between different levels of
government (CS)
• Transfers between diferent levels of government
that are of a general character and not allocated
to a particular function.
702 DEFENSE
7021 MILITARY DEFENSE
70210 Military defense (CS)
• Administration of military defense afairs and
services
• Operation of land, sea, air, and space defense
forces; operation of engineering, transport, com-
munication, intelligence, personnel, and other
noncombat defense forces; operation or support
of reserve and auxiliary forces of the defense
establishment.
Includes: oices of military attachés stationed abroad;
ield hospitals.
Excludes: military aid missions (70230); base hospitals
(7073); military schools and colleges where curricula
resemble those of civilian institutions even though
attendance may be limited to military personnel and
their families (7091), (7092), (7093), or (7094); pen-
sion schemes for military personnel (7102).
7022 CIVIL DEFENSE
70220 Civil defense (CS)
• Administration of civil defense afairs and ser-
vices; formulation of contingency plans; organi-
zation of exercises involving civilian institutions
and populations
• Operation or support of civil defense forces.
Excludes: civil protection services (70320); purchase and
storage of food, equipment, and other supplies for emer-
gency use in the case of peacetime disasters (71090).
7023 FOREIGN MILITARY AID
70230 Foreign military aid (CS)
• Administration of military aid and operation of
military aid missions accredited to foreign gov-
ernments or attached to international military
organizations or alliances
• Military aid in the form of grants (in cash or in
kind), loans (regardless of interest charged), or
loans of equipment; contributions to interna-
tional peacekeeping forces, including the assign-
ment of manpower.
7024 R&D DEFENSE
Deinitions of basic research, applied research, and
experimental development are given under (7014)
and (7015).
70240 R&D Defense (CS)
mental development related to defense
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support applied
research and experimental development re-
lated to defense undertaken by nongovern-
ment bodies, such as research institutes and
universities.
7025 DEFENSE N.E.C.
70250 Defense n.e.c. (CS)
• Administration, operation, or support of activi-
ties such as formulation, administration, coor-
dination, and monitoring of overall policies,
plans, programs, and budgets relating to defense;
preparation and enforcement of legislation relat-
ing to defense; production and dissemination of
general information, technical documentation,
and statistics on defense; etc.
Includes: defense afairs and services that cannot be
assigned to (7021), (7022), (7023), or (7024).
Excludes:administrationofwarveterans’afairs(7102).
703 PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY
7031 POLICE SERVICES
70310 Police services (CS)
• Administration of police afairs and services,
including alien registration, issuing work and
travel documents to immigrants, maintenance
of arrest records and statistics related to police
work, road traic regulation and control, preven-
tion of smuggling, and control of ofshore and
ocean ishing
• Operation of regular and auxiliary police forces,
of port, border, and coast guards, and of other

151
Expense
special police forces maintained by public au-
thorities; operation of police laboratories; opera-
tion or support of police training programs.
Includes: traic wardens.
Excludes: police colleges ofering general education in
addition to police training (7091), (7092), (7093), or
(7094).
7032 FIRE PROTECTION SERVICES
70320 Fire protection services (CS)
• Administration of ire prevention and ireight-
ing afairs and services
• Operation of regular and auxiliary ire brigades
and of other ire prevention and ireighting ser-
vices maintained by public authorities; operation
or support of ire prevention and ireighting
training programs.
Includes: civil protection services such as mountain res-
cue, beach surveillance, evacuation of looded areas, etc.
Excludes: civil defense (70220); forces especially trained
and equipped for ighting or preventing forest ires
(70422).
7033 LAW COURTS
70330 Law courts (CS)
• Administration, operation, or support of civil
and criminal law courts and the judicial system,
including enforcement of ines and legal settle-
ments imposed by the courts and operation of
parole and probation systems
• Legal representation and advice on behalf of gov-
ernment or on behalf of others provided by gov-
ernment in cash or in services.
Includes: administrative tribunals, ombudsmen, and
the like.
Excludes: prison administration (70340).
7034 PRISONS
70340 Prisons (CS)
• Administration, operation, or support of prisons
and other places for the detention or rehabilita-
tion of criminals such as prison farms, work-
houses, reformatories, borstals, asylums for the
criminally insane, etc.
7035 R&D PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY
and (7015).
70350 R&D Public order and safety (CS)
mental development related to public order and
safety
public order and safety undertaken by nongov-
ernment bodies, such as research institutes and
universities.
