The document discusses the impact of oil exploration and government policies on the livelihoods and landscapes of Ecuador's Amazon, where indigenous and colonist populations have historically depended on forest resources. Research reveals that while timber sales significantly contribute to family income, most locals operate informally due to high management costs and low market prices. The study advocates for government adaptations to support smallholders and formalize timber harvesting practices.

1. Oil, Roads, Settlers and Timber
Changing landscapes and livelihoods
in Ecuador's Amazon

2. People have lived in Ecuador’s Amazon forests for thousands of years,
including the indigenous group who made this petroglyph (rock art) in Napo
province. They relied on the forests and the rivers for their livelihoods.

3. In the 1960s and 70s, oil companies began exploring Ecuador’s “Oriente” or
eastern region.

4. To reach their concessions, they began to build roads into the forest, making
once-isolated areas more accessible.

5. At the same time, government policies encouraged people to move to the
Oriente to farm.

6. Indigenous people from other parts of the region, and people from elsewhere
in Ecuador began moving in, looking for new land and opportunities.

7. They started to change the landscape, clearing small patches of forest for
crops and to feed their animals.

8. They planted cacao, cassava and coffee amongst the trees. But forest products, especially
timber, are still an important part of many people’s livelihoods in this region.

9. In the last few years, Ecuador’s government has updated the country’s forestry law, and is trying
to bring these small-scale timber producers into the formal system. However, many still harvest
timber informally, without a management plan

10. New research conducted by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in the
provinces of Orellana and Napo is examining these policies and the dynamics of the domestic
timber market from the perspective of the all the different people involved –
producers, chainsaw operators, intermediaries and sellers.

11. In some communities, the study found, selling timber accounts for up to 50 per cent of
families’ income, although this varies between Orellana and Napo and between indigenous
and colonist villages.

12. The research found that forest income is not smallholders’ first option in response to crisis or
shock. However, timber sales do play an important role in providing basic needs related to
health, education, food and housing.

13. And many don’t necessarily make much money from the wood they sell, either. The study
found while prices for timber varied a lot downstream, in the villages, prices stayed low.

14. The intensity of logging varies between families and communities - from one tree to 130
trees per family per year. Those that harvested timber with a management plan cut around
four times as much wood as those working informally.

15. For many smallholders the high costs associated with applying for a management plan – given
the small amount of timber they wanted to harvest – prevented them from working within
the system.

16. 70% of those surveyed in both Orellana and Napo said they cut timber without a
management plan at some point between August 2011 and September 2012.

17. The study suggests governments need to be flexible and adapt regulations to the needs of
smallholders and communities.

18. Further Reading:
• BLOGS:
• Who buys, who sells, how much? Mapping Ecuador’s timber markets
• Right of return: Sharing research results with communities
• VIDEO:
• Timber and Livelihoods in Ecuador: Barriers to formality
• RESEARCH PAPERS:
• Smallholders and communities in timber markets: Conditions shaping diverse forms of
engagement in tropical Latin America
• Oil wealth and the fate of forest: A comparative study of eight tropical countries
• POLEX: “Dutch Disease” and forests in Ecuador

19. CIFOR’s Pro-Formal study is funded by the European Commission.
This research forms part of the: