Revolutions And The French Revolution

Revolutions And The French Revolution
Revolutions are a common occurrence throughout world history. With the amount of revolutions in history, there are those that get lost and those that
are the most remembered or well known. One of the well known revolutions is the French Revolution which occurred in the years 1789 to 1799.
Before the French Revolution, France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, this meaning that one ruler had the supreme authority and that said
authority was not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs, a definition given by wikipedia.com and the feudal system, which was a
system that said a peasant or worker would receive a piece of land in return for serving under a king, a definition given by vocabulary.com. Those who
opposed the, then...show more content...
Also during the Great Fear, commoners not only looted but also burned down the houses of tax collectors, landlords, and the seigniorial elite (French
Revolution).
During the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was in charge of the monarchy and was deposed in 1792 and later executed in 1793 (The French
Revolution (1789–1799)). King Louis XVI fell into massive debt which forced him to give into the Parlement of Paris and the Estates–General, this
then leading to the Revolution. After the absolute monarchy was disbanded, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted. As
reported by The French Revolution by history,com, the declaration proclaimed the Assembly's commitment to replace the old system with one that was
based on equal opportunity, freedom of speech, popular sovereignty, and representative government. The National Assembly soon learned that it wasn't
easy to govern or be in charge of a country, this shown by the months it took to draft a constitution for France (The French Revolution). According to
this article, many questions were asked when it came to creating the constitution such as "Would the clergy owe allegiance to the Roman Catholic
Church or the French government?" or "Who would be responsible for electing delegates?"
In 1792, the Assembly declared war on Austria and
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French Revolution Research Paper
The French revolution took place from 1789– 1799 and there were many changes to the Church that occurred during this time. Catholicism was the
official religion of the French state and recognised the Pope as the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Most of France's population was Catholic until
it was challenged by the French Revolution were Churches were closed down and religious worship suppressed. From than on when the Catholic
Church had returned but never the same again.
The French Revolution changed the authority of kings, priests and nobles and led to new political meanings such as democracy and nationalism. Some
of the biggest and long lasting changes occurred in the Church. During this time Catholicism in any form was found suspicious...show more content...
They then pulled down and melted church bells, crosses were then from any church and cemeteries, and works of art, relics and statues were seized
and sometimes destroyed. Even more measures were taken when revolutionaries closed churches to convert the buildings into warehouses,
manufacturing works or even animal stables on the 23rd of November 1793. Even more than that any street with the name of a Saint was changed
and given a new Republic themed name to even further disown France's cultural and artistic history. The calender of the French Republic was than
changes so that the names of the months would reflect the seasons and the week would eliminate the Sunday as a day of rest and worship. The
revolutionaries soon realised that when ridding a place of something you have to have something to put in its place, soon beginning cults and the
creation of making revolution its self a religion, commemorating revolutionary leaders as there saints and generating symbols to show for the religion.
People still trusted and believed in their faith so began to worship in private in their own homes and want to 'white masses' where there would be no
priest because they have been deported and the priest who had to leave priesthood. Than anxious to achieve some stability authorities decided that
somehow they would have to accommodate the private

The French Revolution was a time of great social, political and economic tumult in the closing years of the Eighteenth Century. The motivators
pushing French citizenry toward revolution are varied in scope and origin. They range from immediate economic woes to an antiquarian class
structure. Modern historians still debate the value of the changes that the revolution brought to modern society. The middle class made gains that
would never be rescinded, but do revolutions always end in tyranny? In the years before the revolution citizens were rigidly constrained by the estates
of the realm. These social strata had been in place since the medieval ages. The people were divided into three groups; clergy, nobility and everyone
else. The clergy...show more content...
The high costs of maintaining the army and navy exacerbated the situation, along with the lavish lifestyle of King Louis XVI and his queen,
Marie–Antoinette. Louis appointed Charles de Calonne as comptroller–general to solve France's financial crisis. Calonne knew that the only way to get
France out of debt was to fairly distribute the tax burden among the three estates. Of course, this did sit well with the nobility and Calonne was
dismissed after giving his presentation at the Assembly of Notables. In a desperate act, Louis called the Estates General. The Estates General was an
ancient practice that had not been called since 1614. Events there would prove to be the beginning of the revolution proper. France suffered under
years of inept and self–serving monarchs. Louis XVI was preceded by his grandfather, Louis XV. It was his loss of public opinion and war spending
that put his grandson in such a precarious position in the years after his reign. The rule of Louis XVI would prove to be a doomed one. He was
ousted after a comparatively short 17 years. The outdated political system gave way to a constitutional monarchy, and when that failed, the French
Republic. This Republic however would not prove to last. Feudalism was the whole of existence for rural commoners in the time before the
revolution. Farmers had no right to the land they worked and lived on. Serfs were beholden to their manor lord

