What Is The 27 Year Peloponnesian War

What Is The 27 Year Peloponnesian War
The 27–year Peloponnesian War, between Sparta and Athens demonstrated the difficulties of fighting battles at home and abroad. It is by far the most
significant protracted war in Greek history where two powerful states had to modify their strategies as the war evolved over time. Both states suffered
significant damage but Sparta's ability to change their strategic approach and with the financial backing from Persia won the battle.
The war started from Sparta's fear of Athens' rising power. After fighting as allies in the Greco–Persian war and defeating the Persians. Athens began to
solicit allied economic support from its dependent states in exchange for protection. With enough financial support Athens built a large fleet and the
Long Wall
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Essay about The Peloponnesian War
Throughout the Ancient Greek world, there have been many wars and standoffs. However, there has been only one which changed the course of Greek
history forever; the Peloponnesian War. Caused by the growing tension between Athens and Sparta, it came and left, leaving only destruction in its
wake. The defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War caused the downfall of Greece, and the end of the Classical Age. The roots of the Peloponnesian
war can be traced long before 431 BCE, when it officially started. It can be traced back to as early as the Persian Wars, where the Athenians had found
their home burned by the hands of the Persians. That disaster left the Athenians with no home and no sanctuary. Even though that was a defeated battle
...show more content...
The battle between Sparta's well–built army and Athens's exemplary navy was like a battle between a bear and a shark. If the bear goes into the
water, the shark wins. However, if the shark enters land, the bear will kill it. The Athenian general and military genius Pericles knew this. Therefore,
he devised a strategy that was based on the strength of his navy and the Spartan inability to battle him on sea; he devised a strategy of attrition where
they would sit at home, and outlast the enemy (Kagan 52). In his mind, if Athens disregarded the Spartan land attacks, and instead survived off sea
trade from their allies, the enemy would be unable to cause much damage. He wanted to drain them out psychologically, to get them to surrender from
attacking the Athenian Empire (Kagan 52). One of the most important steps in doing this was to connect Athens to its navy city and their port. They
did this by building walls that connected them, later known as the Long Walls (Kagan 9). Back then, walls were almost impregnable to attacks, and
were one of the best defenses in the ancient world. Therefore, the addition of the Long Walls made both Athens and the port extremely hard to crack;
they were ready for any Spartan land attack that would come their way. When the war finally started and the Spartans did come, they found that their
attacks were not going to work. Their strategy of totally crushing the Athenian Empire and fighting a battle of annihilation was countered by the

Second Peloponnesian Wars
Between the First and Second Peloponnesian Wars Pericles and Athens was involved in many conflicts. A major one of the interwar period was the
Second Sacred War. The root of this short conflict was Athens desire to return control of Delphi to its ally the City
–State of Phocis. control the Oracle
of Delphi Pericles was involved in was the Second Sacred War. During this war Pericles led the Athenian army against Delphi and reinstated Phocis in
its sovereign rights on the oracle. Another one occurred in 447 BCE Pericles engaged in his most admired excursion, the expulsion of barbarians from
the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, in order to establish Athenian colonists in the region. At this time, however, Athens was going through internal
problems.

Peloponnesian War Causes
The Peloponnesian War was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta's Peloponnesian League. The Peloponnesian War had many
causes which included anti–Athenian feelings by the Peloponnesian League and competitive feelings for power. It began when Athens started to
dominate and treat other members of the delian league like subjects. This in turn caused Sparta to refuse to join the delian league so he created a rival
league which was the Peloponnesian League.
Once Sparta created his own rival league, the Peloponnesian League, feelings of jealousy accumulated towards the people of Athens and those feelings
increased with competitive notions for power. Then when Athens attacked an ally of Sparta's Peloponnesian League, Sparta decided

Peloponnesian War Strategy
Evolution of Strategy Throughout the Peloponnesian War
In the years leading up to the Peloponnesian War, Athens and Sparta formed a successful alliance defending Hellas from a Persian invasion. This
alliance dissolved soon after leaving two independent city–states in its place. Athens possessed a robust naval force and Sparta possessed a formidable
military force. Each possessed unique systems of government and policies that defined markedly different approaches for relationships with their
respective allies. These policies shaped the strategies that each city–state developed and implemented during the 27 year Peloponnesian War. This paper
examines the evolution of Athenian and Spartan strategy using the ends, ways, and means paradigm; identifies...show more content...
Sparta's strategy spread risk among its allies, resulting in a positive cost to benefit ratio. In contrast, Athens was incorrect in its initial assessment of
Sparta's capability to become a significant threat and that assessment appeared to changed little leading up to the Sicilian expedition. Further, Athens
risked and lost a significant percentage of its own resources on the Sicilian expedition rather than spreading the risk across allies as in the Spartan
strategy. It is impossible to know if Sparta's initial vision remained present in its strategic planning throughout the war. It is likewise impossible to know
whether or not Athens' initial assumptions regarding Sparta's future capabilities influenced its future strategic evolution. However, by the end of the
Sicilian expedition, Sparta's strategy proved sustainable and effective in adapting to changes in the realities, risks, and length of the

It is one of the most studied wars in history. The Peloponnesian War ravaged Greece for over 30 years during the 5th century B.C., and had a
permanent effect on the Greek world. Athens and Sparta, two major city–states, fought each other relentlessly for control of the Mediterranean. The
once great empire of Athens would ultimately be defeated, and its counterpart Sparta would be weakened severely as well. This war would negatively
affect Greece's world power, and it would pave the way for an invasion by Macedonia later in history. ThePeloponnesian War would become a major
part in the history of Classical Greece, and it would forever change the lives of the Greek people. The animosity between the great city–states of Athens
and Sparta...show more content...
The second invasion of Greece by Persia had been defeated, and Sparta had become the leading power of Greece. However, this would be short lived.
Soon after the war Sparta retreated into its typical isolationist ways. Which left Athens the chance to become the new leader of Greece. While the
Persians may have been defeated in 479 B.C., the threat of attack still remained. An alliance of the city–states of Greece was needed in order to ensure
protection against foreign invaders such as Persia. In 478 B.C., the Delian League was formed. It consisted of mainly coastal and Aegean sea city–states,
and it was headed by Athens. Initially, its goal was to punish Persia and to free it from Greece's sphere of influence. It was headquartered on the
island of Delos, which was where the member states met annually. This was also where the League's treasury was located. While each member was
supposed to be represented equally, Athens usually received tribute in the form of money, ships, and sometimes even troops. The League had
successfully pacified the Persians, and it quickly started to become part of the Athenian Empire. Members of the League were permanent, and any
attempt to leave would mean destruction for the seceding state. Naxos and Thasos are two examples of states that attempted to separate from the
League, but they were quickly defeated by the Athenian

Peloponnesian War Speech Analysis
Athens: A great city known for fine arts, great philosophers and diverse culture, crashes down at the hands of the barbaric Spartans during the
Peloponnesian War. How could a city this great fall? A grand empire end? A sophisticated city of goodness, justice and democracy? Their morals were
corrupted and their leaders hearts were darkened by fear and cowardice.
As we read The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, we see Athens drastically change, but not for the better. After the first few battles of the war,
Pericles gives a public funeral service for the fallen soldiers. The speech, though technically a eulogy for the men lost at battle, was used to lift the
spirits of the remaining men fighting for the warring state. Many compare this Oration...show more content...
The Athenians, frightened for their lives and country, threaten the people of the neutral island Melos to surrender for the greater good. The
Athenians desperately needed Melians resources, and during the Melian Dialog show a darker, and surprisingly more "Spartan like" side of
themselves. When the Athenians arrive to Melos, the Melian people wish to remain neutral, though the Athenians demand that the island
surrender, or else they will destroy their city. The Melians begin to reason and plea with Athens. "Do you not recognise another danger? For, once
more, since you drive us from the plea of justice and press upon us your doctrine of expediency, we must show you what is for our interest, and, if
it be for yours also, may hope to convince you: Will you not be making enemies of all who are now neutrals? When they see how you are treating us
they will expect you some day to turn against them; and if so, are you not strengthening the enemies whom you already have, and bringing upon you
others who, if they could help, would never dream of being your enemies at all?" Looking at Athens and comparing their actions towards the Melians
to the Oration of Pericles, Athens seems like a different country. Their future looks bleak and their leaders have become corrupted. Their desperation
for power and greatness to remain is so great, that they begin to bully smaller and less powerful countries, despite their

