Russian criminal tattoos served important communicative functions within the Soviet prison system. Tattoo designs indicated a prisoner's criminal rank, experience, and affiliations. Over time, new designs emerged that differentiated legitimate criminals from "traitors" who had cooperated with authorities. By the 1970s, prison overcrowding and reduced violence led criminal authorities to stop punishing prisoners for illegitimate tattoos, weakening the communicative role of such markings. However, some tattoos like stars and religious symbols retained significance in denoting a prisoner's status and experience within the criminal underworld.

1. Russian criminal tattoos
Example of traditional prison tattoo, with medal motif showing
During the 20th century in the Soviet Union there was a
strong culture of tattoos being used to indicate one’s crim-
inal career and rank within Russian criminal and prison
communities. Specifically for those imprisoned under
the Gulag system of the Soviet era, the tattoos served
to differentiate between who was an authority or thief in
law, and who was a political prisoner.[1]
The practice grew in the 1930s, peaking in the 1950s and
declining in popularity in the 1970s and 1980s.[1][2]
1 Origins
The branding of criminals was practised in Russia long
before tattooing was customary, and was banned in 1863.
In the 19th century, a “pricked” cross on the left hand
was often used to identify deserters from the army, and
up until 1846, criminals sentenced to hard labour were
branded “VOR” (thief), the letters on the forehead and
cheeks. Brands were also applied to the shoulder blade
and the right forearm, in three categories; “SK” for
Ssylno-Katorzhny (hard labour convict), “SP” for Ssylno-
Poselenets (hard labour deportee) and “B” for Begly (es-
capee). In 1846, VOR was replaced by “KAT"; the first
three letters of the word for “hard labour convict” or ka-
torzhnik.[3][4]
In the 1930s, Russian criminal castes began to emerge,
such as the Masti (suits) and the Vory v Zakone or Blat-
nye (authoritative thieves), and with that a tattoo culture
to define rank and reputation. Up until World War II,
any tattoo could denote a professional criminal, the only
exception being tattoos on sailors.[1]
Under the Gulag system of the Soviet era, laws that were
implemented in mid-1940 allowed short prison sentences
to be given to those convicted of petty theft, hooliganism,
or labor discipline infractions. This led to an increase in
the prison population during and after World War II. By
January 1941, the Gulag workforce had increased by ap-
proximately 300,000 prisoners.[5]
Tattoos served to dif-
ferentiate between an authority or “thief in law”, and the
many hundreds of thousands of political prisoners who
were imprisoned during and shortly after World War Two
for crimes not considered those of a “Vor” (thief).[1]
Some of the motifs came from English sailor tattoos,
such as the flying tall ships, a heart pierced by a dag-
ger, anchors, a serpent-entwined heart or a tiger baring
its teeth.[6]
A thief’s collection of tattoos represents his “suit” (mast),
which indicates his status within the community of
thieves and his control over other thieves within the
thieves’ law. In Russian criminal jargon or Fenya (феня),
a full set of tattoos is known as frak s ordenami (a tailcoat
with decorations). The tattoos show a “service record”
of achievements and failures, prison sentences and the
type of work a criminal does. They might also repre-
sent his “thief’s family”, naming others within hearts or
with the traditional tomcat image.[7][8]
Misappropriation
of the tattoos of a “legitimate thief” could be punished by
death, or the prisoner would be forced to remove them
themselves “with a knife, sandpaper, a shard of glass or a
lump of brick”.[9]
2 Bitch war
After the war a schism occurred in the criminal world.