Was The French Revolution Justified
During the French Revolution heads rolling off bodies were a sign of liberty; rather than death . Was the chopping of heads on the ravished colored
guillotine justified ? Were the peoples struggles and oppression by the french government not enough . There are many reasons at to why the french
revolted. The french revolted after the king ignored their cries for wheat to be planted after the famine to feed their staving families , Poor farmers
revolted after their all their hard works pay were then given to the Government to fund Queen Marie Antoinette lavish parties and her superfluous of
fashion statements , but they all revolted after their opinions weren't given the time of day . The third estate got fed up and began to call themselves
...show more content...
In the result of the growing opinion extremist began an oligarchy Committee of Public Safety who stood for things , as libertГ© , equalite ,
fraternite. Slowly the very man who started an revolt was revolted against by the people he fought for . The conservatives still overthrew Robespierre
and the committee of public safety and Robespierre was unfortunately beheaded . "The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No
body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation." In the D.O.R.O.M they say the choice relies wit the
nation and the nation no longer wanted Robespierre as their leader , and the committee took it in strive. Still many french believe without a radical
self–righteous leader like Robespierre the french wouldn't have an infamous great Emperor like Napoleon Bonaparte . I think the reign of terror
was justified because some people had to be made an example out of and it had to be the king and queen who caused and did nothing to stop the
oppression of their people. I think the reign of terror brought those who starved to death while the queen said " let them eat cake" justice . It showed
how detrimental rulers who were out of touch with there people could be

The French Revolution Essay
The French Revolution Why was there a French Revolution? This is a question of continual interests not only to professors and philosophers, but to
everybody who takes an interests in the history of the world. Genuinely, therefore, it is also a subject of much contention. The statement citing the
fundamental cause of the French Revolution as the collision between a powerful rising Bourgeoisie and an ingrained aristocracy, defending its
privileges it had for centuries, has great relevance in reiterating the great conflict of 1789. However, it was the financial debt of the government, and
the financial crisis it caused, which was at root of the actual course to revolution. Many factors played a role in the economic...show more content...
They had the right to ascendancy on public occasions, the right to exercise seigniorial rights over most of the lands they did not own, the right to wear
a sword in public, and, most importantly, the exemption from taxes. The third estate could have been broken down into two categories. One was a
new middle class that emerged during the Louis XVI era, called the Bourgeoisie. The rest of the estate were poor peasants and artisans that –3– made
up about ninety–six percent of France's entire population. The Bourgeoisise were highly educated bankers and investors, or other business elites. They
made their money in refining and processing plants, finance and insurance, and other advanced industries. A good share of the nation's debt was due
to the uneven taxation of the estates. The nobles were exempt from the main direct tax, or taille, as were the clergy. That meant most of the burden lay
on the third estate, who also possessed the least amount of wealth. The Bourgeois were wealthy and were able to afford such taxation, but nonetheless,
their aim was civil equality and to destroy the tax privileges of the nobility and clergy. The peasants, too, were laden with extensive amounts of
taxation that was nearly impossible for them to pay. Burrowing France deeper into debt and economic crisis was the persistent drought followed by
massive storms, ravaging the