Peloponnesian War Essay
The Peloponnesian War was a battle between Athens and Sparta for about 30 years. Athens controlled a mass empire with a dominant Navy; however
by the end of the war Athens lost their empire and lost control. There are many reasons how this conflict started and how it escalated. In the end both
powerful empires fall after many years of fighting.
After the Persian Navy was destroyed the Athenians founded the Delian League. Its job was to punish the Persians by taking their colonies and adding
them to the Athenian Empire. With no Navy the Persians were defeated. Within 30 years the Athenians controlled the vast Maritime Empire, which
contains most of the islands in the Aegean and the coast of Asia. As the Athens began to grow richer and more powerful
...show more content...
Every Greek City–State sent soldiers to help calm things down. Athens sent over 5000 soldiers; the Spartans however didn't allow them into the
country because they believed the Athens was going to abuse this chaos and not help.
In 449 BCE two members of the Peloponnesian League, Megara and Corinth started fighting. Athens saw this opportunity to gain a strong hold on the
mainland, so Athens formed an alliance with Megara. This resulted in 15 years of fighting. This is considered the first Peloponnesian War. The battle
was concluded in 445 BCE which brought the signing of 30 Years' Peace. This 30 Years' Peace was an agreement to not interfere with one another's
respected empires. But the terms of the treaty were too much for the Athenians to live by and for the next 15 years they began to oppress the Spartans.
Pericles of Athens has been certain the 30 Years' Peace would not hold up. So as soon as the Spartans left the land surrounding Athens, thy started
building a wall from Athens to Piraeus. This way the Athens wouldn't have to meet the Spartans on land. It didn't matter if the Spartans stole and
burned their fields because Athens had an entire empire to import food from. As long as the Athenians Navy remained supreme and the Athens doesn't
expand it can keep the city

The Great Peloponnesian War
The spark that ignited the Great Peloponnesian War was a civil war at Epidamnus, between Corcyra and Corinth. The Corcyraeans had a fleet that was
second in size to that of Athens, and the Athenians feared that its capture by Corinth would threaten the Athenian Empire. As a result, the Athenians
made an alliance with Corcyra that angered the Corinthians. In the summer of 432 B.C.E., the Spartans met to consider their allies grievances. The
Spartans were persuaded that the Athenians had an insatiably aggressive power seeking to enslave all Greeks, which resulted in their declaration of
war. The Athenians refused to yield to threats or commands, but the Spartans refused to arbitrate and could not reach any settlement with the Athenians.

Essay on Peloponnesian War
Dating back to 449 B.C., Sparta and Athens always had an alliance, but as time grew that balance slowly began to fall as one felt threatened by
another. Before any sight of unsteadiness the Spartans and Athenians had a bound partnership. Beginning after their domination of the Persian war,
the two states slowly became aware of one another's growing power. More time went by, and the Spartans began to grow conscious of the other states,
feeling wary and paranoid around them (Fox, 170). No state was particularly to blame for the strain on their peace treaty, nor for the war, it came as
the two states developed. Eventually the two states had clashed enough and declared war. Although the Spartans gave the Athenians a chance to back
down and...show more content...
They shared rules and laws and even signed a peace treaty, promising peace between one another. The two states also introduced one another to their
allies and brought them together to create the Delian League (Esler, 128). The league further bound their alliance and tightened their friendship.
However as time grew, a civil war was brewing and piece–by–piece the concoction began to show. One of their differences was their way of doing
things. The Spartans were a much fiercer group; they were the strength of the alliance (Kagan, 150). They had a large army, which served as a greater
power on land. Yet, the Athenians were just as strong, however their strength was their navy. Having the disadvantage, the Athenians represented more
of the brains than the brawns in the friendship. This caused the, balance the Athenians had their strength and the Spartans had theirs, however, this
balance was exceptionally fragile; it was bound to be broken. Although they were destined to have problems they continued to stay strong for a few
years, neither attempted to truly over power one another. However, it was the subtle effort to show their strength that put the first strain on their
friendship. In 440 B.C., Corinth, one of the Spartan allies, was in a war with an Athenian ally, Corcyra. The battle was long and hard, both allies were
matched with one another, and after a few years Corinth was pulling ahead (Peloponnesian War, 2). Eventually Corinth was at the brink of domination,
but just

The Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War lasted for thirty years, and was orchestrated and fueled by both Athens and Sparta. The Spartans were more to blame for the
civil war; they were known for their extensive training of fierce warriors and their passion to overcome any challenge. Sparta's allies, Corinth and
Megara were also to be blamed for encouraging the Spartans to engage in war with Athens. Thus invoking and responding to the Athenians challenge
leading to a long bloody war that lasted for thirty years. It is clear that the Spartans were to blame for the Peloponnesian War, since they initiated the
war, prolonged the war, and brought the war to a halt.
Both Athens and Sparta wanted to dominate the Peloponnese Peninsula, each with the same intentions....show more content...
It is clear that the Spartans were to blame for the Peloponnesian War by initiating it, prolonging it, and by bringing it to an end and defeating the
Athenians. The fore mentioned shows the Spartans were determined to be the most dominant force in the region and we can see that a simple
victory wouldn't suffice as they prolonged the war even after it was evident that they were always a force to be reckoned with. Sparta had a rich
tradition of training strong male individuals that feared no one. Interesting even Sparta allies, gave in on the fact of sacrificing their lives, but never
breaking their alliance to Sparta. Overall the Spartans and her allies were the cause of this bloodstained conflict that lasted for a good twenty–seven

The Peloponnesian War Essay
The Peloponnesian war (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens against the Peloponnesian led by Sparta. Thucydides famously
claims that the war started "because the Spartans were afraid of further growth of Athenian power, seeing as they did have the greater part of Hellas
was under the control of Athens". The two main protagonists from opposing sides Lysander and Alcibiades had the most influential impact on the end
of the war. Lysander was appointed Spartan navarch for the Aegean Sea in 407 and undertook the major project of creating a strong Spartan fleet
which could take on the Athenians and their allies. Lysander collected 70 triremes and took them to Ephesus; Lysander pitched camp there and ordered
for merchant...show more content...
Lysander undermined his successor callicratidas position hence given complete control over Greek cities and the right to collect tributes from
Cyrus to fund the increase of the soldiers. After the death of Callicratidas Spartan allies sought to have Lysander reappointed as navarch but as it
didn't comply with Spartan law he was appointed as aracus's deputy in name, but was the actual commander. Once back in command Lysander
directed the Spartan fleet towards Hellespont, the Athenian fleet of 160 ships followed him and took up a position at Aegospotami, Lysander
commanded the mariners and pilots to go on board and sit in silence, they did this for four days. The Athenians were scattered about as the men
were sleeping or dining as they grew careless waiting for Lysander to attack, when Lysander's fleet did attack the men were coming unarmed and
scattered to help but many died at their ships which resulted in Lysander seizing the city of Lampascus, killing many of the crews and capturing
3000 men and 160 ships, all prisoners were executed. Having taken their ships in tow he sailed back to Lampascus having accomplished a great work
with small pains, the war that had a 25 year duration was finished in an hour, it was put to an end by the ready conduct of one man. Lysander.
Lacedaemonians quotes that Lysander wrote to the ephors: Athens is taken" and

The Peloponnesian War actuated a series of political and social changes that substantially altered the hegemonic balance in Greece that would have far
reaching consequences for Western Civilization. Moreover, the Peloponnesian War represented not only the nadir of Greek morality, but, the apogee of
the Spartan mirage of invincibility and domination. For the Spartans, winning the Peloponnesian War was a catastrophe that culminated in the atrophy
of the Spartan system as well as the perpetual irrelevancy of the Spartan polis in the Greek world. According, to Ober "the real, original Sparta broke
with a sharp snap because it could not bend."
Furthermore, the Spartan system decayed internally as well as externally due to a rigid caste system that allowed for no upward mobility, an arrogant
and bellicose Spartan foreign policy that alienated the vast majority of Sparta's allies, and the introduction of wealth and ideas, outside of Sparta, that
weakened the social conformity of the Sparitates. In addition, Sparta's bellicose foreign policy resulted in the alienation of the other Greek city states,
and this lead to the...show more content...
The helots were an absolute economic necessity to maintain the Spartan state. Moreover, the Spartan system was a strict caste system that split the
Spartan population into somewhat hostile social groups. At the top were the Hoimoioi, and the other group was split into the Perioikoi. These two
groups were distinct, and there was only one mode of social mobility in the Spartan caste system. A Hoimoioi could be kicked out of the barracks,
due to poverty, cowardice and a variety of other reasons, and become a Perioikoi. However, a Perioikoi could not rejoin the barracks after being
kicked out. Moreover, this downward mobility crippled an already small population of Hoimoioi that already has been greatly reduced during the
Peloponnesian