7036 PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY N.E.C.
70360 Public order and safety n.e.c. (CS)
ties such as formulation, administration, coordi-
nation, and monitoring of overall policies, plans,
programs, and budgets relating to public order
and safety; preparation and enforcement of leg-
islation and standards for the provision of public
order and safety; production and dissemination
of general information, technical documenta-
tion, and statistics on public order and safety.
Includes: public order and safety afairs and services
that cannot be assigned to (7031), (7032), (7033),
(7034), or (7035).
704 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
7041 GENERAL ECONOMIC, COMMERCIAL,
AND LABOR AFFAIRS
70411 General economic and commercial
affairs (CS)
• Administration of general economic and com-
mercial afairs and services, including general
foreign commercial afairs; formulation and im-
plementation of general economic and commer-
cial policies; liaison among diferent branches
of government and between government and
business
• Regulation or support of general economic and
commercial activities such as export and import
trade as a whole, commodity and equity markets,
overall income controls, general trade promotion

activities, general regulation of monopolies and
other restraints on trade and market entry, etc.;
supervision of the banking industry
• Operation or support of institutions dealing with
patents, trademarks, copyrights, company reg-
istration, weather forecasting, standards, hydro-
logic surveys, geodesic surveys, etc.
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to promote general
economicandcommercialpoliciesandprograms.
Includes: consumer education and protection.
Excludes: economic and commercial afairs of a par-
ticular industry (classiied to (7042) through (7047)
as appropriate).
70412 General labor affairs (CS)
• Administration of general labor afairs and
services; formulation and implementation of
general labor policies; supervision and regu-
lation of labor conditions (hours of work,
wages, safety, etc.); liaison among diferent
branches of government and between govern-
ment and overall industrial, business, and labor
organizations
• Operation or support of general programs or
schemes to facilitate labor mobility, to reduce sex,
race, age, and other discrimination, to reduce the
rate of unemployment in distressed or under-
developed regions, to promote the employment
of disadvantaged or other groups characterized
by high unemployment rates, etc.; operation of
labor exchanges; operation or support of arbitra-
tion and mediation services
mation, technical documentation, and statistics
on general labor afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to promote general
labor policies and programs.
Excludes: labor afairs of a particular industry (classiied
to (7042) through (7047) as appropriate); provision of
social protection in the form of cash beneits and ben-
eits in kind to persons who are unemployed (71050).
7042 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, FISHING,
AND HUNTING
70421 Agriculture (CS)
• Administration of agricultural afairs and services;
conservation, reclamation, or expansion of arable
land; agrarian reform and land settlement; super-
vision and regulation of the agricultural industry
• Construction or operation of lood control, ir-
rigation, and drainage systems, including grants,
loans, or subsidies for such works
• Operation or support of programs or schemes
to stabilize or improve farm prices and farm
incomes; operation or support of extension
services or veterinary services to farmers, pest
control services, crop inspection services, and
crop grading services
on agricultural afairs and services
• Compensation, grants, loans, or subsidies to
farmers in connection with agricultural activi-
ties, including payments for restricting or en-
couraging output of a particular crop or for
allowing land to remain noncultivated.
Excludes:multipurposedevelopmentprojects(70474).
70422 Forestry (CS)
• Administration of forestry afairs and services;
conservation, extension, and rationalized ex-
ploitation of forest reserves; supervision and
regulation of forest operations and issuance of
tree-felling licenses
• Operation or support of reforestation work, pest
and disease control, forest ireighting and ire
prevention services, and extension services to
forest operators
on forestry afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support commer-
cial forest activities.
Includes: forest crops in addition to timber.
70423 Fishing and hunting (CS)
his class covers both commercial ishing and hunt-
ing, and ishing and hunting for sport. he ishing and
hunting afairs and services listed here refer to activi-
ties that take place outside natural parks and reserves.
• Administration of ishing and hunting afairs
and services; protection, propagation, and ratio-
nalized exploitation of ish and wildlife stocks;

153
Expense
supervision and regulation of freshwater ishing,
coastal ishing, ocean ishing, ish farming, wild-
life hunting, and issuance of ishing and hunting
licenses
• Operation or support of ish hatcheries, exten-
sion services, stocking or culling activities, etc.
on ishing and hunting afairs and services
cial ishing and hunting activities, including the
construction or operation of ish hatcheries.
Excludes: control of ofshore and ocean ishing
(70310); administration, operation, or support of nat-
ural parks and reserves (70540).