Many convicts had fought in penal units, in contravention
of the thieves’ code that no thief should serve in the mili-
1

2. 2 5 DESIGNS
tary or cooperate with authorities in any way. Many legit-
imate thieves found themselves demoted to frayer (out-
sider), muzhik (peasant), or suka (traitor, a bitch). This
was part of a power struggle; with limited resources in
prison, outlawing the “bitches” (suki) allowed the legiti-
mate thieves to take more for themselves.[10]
Tattoos were modified and new designs appeared to dis-
tinguish between the two groups. The dagger piercing a
heart was modified, adding an arrow: this tattoo indicated
a legitimate thief and his desire to seek vengeance against
those who had violated the thieves’ code. The compass
rose became an indicator of aggression to prison officials
and the “bitches”, indicating the vow that “I will never
wear epaulettes" and hatred towards those who had served
in the Soviet Army. Secret acronyms were created by
legitimate thieves that the “bitches” wouldn't recognise,
such as SLON (lit. “elephant”), meaning "Suki Lyubyat
Ostry Nozh" (“Bitches love a sharp knife”).[11]
3 Khrushchev’s reforms and de-
cline of tattooing
In the 1950s Nikita Khrushchev declared a policy for the
eradication of criminality from Soviet society. Along
with propaganda denouncing the “traditional thief” that
had grown in popularity in Russian culture, punishments
in the prisons intensified for anyone that identified as a
legitimate thief, including beatings and torture. As a re-
sponse to this persecution, the thieves’ laws were intensi-
fied and the punishment for prisoners wearing unearned
tattoos increased from removal to rape and murder.[12]
By the 1970s, the intensification of the thieves’ laws had
resulted in reprisals against the legitimate thieves, orches-
trated by prison authorities who would often throw a le-
gitimate thief into cells with prisoners they had punished
or raped.[13]
To reduce tensions, criminal leaders out-
lawed rites of passage and outlawed rape as a punishment.
Fights between inmates were outlawed and conflicts were
to be resolved through mediation by senior thieves. Addi-
tionally, a fashion for tattooing had spread through juve-
nile prisons, increasing the number of inmates with “ille-
gitimate” tattoos. This ubiquity along with the reduction
in violence meant that the “criminal authorities” stopped
punishing “unearned” tattoos.
In 1985, perestroika and the new increase in tattoo par-
lours made tattooing fashionable, and further diluted the
status of tattoos as a solely criminal attribute.[2]
4 Application
The tattooists, or kol’shchiki (prickers), were held in high
regard. Tattoo needles can be referred to as peshnya
(ice pick), pchyolka (bee), shpora (spur), or shilo (sting),
while the tattoo gun can be referred to as mashinka (lit-
tle machine) or bormashina (dentist’s drill), and the ink
is referred to as either mazut (fuel oil) or gryaz (dirt).
The tattoos themselves were referred to as a reklama
(advertising), regalka (regalia), kleimo (brand), or rospis
(painting).[9]
5 Designs
Common designs and themes grew over the years, often
having different meanings depending on the location of
the tattoo. The imagery often does not literally mean what
it is depicting—for example, tattoos displaying Nazi im-
agery represent a rejection of authority rather than an ad-
herence to Nazism. Combinations of imagery, such as a
rose, barbed wire and a dagger, form combined mean-
ings. According to lexicographer Alexei Plutser-Sarno,
the tattoos become the only “real aspects of his life”.[14]
They are a symbol of the owner’s commitment to war
against the non-thief, the police (menty), and the “bitch”
(suka). The environment in the Soviet era was one of
heavy visual propaganda, and the tattoos are a reaction
to that, and a “grin at authority” (oskal na vlast), often
directly parodying official Soviet slogans with Commu-
nist Party leaders often depicted as devils, donkeys, or
pigs.[15]
A thief’s collection of tattoos represent his “suit” (mast),
which indicates his status within the community of
thieves and his control over other thieves within the
thieves’ law. They might also represent his “thief’s fam-
ily”, naming others within hearts or with the traditional
tom cat image.[7]
• Stars – Indicate an authority. On the shoulders or
the knees (“I kneel to no-one”). The eight-pointed
star denotes rank as thief in law depending on where
it is placed.[16]
• Cat – Traditional sign of a thief, often with a hat
(from "Puss in Boots"). The abbreviation KOT
stands for “native prison resident”, or often the let-
ters “KOT” (kot; cat) indicate a chronic prison in-
mate (коренной обитатель тюрьмы, korennoy obi-
tatel tiurmy)[17]
• Lenin or Stalin – Often tattooed on the chest, partly
from a belief that a firing squad would never follow
orders to shoot such an image.[18][19]
• Orthodox church – Indicates a thief, usually a chest
tattoo, with the number of cupolas indicating the
number of convictions.[20]
• Suns – Rays can be used to indicate number and
length of sentences served.