Essay On Peloponnesian War
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The Peloponnesian war which was fought in 431–404 BCE happened in ancient Greece and was between two city states, Athens and Sparta. Athens had
an alliance with coastal states and most of the island states that boarded the shores of the Aegean Sea to the north and eastern side. Sparta, on the other
hand, had formed an alliance with all other independent states that formed central Greece and Corinth, Sparta leading the alliance. Athens navy was
strong and also Sparta's army was equally strong. The advantage of Athens was that it was financially stable and very well prepared than their enemies.
Both states were proud and none could stand accepting the other's requests. It would mean they...show more content...
This is because he was the one who started the war between Sparta and Athens. He also refused to make agreements with the Spartans who were
scared of his powerful ruling. He even caused the Spartans to destroy the fields of the Athenians after asking the citizens of Attica to move inside the
city. This allowed the Spartan soldiers to invade the Athenians fields of produce and the economy of Athens declined. Pericles also brought the
downfall of Athens when he became emotional for the death of his sons and found that leading the battles against the Spartans was no longer important
and he became weak. The Spartans dominated and the powerful ruler died and this brought a great disaster to Athens and its citizens as stated by the
great historian of the time by the name Thucydides. If Pericles had given concessions to Sparta as they requested, then the Peloponnesian War could not
have started and Athens could not have been

The Peloponnesian War was a 27 yearlong war fought between Athens and Sparta. Both Athens and Sparta were leaders of their own leagues, Athens
and the Delian League and Sparta with the Peloponnesian League. War broke out after Athens failed to adhere to the 30 years treaty, plus ever since
its growing size and economic wealth Athens had been acting more like a bully and less like a civilized city–state but anger amongst Sparta and Athens
allies only made war more inevitable. Thucydides, who served as a general in the Peloponnesian war stated in his recount of the war, " The growth and
the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta, made war inevitable." Once war had officially begun Pericles, the Athenian leader,
suggested...show more content...
Although not much different from the Greek themselves, they stilled viewed and considered them semi–barbaric and backwards by Greek standards.
The Macedonians were a distinct race but their only difference from the Greeks was how far behind they were in regards to civilization. Some proof
to their differences or the way the Greeks viewed the Macedonians starts with their king. The king of Macedonia Phillip II, who reigned from
359–336BCE, was somewhat obsessed with the Greeks and their way of life. He thought the Greeks were the best people in the world and truly
loved all things Greek. He married a Greek woman, had a son and did whatever he needed to do in order for him to compete against the Greeks in
the Olympics. But although Phillip greatly admired them, he did not hesitate to conquer their land. I feel as though the Hellenistic empire fits with
the overall history of the Greek people because of the great fall of Greece to Phillip and Macedonia. Phillip took advantage of Greece once they
became exhausted of resources and money after the Peloponnesian War and because of this the Hellenistic empire should be more correctly called the
Macedonian empire. Macedonian was able to conquer many areas under Greek rule such as Thessaly and many others. After this, Phillip

Peloponnesian War Analysis
What factors does Thucydides text History of the Peloponnesian War define as the causality for the Peloponnesian wars?
Thucydides text History of the Peloponnesian War is often used by modern historians to examine the initial causes of the Peloponnesian war. The
Peloponnesian War of ancient Greece was fought between Athens and its empire and the Peloponnesian league led bySparta. The text is considered by
many historians as an exceptional source of ancient history used to establish the motives behind the Peloponnesian Wars. This is mainly because he
was able to convey his understanding of the events and factors that in turn influenced the first Peloponnesian war. Thucydides attempted to maximize
accuracy in all his writings of the ancient Greek histories. He confesses that he "found it difficult to remember the precise words used during the
speeches ... so my method has been ... to make the speakers say, what, in my opinion, was, called for by...show more content...
The text is so important because it contains several key factors that were influential to the war. Thucydides stated multiple times that the initiation of
the war was due to Athens' increase in power "The true reason of the Peloponnesian War was a jealousy of the Athenian power." (Thucydides, 1818,
page xiii). The several factors for mentioned include the increase in Athenian naval and military power and the jealousy of the Spartans at no longer
being the military leader of Ancient Greece. The conflict between political ideologies, mainly their different government structure. The Delian League
alliance becoming the Athenian Empire and their thirst for control with the power they had. The siege at Potidaea and the refusal by Pericles of peace
with Sparta. Thucydides text is exceptionally effective in defining the causalities for the Peloponnesian

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
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Peloponnesian war took place between 431 and 404 B.C. and involved two Greek city–states, namely, Sparta and Athens. Each of the participants in
the warfare was backed by its closest allies as they sought to win at all cost, no matter how long it would take. The conflict started in early 440 B.C.
when allies of Athens began revolting against frequent attacks by Sparta. At the height of animosities, situation changed from the clashes between
limited formational units to complex military operations with large–scale atrocities. Athens led Peloponnesian combat against the Delian League led by
Sparta.
The foundation of the hostilities was laid in 423 B.C. when Sparta summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to voice their complaints. A
debate that was held involved some unofficially invited guests from Athens. During the discussion, Sparta's allies held that Athens was opposed to the
idea of peace, and that there was no need for a dialogue to end the conflict. Sparta did not appear to be concerned about any possible negative
consequences of not reconciling with Athens, as it had a huge army of well–trained men. Spartans voted and declared that Athens had broken a peace
agreement, which resulted in the Peloponnesian war. Given the quarter of a century that the fighting took, it had numerous negative impacts on Athens
and other Greek city–states, which could have been avoided had Sparta and Athens agreed to solve

Peloponnesian War Research Paper
The Peloponnesian war began in 431BC and lasted until 404BC, it was fought by Athens and the Peloponnesian League was led by Sparta.
Thucydides is clear about the cause of the war, he states the growth of Athenian power scared Sparta having them begin the war. Athens did not have a
choice and yes with better hindsight this war could've been avoided. The Athenians had no choice but to fight back, Pericles favored the war and was
really the only voice of Athens. Athens was in ruins and the people of Athens had to build their city from the ground up.Sparta was worse off; they had
lost a majority of their men during the war to Athens. The main cause of the Peloponnesian war was the fear Sparta had towards Athens growth in
power, that is the

In his historical account of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides highlights the historical significance behind the participants of the Melian Dialogue and
how their actions contributed to the overall canon of inter–state relations. During this time period, in an attempt to acquire resources for their ongoing
fight in the Delian War, the nation–state of Athens turned their attention to the island of Melos as a source of potential resources. After their arrival, the
Athenians declared that unless the Melian give tribute to the war effort, their invading army would not hesitate to decimate the area. However, despite
Melian attempts to appeal to the Athenians, compromise was futile, and the population of the island was ultimately slaughtered. This...show more
content...
While several declassified government documents show that high ranking United States officials were knowledgeable about the rampant brutality
occurring in Rwanda at the time, no significant step was ever made to directly intervene and halt the violence. Rather, many of the informed actively
searched for ways to avoid involvement altogether in fear of the potential negative impact it could have on the United States and the current balance of
power. Much of the United States' reluctance to aid Rwanda stemmed from memories of failed peacekeeping endeavors such as Somalia, where active
intervention led to the loss of American life. As a result, U.S. officials began associating intervention with high risk scenarios, with potentially
disastrous outcomes. Therefore, because the military intervention required to aid Rwanda did not align with American self–interest, United States
chose remain as a bystander, overlooking their self–proclaimed commitment to the preservation of humanitarian rights. Ultimately, this example further
shows that powerful states will always act in ways that preserve their own security, regardless of how other weak states must suffer as a

What Is The 27 Year Peloponnesian War

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