7043 FUEL AND ENERGY
70431 Coal and other solid mineral fuels (CS)
his class covers coal of all grades, lignite, and peat,
irrespective of the method used in their extraction
or beneiciation, and the conversion of these fuels to
other forms, such as coke or gas.
• Administration of solid mineral fuel afairs and
services; conservation, discovery, development,
and rationalized exploitation of solid mineral
fuel resources; supervision and regulation of the
extraction, processing, distribution, and use of
solid mineral fuels
on solid mineral fuel afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the solid
mineral fuel industry and the coke, briquette, or
manufactured gas industries.
Excludes: solid mineral fuel transportation afairs
(classiied to the appropriate class of group 7045).
70432 Petroleum and natural gas (CS)
his class covers natural gas, liqueied petroleum gases
and reinery gases, oil from wells or other sources,
such as shale or tar sands, and the distribution of town
gas regardless of its composition.
• Administration of petroleum and natural gas
afairs and services; conservation, discovery,
development, and rationalized exploitation of
petroleum and natural gas resources; supervision
and regulation of the extraction, processing, dis-
tribution, and use of petroleum and natural gas
on petroleum and natural gas afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the pe-
troleum extraction industry and the industry
reining crude petroleum and related liquid and
gaseous products.
Excludes: petroleum or gas transportation afairs
(classiied to the appropriate class of group 7045).
70433 Nuclear fuel (CS)
• Administration of nuclear fuel afairs and ser-
vices; conservation, discovery, development,
and rationalized exploitation of nuclear material
resources; supervision and regulation of the ex-
traction and processing of nuclear fuel materials
and of the manufacture, distribution, and use of
nuclear fuel elements
on nuclear fuel afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the nuclear
materials mining industry and the industries
processing such materials.
Excludes: nuclear fuel transportation afairs (classiied
to the appropriate class of group 7045); disposal of ra-
dioactive wastes (70510).
70434 Other fuels (CS)
• Administration of afairs and services involving
fuels, such as alcohol, wood and wood wastes,
bagasse, and other noncommercial fuels
on availability, production, and utilization of
such fuels
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to promote the use of
such fuels for the production of energy.
Excludes: forest management (70422); wind and solar
heat(70435)or(70436);geothermalresources(70436).
70435 Electricity (CS)
his class covers both traditional sources of electricity,
such as thermal or hydro supplies, and newer sources,
such as wind or solar heat.

• Administration of electricity afairs and services;
conservation, development, and rationalized ex-
ploitation of electricity supplies; supervision and
regulation of the generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity
• Construction or operation of nonenterprise-type
electricity supply systems
on electricity afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the elec-
tricity supply industry, including such expen-
diture for the construction of dams and other
works, designed chiely to provide electricity.
Excludes: nonelectric energy produced by wind or
solar heat (70436).
70436 Nonelectric energy (CS)
• Administration of nonelectric energy afairs and
services that chiely concern the production, dis-
tribution, and utilization of heat in the form of
steam, hot water, or hot air
systems supplying nonelectric energy
on availability, production, and utilization of
nonelectric energy
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to promote the use of
nonelectric energy.
Includes: geothermal resources; nonelectric energy
produced by wind or solar heat.
7044 MINING, MANUFACTURING,
AND CONSTRUCTION
70441 Mining of mineral resources
other than mineral fuels (CS)
his class covers metal-bearing minerals, sand, clay,
stone, chemical and fertilizer minerals, salt, gem-
stones, asbestos, gypsum, etc.
• Administration of mining and mineral resource
afairs and services; conservation, discovery,
development, and rationalized exploitation of
mineral resources; supervision and regulation
of prospecting, mining, marketing, and other as-
pects of mineral production
• Productionanddisseminationofgeneralinforma-
tion, technical documentation, and statistics on
mining and mineral resource afairs and services
cial mining activities.
Includes: issuance of licenses and leases, regulation of
production rates, inspection of mines for conformity
to safety regulations, etc.
Excludes: coal and other solid fuels (70431), petro-
leum and natural gas (70432), and nuclear fuel mate-
rials (70433).
70442 Manufacturing (CS)
• Administration of manufacturing afairs and ser-
vices; development, expansion, or improvement
of manufacturing; supervision and regulation
of the establishment and operation of manu-
facturing plants; liaison with manufacturers’ as-
sociations and other organizations interested in
manufacturing afairs and services
on manufacturing activities and manufactured
products
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support manufac-
turing enterprises.