The French Revolution was a period of time from 1789 to 1799 in France where there was political instability. It officially began on the 14th of July,
1789, when the Bastille, which was a symbol of the King's harsh policies, was stormed. The King, Louis XVI, the Queen, Marie–Antoinette and about
40,000 people were all brutally murdered. But there was also a positive side, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was formally adopted
on August 1789 and feudalism was abolished. This essay will address the issues of the three estates system, food shortages and the fiscal crisis. It will
also be argued that the most significant cause of the French Revolution was the social inequality that stemmed from the three estates system....show
more content...
The majority were already struggling with the cost of living, and the addition of extra taxes caused it to be near impossible for them to survive
financially. This angered the third estate, and provided an incentive for the revolution. Therefore, it is evident that the social inequality that derived
from the three estates system was the most significant cause of the French Revolution.
Secondly, the food shortages and prices were a highly influential cause of the French Revolution. The third estate had to pay the gabelle, which was
extremely expensive (Hetherton). Salt was an essential commodity that was not only used for seasoning but to preserve meats and vegetables for the
cold season (Hills). When the peasantry could not afford the gabelle, they starved during the winter. This was especially significant during the winters
of 1769, 1776, 1780–1783 and 1788, when there were heavy hailstorms and treacherously cold temperatures (Martin). This meant that there were
several crop failures that impacted foods such as corn and grain (Ashwell). As a result, the crop failures caused prices of bread and vegetables to
increase 9–fold and 6–fold respectively (Martin). Furthermore, the glacial weather caused several supply routes to freeze and close down. For
example, the rivers Yonne and Oise were specifically used for supplying meat, so when they became unavailable to merchants, the price of meat
escalated 10–fold (Martin). This meant that only those who could

Enlightenment Influence On The French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of far–reaching social and political change in France that lasted from 1789 to 1799. Before the revolution there
was a period of time called the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement in which followers considered that human reason
brought a move from theory to practice and criticism to reforming education, household administration, social reactions and politics. Voltaire, a French
philosopher and contributor to the Age of Enlightenment, expressed these ideas utilizing his intelligence, wit and style to mark his name as one of
France's greatest writers. The Enlightenment influenced the French Revolution to a great extent by introducing new ideas that encouraged questioning of
authority and religion, advancing people's outlook on commodities, and forcing citizens to compare their need with the Republic's needs. This further
brought an uprising of people wanting more such as equality and civil rights. In the process to do so there were 250,000 casualties in the Reign of
Terror followed the Thermidorian Reaction which implemented an oligarchy government called the Directory. Royalist riots prompted the Coup d'etat
of Fructidor which brought Napoleon into Directory which he later overthrows and creates an Authoritarian Republic.
The ideas of equality and rights to men which were stressed by Enlightenment philosophers are all incorporated into documents 1,4 and 5. Society
before the French revolution was

The French Revolution and the creation of the National Assembly
Introduction
The French Revolution was a critical era in the history of France and Europe that radically transformed the social and political aspects of the nation
from the ancient monarchy system of government and feudal system, to the introduction of democracy. The French people drew their motivation from
the American people who had already achieved the democratic institutions. As such, the Enlightenment age compelled individuals to fight against social
and political injustices perpetrated by the reigning king of the time. Before the revolution, the nation had three divisions. The divisions comprised of
the Clergy, the Nobility and the Commoner, with little representation of...show more content...
The king's wife, Marie Antoinette was infamous for leading an extravagant life (Barnes 508). This meant additional in taxation to the people. The king
also proved to be ineffective and cruel, and could not solve the predicaments of the people. The king faced criticism from his subjects and hence the
rise of the opposition.
The segregation of people into the three groups also served as a significant compelling factor to the revolution. The Nobles and the Clergy represented
only 3 percent of the population and were the people with the largest representation within the governing institutions (Neely 70). The commoners,
despite being the majority, received little representation in the government, and this created an imbalance within the people.
Impacts and achievements of the French Revolution – the National Assembly
The French Revolution had significant achievements, despite the widespread property and life loss. The revolution sought to bring balance among the
three groups of people within the nation. The uniting factor at the time was the national assembly and the constitution. The national assembly and the
constitution significantly reduced the distinct gap between the three groups, and tried to unify the political, economic and social disparities among the
groups (Neely 69). The unification of the three groups, though not fully, aided significantly in