• Skull – Indicates a murderer. Following the aboli-
tion of the death sentence for murder in 1947, the

3. 3
number of murders rose significantly, with an ex-
tra 10-year sentence being no deterrent to prisoners
already sentenced to life.[21]
• Cross – The traditional “thieves’ cross” is usually tat-
tooed on the chest. This was very common.[22]
• Ships – With full sails it can indicate someone that
has fled from custody, a gulnoy or gulat, or that a
wearer is a nomadic thief who travels to steal.[23]
• Dragons – Indicate a “shark” or someone who has
stolen state or collectively owned property.[24]
• Spider, when facing up, denotes an active crimi-
nal; facing down, it denotes one who has left the
lifestyle.[16]
• Medals – Can indicate rank or, if done in pre-Soviet
style, indicates contempt for authority.
• Eagle – Traditionally indicated a senior-authority
figure; if the eagle is carrying someone it can indi-
cate a rapist.[25]
• Hooded Executioner – A prisoner who has mur-
dered a relative.[26]
• Bells – These can indicate a long sentence with no
chance of early release, a long sentence served with-
out parole for being uncooperative to the authorities,
or, if on the right shoulder, it can indicate a thief who
stole from church.[27]
• Images of the Madonna with Child (St Mary and the
infant Jesus Christ) mean “Prison is my home” and
act as a talisman.[28]
(St Mary and the infant Jesus
Christ) or a criminal lifestyle from a young age[16]
• Eyes – When on the stomach indicate the owner is
gay, or on the chest can indicate they are “watching
over you”. On the buttocks can indicate a passive
homosexual.[29][30]
• A circled “A” (done in the style of a finger ring) in-
dicates an anarchist (анархист, anarkhist)[7]
• Circle with a dot inside (as finger ring) known as
“The Roundstone” - Indicates an orphan (круглый
сирота, krugliy sirota), or the saying “Trust only
yourself” (надейся только на себя, nadeisya tolko
na sebya)[31]
• Skull inside a square (as finger ring) - Indicates a
conviction for robbery (судим за разбой, sudim za
razboy)[7]
• Quincunx - Indicates one who has done extensive
time, from the saying “the four walls and I” or “four
guard towers and me” (четыре вышки и я, chetyre
vyshki i ya)[7]
• Snake entwined with a woman - Indicates a passive
homosexual, especially if tattooed in the back.[13]
Often forced tattoo.[32]
• “Informer” ("Стукач") A forced tattoo.[33]
• “Enemy of The People” (“BPAГ HAPOДA”) A
forced tattoo.[34]
• "Kulak" ("Кулак") A forced tattoo.[35]
• “I am a Bitch” (cyкa) A forced tattoo.[36]
• “Beauty marks” or dots on the forehead indicate a
“bitch” who has sided with the prison authorities.
Beneath the eyes indicates a passive homosexual and
by the mouth indicates a passive partaker in oral sex.
On the chin indicates a rat (krysa) who steals from
other prisoners. A forced tattoo.[37]
• “Red” card suits, diamonds and hearts, on the back
to indicate a passive homosexual. Often a forced
tattoo.[38]
6 Hand and ring tattoos
Tattoos on the hands and fingers were common, and for
women, palm tattoos showing insults were popular in the
1940s and 50s.[39]
• A church with three cupolas – “eternal prisoner” ap-
plied to someone with at least three convictions.[40]
• An eagle – denotes an authoritative thief, or an es-
capee from a camp.[41]
• The letters "ОМУТ" (omut; water hole) on the back
of the hand indicate one from whom it is difficult
to get away (от меня уйти трудно, ot menya uiti
trudno)[42]
• The letters "МИР" (mir; world or peace) on the
back of the hand denote one who will never be reha-
bilitated or re-educated (меня исправит расстрел,
menya ispravit rasstrel, only execution will correct
me)[7]
• A heart indicates a despised thief with no status,
convicted for rape.[43]
• A winged arrow means a traveling thief.[44]
• A crown indicates a criminal boss or authority[45]
• White cross on a black background; “I've been
through the crosses” indicating that they have served
solitary confinement.[46]
• Silhouettes of birds; “Love and cherish freedom”.[47]
• Crosses on knuckles can indicate number of times
in prison.[48]

4. 4 9 REFERENCES
7 Forced tattoos
There are tattoos that are forcibly applied to signify “de-
motion” (razzhalovanie). These may depict sexual acts,
and are designed to lower the owner in the eyes of other
prisoners and draw harsh treatment from them. These
can be applied to those convicted of sexual crimes, those
who have not paid a debt, stool pigeons (ssuchenye),
stooges (chukhany), and signify that the owner is expelled
from the privileged section of a thieves society and are
“untouchables” (nepriskasaemye/chushki). Other thieves
must not accept anything from them or be considered “in-
fected” (zakontachit’sya). As a thief is “born” with his
tattoos, they can also be used to signify his “death” and
new status as an “untouchable”. Even established thieves
could be demoted, if, for example, they lost a card game
and failed to honor their bets.[49]
8 See also
• Criminal tattoos
• Prison gang
• Russian Mafia
• Thief in law
9 References
[1] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[2] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[3] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[4] Margo DeMello (2007). Encyclopedia of Body Adorn-
ment. ABC-CLIO. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-0-313-33695-9.