Includes: inspection of manufacturing premises for
conformity with safety regulations, protection of con-
sumers against dangerous products, etc.
Excludes: afairs and services concerning the coal pro-
cessing industry (70431), the petroleum reinery in-
dustry (70432), or the nuclear fuel industry (70433).
70443 Construction (CS)
• Administration of construction afairs and ser-
vices; supervision of the construction industry;
development and regulation of construction
standards
on construction afairs and services.
Includes: issuance of certiicates permitting occu-
pancy, inspection of construction sites for conformity
with safety regulations, etc.
Excludes: grants, loans, and subsidies for the construc-
tion of housing, industrial buildings, streets, public

155
Expense
utilities, cultural facilities, etc. (classiied according
to function); development and regulation of housing
standards (70610).
7045 TRANSPORT
70451 Road transport (CS)
• Administration of afairs and services concern-
ing operation, use, construction, and mainte-
nance of road transport systems and facilities
(roads, bridges, tunnels, parking facilities, bus
terminals, etc.)
• Supervision and regulation of road users (ve-
hicle and driver licensing, vehicle safety inspec-
tion, size and load speciications for passenger
and freight road transport, regulation of hours
of work of bus, coach and lorry drivers, etc.),
road transport system operations (granting
of franchises, approval of freight tarifs and
passenger fares, and of hours and frequency
of service, etc.), and road construction and
maintenance
road transport systems and facilities
on road transport system operations and on road
construction activities
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the opera-
tion, construction, maintenance, or upgrading of
road transport systems and facilities.
Includes: highways, urban roads, streets, bicycle paths,
and footpaths.
Excludes: road traic control (70310); grants, loans,
and subsidies to road vehicle manufacturers (70442);
street cleaning (70510); construction of noise em-
bankments, hedges, and other anti-noise facilities, in-
cluding the resurfacing of sections of urban highways
with noise reducing surfaces (70530); street lighting
(70640).
70452 Water transport (CS)
• Administration of afairs and services concerning
operation, use, construction, and maintenance of
inland, coastal, and ocean water transport systems
and facilities (harbors, docks, navigation aids and
equipment, canals, bridges, tunnels, channels,
breakwaters, piers, wharves, terminals, etc.)
• Supervision and regulation of water transport
users (registration, licensing and inspection of
vessels and crews, regulations concerning passen-
ger safety and freight security, etc.), water trans-
port system operations (granting of franchises,
approval of freight tarifs and passenger fares, and
of hours and frequency of service, etc.), and water
transport facility construction and maintenance
water transport systems and facilities (such as
ferries)
on water transport system operations and water
transport facility construction activities
water transport systems and facilities.
Includes: radio and satellite navigation aids; emer-
gency rescue and towing services.
Excludes: grants, loans, and subsidies to shipbuilders
(70442).
70453 Railway transport (CS)
ing operation, use, construction, or maintenance
of railway transport systems and facilities (rail-
way roadbeds, terminals, tunnels, bridges, em-
bankments, cuttings, etc.)
• Supervision and regulation of railway users (roll-
ing stock condition, roadbed stability, passenger
safety, security of freight, etc.), railway transport
system operations (granting of franchises, ap-
proval of freight tarifs and passenger fares, and
of hours and frequency of service, etc.), and rail-
way construction and maintenance
railway transport systems and facilities
on railway transport system operations and rail-
way construction activities
railway transport systems and facilities.
Includes: long-line and interurban railway transport
systems, urban rapid transit railway transport systems,

and street railway transport systems; acquisition and
maintenance of rolling stock.
Excludes: grants, loans, and subsidies to rolling stock
manufacturers (70442); construction of noise em-
bankments, hedges, and other anti-noise facilities,
including the resurfacing of sections of railways with
noise reducing surfaces (70530).
70454 Air transport (CS)
operation, use, construction, and maintenance
of air transport systems and facilities (airports,
runways, terminals, hangars, navigation aids and
equipment, air control amenities, etc.)
• Supervision and regulation of air transport
users (registration, licensing, and inspec-
tion of aircrat, pilots, crews, ground crews,
regulations concerning passenger safety, in-
vestigation of air transport accidents, etc.),
air transport system operations (allocation of
routes, approval of freight tarifs and passen-
ger fares, and of frequency and levels of service,
etc.), and air transport facility construction
and maintenance
public air transport services and facilities
on air transport system operations and on air
transport facility construction
air transport systems and facilities.
Includes: radio and satellite navigation aids; emer-
gency rescue services; scheduled and nonscheduled
freight and passenger services; regulation and control
of lying by private individuals.
Excludes: grants, loans, and subsidies to aircrat man-
ufacturers (70442).
70455 Pipeline and other transport (CS)
operation, use, construction, and maintenance of
pipeline and other transport systems (funiculars,
cable cars, chairlits, etc.)
• Supervision and regulation of users of pipeline
and other transport systems (registration, licens-
ing, inspection of equipment, operator skills and
training, safety standards, etc.); pipeline and
other transport systems operations (granting of
franchises, setting tarifs, frequency, and levels
of service, etc.), and pipeline and other transport
systems construction and maintenance
pipeline and other transport systems
on the operation and construction of pipeline
and other transport systems
pipeline and other transport systems.
7046 COMMUNICATION
70460 Communication (CS)
ing construction, extension, improvement, op-
eration, and maintenance of communication
systems (postal, telephone, telegraph, wireless,
and satellite communication systems)
• Regulation of communication system operations
(granting of franchises; assignment of frequen-
cies, speciication of markets to be served and
tarifs to be charged, etc.)
on communication afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the con-
struction, operation, maintenance, or upgrading
of communication systems.
Excludes: radio and satellite navigation aids for water
transport (70452) and air transport (70454); radio
and television broadcasting systems (70830).
7047 OTHER INDUSTRIES
70471 Distributive trades, storage, and
warehousing (CS)
ing the distributive trade and the storage and
warehousing industry
• Supervision and regulation of wholesale and retail
trade (licensing, sales practices, labeling of pack-
aged food and other goods intended for house-
hold consumption, inspection of scales and other

157
Expense
weighing machines, etc.) and the storage and
warehousing industry (including licensing and
control of government-bonded warehouses, etc.)
• Administration of price control and rationing
schemes operating through retailers or wholesal-
ers regardless of the type of goods involved or in-
tended consumer; administration and provision
of food and other such subsidies to the general
public
• Production and dissemination of information to
the trade and to the public on prices, the avail-
ability of goods, and other aspects of the dis-
tributive trade and the storage and warehousing
industry; compilation and publication of statis-
tics on the distributive trade and the storage and
warehousing industry
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the distrib-
utive trade and to the storage and warehousing
industry.
Excludes: administration of price and other controls
applied to the producer (classiied according to func-
tion); food and other such subsidies applicable to par-
ticular population groups or individuals (710).
70472 Hotels and restaurants (CS)
ing construction, extension, improvement, oper-
ation, and maintenance of hotels and restaurants
• Supervision and regulation of hotel and restau-
rant operations (regulations governing prices,
cleanliness, and sales practices, hotel and restau-
rant licensing, etc.)
on hotel and restaurant afairs and services
of hotels and restaurants.
70473 Tourism (CS)
• Administration of tourism afairs and services;
promotion and development of tourism; liaison
with the transport, hotel, and restaurant indus-
tries and other industries beneiting from the
presence of tourists
• Operation of tourist oices at home and abroad,
etc.; organization of advertising campaigns, in-
cluding the production and dissemination of
promotional literature and the like
• Compilation and publication of statistics on
tourism.
70474 Multipurpose development
projects (CS)
Multipurpose development projects typically consist
of integrated facilities for generation of power, lood
control, irrigation, navigation, and recreation.
ing construction, extension, improvement, oper-
ation, and maintenance of multipurpose projects
on multipurpose development project afairs and
services
of multipurpose development projects.
Excludes: projects with one main function and other
functions that are secondary (classiied according to
main function).
7048 R&D ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
and (7015).
70481 R&D General economic, commercial,
and labor affairs (CS)
agencies engaged in applied research and ex-
perimental development related to general eco-
nomic, commercial, and labor afairs
general economic, commercial, and labor afairs
undertaken by nongovernment bodies, such as
research institutes and universities.
70482 R&D Agriculture, forestry, fishing,
and hunting (CS)
mental development related to agriculture, for-
estry, ishing, and hunting

research and experimental development related
to agriculture, forestry, ishing, and hunting un-
dertaken by nongovernment bodies, such as re-
search institutes and universities.
70483 R&D Fuel and energy (CS)
mental development related to fuel and energy
fuel and energy undertaken by nongovernment
bodies,suchasresearchinstitutesanduniversities.
70484 R&D Mining, manufacturing, and
construction (CS)
mental development related to mining, manufac-
turing, and construction
to mining, manufacturing, and construction un-
dertaken by nongovernment bodies, such as re-
search institutes and universities.
70485 R&D Transport (CS)
mental development related to transport
transport undertaken by nongovernment bodies,
such as research institutes and universities.
70486 R&D Communication (CS)
mental development related to communication
communication undertaken by nongovernment
bodies such as research institutes and universities.
70487 R&D Other industries (CS)
mental development related to other sectors
othersectorsundertakenbynongovernmentbod-
ies, such as research institutes and universities.
Includes: distributive trades, storage, and warehous-
ing; hotels and restaurants; tourism and multipurpose
development projects.
7049 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS N.E.C.
70490 Economic affairs n.e.c. (CS)
• Administration, operation, or support activities
relating to general and sectoral economic afairs
that cannot be assigned to (7041), (7042), (7043),
(7044), (7045), (7046), (7047), or (7048).
705 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
he breakdown of environmental protection is based
upon the Classiication of Environmental Protection
Activities (CEPA) as elaborated in the European Sys-
tem for the Collection of Economic Information on
the Environment (SERIEE) of the Statistical Oice of
the European Communities (Eurostat).
7051 WASTE MANAGEMENT
his group covers collection, treatment, and disposal
of waste.
Waste collection includes sweeping of streets,
squares, paths, markets, public gardens, parks, etc.;
collection of all types of waste, whether selective by
type of product or undiferentiated covering all waste,
and their transport to place of treatment or discharge.
Waste treatment includes any method or process
designed to change the physical, chemical, or bio-
logical character or composition of any waste so as
to neutralize it, to render it nonhazardous, to make it
safer for transport, to make it amenable for recovery
or storage, or to reduce it in volume.

159
Expense
Waste disposal includes inal placement of waste for
which no further use is foreseen by landill, contain-
ment, underground disposal, dumping at sea, or any
other relevant disposal method.
70510 Waste management (CS)
• Administration, supervision, inspection, opera-
tion, or support of waste collection, treatment,
and disposal systems
such systems.
Includes: collection, treatment, and disposal of nu-
clear waste.
7052 WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
his group covers sewage system operation and waste
water treatment.
Sewage system operation includes management
and construction of the system of collectors, pipe-
lines, conduits, and pumps to evacuate any waste
water (rainwater, domestic, and other available waste
water) from the points of generation to either a sew-
age treatment plant or to a point where waste water is
discharged to surface water.
Waste water treatment includes any mechanical,
biological, or advanced process to render waste water
it to meet applicable environment standards or other
quality norms.
70520 Waste water management (CS)
• Administration, supervision, inspection, op-
eration, or support of sewage systems and waste
water treatment
such systems.
7053 POLLUTION ABATEMENT
his group covers activities relating to ambient air and
climate protection, soil and groundwater protection,
noise and vibration abatement, and protection against
radiation.
hese activities include construction, maintenance,
and operation of monitoring systems and stations
(other than weather stations); construction of noise
embankments, hedges, and other anti-noise facilities
including the resurfacing of sections of urban high-
ways or railways with noise reducing surfaces; mea-
sures to clean pollution in water bodies; measures to
control or prevent the emissions of greenhouse gases
and pollutants that adversely afect the quality of the
air; construction, maintenance, and operation of in-
stallations for the decontamination of polluted soils
and for the storage of pollutant products; transporta-
tion of pollutant products.
70530 Pollution abatement (CS)
tion, or support of activities relating to pollution
abatement and control
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support activities
relating to pollution abatement and control.
7054 PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY
AND LANDSCAPE
his group covers activities relating to the protection
of fauna and lora species (including the reintroduc-
tion of extinct species and the recovery of species
menaced by extinction), the protection of habitats
(including the management of natural parks and re-
serves), and the protection of landscapes for their
aesthetic values (including the reshaping of damaged
landscapes for the purpose of strengthening their
aesthetic value and the rehabilitation of abandoned
mines and quarry sites).
70540 Protection of biodiversity and
landscape (CS)
tion, or support of activities relating to the pro-
tection of biodiversity and landscape
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support activities
relating to the protection of biodiversity and
landscape.
7055 R&D ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
and (7015).
70550 R&D Environmental protection (CS)
• Administration and operation of govern-
ment agencies engaged in applied research and

experimental development related to environ-
mental protection
to environmental protection undertaken by non-
government bodies, such as research institutes
and universities.
7056 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION N.E.C.
70560 Environmental protection n.e.c. (CS)
• Administration, management, regulation, super-
vision, operation, and support of activities such
as formulation, administration, coordination, and
monitoringofoverallpolicies,plans,programs,and
budgets for the promotion of environmental pro-
tection; preparation and enforcement of legislation
and standards for the provision of environmental
protection services; production and dissemination
of general information, technical documentation,
and statistics on environmental protection.
Includes: environmental protection afairs and ser-
vices that cannot be assigned to (7051), (7052), (7053),
(7054), or (7055).
706 HOUSING AND COMMUNITY
AMENITIES
7061 HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
70610 Housing development (CS)
• Administration of housing development af-
fairs and services; promotion, monitoring, and
evaluation of housing development activities re-
gardless of whether the activities are under the
auspices of public authorities; development and
regulation of housing standards
• Slum clearance related to provision of housing;
acquisition of land needed for construction of
dwellings; construction or purchase and remod-
eling of dwelling units for the general public or
for people with special needs
• Production and dissemination of public infor-
on housing development afairs and services
• Grants, loans, or subsidies to support the expansion,
improvement, or maintenance of the housing stock.
Excludes: development and regulation of construc-
tion standards (70443); cash beneits and beneits
in kind to help households meet the cost of housing
(71060).
7062 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
70620 Community development (CS)
• Administration of community development af-
fairs and services; administration of zoning laws
and land-use and building regulations
• Planning of new communities or of rehabili-
tated communities; planning the improvement
and development of facilities such as hous-
ing, industry, public utilities, health, educa-
tion, culture, recreation, etc. for communities;
preparation of schemes for inancing planned
developments
• Production and dissemination of general in-
formation, technical documentation, and sta-
tistics on community development afairs and
services.
Excludes: plan implementation—that is, the ac-
tual construction of housing, industrial buildings,
streets, public utilities, cultural facilities, etc. (clas-
siied according to function); agrarian reform and
land resettlement (70421); administration of con-
struction standards (70443) and housing standards
(70610).
7063 WATER SUPPLY
70630 Water supply (CS)
• Administration of water supply afairs; assess-
ment of future needs and determination of avail-
ability in terms of such assessment; supervision
and regulation of all facets of potable water sup-
ply including water purity, price, and quantity
controls
of water supply systems
on water supply afairs and services
water supply systems.
Excludes: irrigation systems (70421); multipurpose
projects (70474); collection and treatment of waste
water (70520).

161
Expense
7064 STREET LIGHTING
70640 Street lighting (CS)
• Administration of street lighting afairs; de-
velopment and regulation of street lighting
standards
• Installation, operation, maintenance, upgrading,
etc. of street lighting.
Excludes: lighting afairs and services associated with
the construction and operation of highways (70451).
7065 R&D HOUSING AND COMMUNITY
AMENITIES
and (7015).
70650 R&D Housing and community
amenities (CS)
mental development related to housing and com-
munity amenities
housing and community amenities undertaken
by nongovernment bodies, such as research in-
stitutes and universities.
Excludes: basic research (70140); applied research and
experimental development into construction meth-
ods or materials (70484).
7066 HOUSING AND COMMUNITY
AMENITIES N.E.C.
70660 Housing and community
amenities n.e.c. (CS)
ties such as formulation, administration, coordi-
nation, and monitoring of overall policies, plans,
programs, and budgets relating to housing and
community amenities; preparation and enforce-
ment of legislation and standards relating to
housing and community amenities; production
and dissemination of general information, tech-
nical documentation, and statistics relating to
housing and community amenities.
Includes: administration, operation, or support activi-
ties relating to housing and community amenities that
cannot be assigned to (7061), (7062), (7063), (7064),
or (7065).
707 HEALTH
Government expenditure on health includes ex-
penditure on services provided to individual per-
sons and services provided on a collective basis.
Expenditure on individual services is allocated to
groups (7071) through (7074); expenditure on col-
lective services is assigned to groups (7075) and
(7076).