[5] Khevniuk, Oleg V. (2004). The History of the Gulag:
From Collectivization to the Great Terror. Yale University
Press. pp. 236–286.
[6] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[7] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-9550061-2-8.
[8] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-9550061-2-8.
[9] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-9550061-2-8.
[10] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[11] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[12] Danzig Baldaev (illustrations), Sergei Vasiliev (photogra-
phy), Alexander Sidorov (introduction) (2008). Russian
Criminal Tattoo Encyclopedia. 3. London: Fuel. p. 39.
ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[13] Danzig Baldaev (illustrations), Sergei Vasiliev (photogra-
phy), Alexander Sidorov (introduction) (2008). Russian
Criminal Tattoo Encyclopedia. 3. London: Fuel. p. 41.
ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[14] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-9550061-2-8.
[15] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-9550061-2-8.
[16] http://gangtattoos.blogspot.ca/p/russian-mafia.html
[17] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[18] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[19] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[20] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[21] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[22] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[23] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[24] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[25] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-9568962-
9-2.

5. 5
[26] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[27] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. pp. 100–208. ISBN 978-0-9568962-
9-2.
[28] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[29] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[30] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[31] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[32] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[33] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[34] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[35] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[36] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[37] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[38] Sidorov, Danzig Baldaev. Vol. 3 / introduction by Alexan-
der (2008). Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia. London:
Fuel. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-9550061-9-7.
[39] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 323. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[40] Bronnikov, Arkady. Russian Criminal Tattoo Police Files,
Volume 1. FUEL. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-9568962-9-2.
[41] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[42] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 304. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[43] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[44] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[45] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[46] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[47] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[48] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 301. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.
[49] Sorrell], [Danzig Baldaev ; photography by Sergei Vasiliev
; edited by Miles Murray (2006). Russian criminal tattoo
encyclopedia (1. edition, reprinted ed.). London: FUEL
Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 0-9550061-2-0.

6. 6 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
10.1 Text
• Russian criminal tattoos Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_criminal_tattoos?oldid=748387840 Contributors: Dimadick,
Bearcat, Halibutt, DocWatson42, Kaldari, Art LaPella, Axl, Mike Peel, The Rambling Man, Manxruler, Nikkimaria, Gilliam, Esrever,
WolfmanSF, Lamro, Battleofalma, Julia W, Tom.Reding, AnotherAnonymous, KIeio, BG19bot, Kjphill1977, Atropine, Monkeu5, Pencil-
sharper, Bender the Bot and Anonymous: 9
10.2 Images
• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
• File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: http://pravo.levonevsky.org/ Original artist: СССР
• File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: DTR
• File:Tattooed_former_Soviet_prisoner.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Tattooed_
former_Soviet_prisoner.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lt-ru/5884240966/in/
photolist-9XYgUE-9XYgF7-9XYgME-9XVnRF-9XYgEj-9XVnvH-9XYgS7-9XYgDy-9XYgAQ-9XYgBC-9XVnHP-9XYgT5-9XYgu9-9XVnMH-9XVnti-
Original artist: pvz.lt
10.3 Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0