Collective health services are concerned with
matters such as formulation and administration
of government policy; setting and enforcement of
standards for medical and paramedical personnel
and for hospitals, clinics, surgeries, etc.; regulation
and licensing of providers of health services; and ap-
plied research and experimental development into
medical and health-related matters. However, over-
head expenditure connected with administration or
functioning of a group of hospitals, clinics, surger-
ies, etc. is considered to be individual expenditure
and is classiied to groups (7071) through (7074) as
appropriate.
7071 MEDICAL PRODUCTS, APPLIANCES,
AND EQUIPMENT
his group covers medicaments, prostheses, medical
appliances and equipment, and other health-related
products obtained by individuals or households,
either with or without a prescription, usually from
dispensing chemists, pharmacists, or medical equip-
ment suppliers. hey are intended for consump-
tion or use outside a health facility or institution.
Such products supplied directly to outpatients by
medical, dental, and paramedical practitioners or
to in-patients by hospitals and the like are included
in outpatient services (7072) or hospital services
(7073).
70711 Pharmaceutical products (IS)
• Provision of pharmaceutical products such as
medicinal preparations, medicinal drugs, patent
medicines, serums and vaccines, vitamins and
minerals, cod liver oil and halibut liver oil, oral
contraceptives
• Administration, operation, or support of the pro-
vision of pharmaceutical products.

70712 Other medical products (IS)
• Provision of medical products such as clinical
thermometers, adhesive and nonadhesive ban-
dages, hypodermic syringes, irst-aid kits, hot-
water bottles and ice bags, medical hosiery items
such as elasticized stockings and knee-pads,
pregnancy tests, condoms, and other mechanical
contraceptive devices
vision of prescribed other medical products.
70713 Therapeutic appliances and
equipment (IS)
• Provision of therapeutic appliances and equip-
ment, such as corrective eyeglasses and contact
lenses, hearing aids, glass eyes, artiicial limbs
and other prosthetic devices, orthopedic braces
and supports, orthopedic footwear, surgical
belts, trusses and supports, neck braces, medi-
cal massage equipment and health lamps, pow-
ered and unpowered wheelchairs and invalid
carriages, “special” beds, crutches, electronic
and other devices for monitoring blood pres-
sure, etc.
vision of prescribed therapeutic appliances and
equipment.
Includes: dentures but not itting costs; repair of thera-
peutic appliances and equipment.
Excludes: hire of therapeutic equipment (70724).
7072 OUTPATIENT SERVICES
his group covers medical, dental, and paramedical
services delivered to outpatients by medical, dental,
and paramedical practitioners and auxiliaries. he
services may be delivered at home, in individual or
group consulting facilities, dispensaries, or the outpa-
tient clinics of hospitals and the like.
Outpatient services include the medicaments, pros-
theses, medical appliances and equipment, and other
health-related products supplied directly to outpa-
tients by medical, dental, and paramedical practitio-
ners and auxiliaries.
Medical, dental, and paramedical services provided
to in-patients by hospitals and the like are included in
hospital services (7073).
70721 General medical services (IS)
his class covers the services provided by general
medical clinics and general medical practitioners.
General medical clinics are deined as institutions
that chiely provide outpatient services that are not
limited to a particular medical specialty and that are
chiely delivered by qualiied medical doctors. Gen-
eral medical practitioners do not specialize in a par-
ticular medical specialty.
• Provision of general medical services
• Administration, inspection, operation, or sup-
port of general medical services delivered by
general medical clinics and general medical
practitioners.
Excludes: services of medical analysis laboratories and
x-ray centers (70724).
70722 Specialized medical services (IS)
his class covers the services of specialized medical
clinics and specialist medical practitioners.
Specialized medical clinics and specialist medical
practitioners difer from general medical clinics and
general medical practitioners in that their services are
limited to treatment of a particular condition, disease,
medical procedure, or class of patient.
• Provision of specialized medical services
• Administration, inspection, operation, or sup-
port of specialized medical services delivered by
specialized medical clinics and specialist medical
practitioners.
Includes: services of orthodontic specialists.
Excludes: dental clinics and dentists (70723); services of
medical analysis laboratories and x-ray centers (70724).
70723 Dental services (IS)
his class covers the services of general or specialist
dental clinics and dentists, oral hygienists, or other
dental operating auxiliaries.
Dental clinics provide outpatient services. hey are
not necessarily supervised or stafed by dentists; they
may be supervised or stafed by oral hygienists or by
dental auxiliaries.
• Provision of dental services to outpatients
• Administration, inspection, operation, and sup-
port of dental services delivered by general or

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