Essay on The French Revolution
Creating a new Society
14 July 1789 to 9 Thermidor II,(27 July 1794) (snapshot Napoleonic France 1804)
According to Joseph Weber, foster brother of Queen Antoinette, there were three primary causes of the French revolution 'the disorder of the finances,
the state of mind, and the war in America.' The 'disorder in the finances' acknowledged that the bankruptcy of the monarchy opened the doors to
defiance of the King's authority. The greatest single cause of the revolution was the economic crisis, which forced the King to recall the redundant
Estates General which had not been called since 1614, which opened the debate for people to make complaints with the current system through the
cahiers of the three Estates. The 'state of mind'...show more content...
In the Ancien Regime authority had been deriven from g–d and the king.
** The Declaration primarily appealed to bourgeois (and nobility) spread to proletariat via propaganda
(see Townson pg.43)
POWER STRUCTURE – NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (June 1789– 30 September 1792)
– deputies based the writing of the constitution on the Declaration of Rights of man
– deputies saw the reluctance of the King to accept the changes that were taking place
– and decided that he should have a suspensive veto
– *at this point no one considered abolishing the monarch completely and setting up a republic
– it was decided that Legislative power reside in the National Assembly
– over the next year went about reorganising French govt., laws, finances, and economy
LOCAL GOVERNMENT

– deputies wanted to make sure power was decentralised, passing from the central govt. in Paris to local authorities
– making it more difficult for King to recover the power he had before
– wanted the elected representatives to be responsible to those who elected them
– already the principles of the Declaration of Rights were being undermined, as citizens were divided into 'active' and 'passive' citizens.
– Only active citizens who paid the equivalent of three days' labour in taxes, voted for the municipal officials, those who did not earn that amount from
wages were not allowed to vote and known as 'passive'
–

The French Revolution
The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution,
the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate–General, and the Great Fear.
As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of
olds reign, execution of king and queen, the reign of terror, and war and forming of the citizen–army. The long term effects were the rise of Napoleon,
spread of revolutionary ideas, growth of nationalism, and the conservative reaction.
The contributing factors to...show more content...
In this way the privileged classes had combined to outvote the third estate, which included more than 90 percent of the population. Another cause was
the fall of Bastille. The falling of the Bastille marked a turning point–attempts at reform had become a full–scale revolution. One of the causes was the
economic problems of many common people had become worse, because poor weather conditions had ruined the harvest. As a result, the price of
bread, the most important food of the poorer classes had increased. Violence grew in both the cities and the countryside during the spring and
summer. While hungry artisans revolted in urban areas, starved peasants searched the provinces for food and work. These vagrants were rumored to
be armed agents of landlords hired to destroy crops and harass the common people. Many rural peasants began to panic, known as the Great Fear.
They attacked the homes of their landlords to protect local grain supplies and reducing rents on their land. Also Lewis XVI gave in so reluctantly, for
example, taking months to approve the Declaration of Rights, which made hostility of the crown only increased.
The immediate effects of the French Revolution Was the Declaration of the Rights of Man. This was one of the most constructive achievements of the
French Revolution. The Rights of Man said that there would be equality of all persons before the law; equitable taxation; protection against loss of
property through arbitrary

French Revolution Essay
Why was there a French Revolution?
Between, 1789 ВЎV 1799, many events occurred in France that caused an outbreak within the people thus leading to a revolution. This culminated in
the France becoming a democratic government. This essay will argue that the resentment of absolute government, financial difficulties, the famine, rise
of philosophes and the ongoing feud between the estates are all the major causes of why there was a revolution in France.
Firstly before going into the topic, the word ВЎВ§revolutionВЎВЁ must be defined. ВЎВ§A revolution is a relatively sudden and absolutely huge
change. This may be a change in the social or political institutions over a relatively short period of time, or a major change in its culture or economy
.ВЎВЁ...show more content...
If the king was interested in the opinions of the people, all he had to do go to the Estates General and ask for their vote on any issue he put forth. The
last time the Estates General had been in meeting was in 1614, therefore it is evident that by the late 1700s, that the king was no longer interested in
the influence of the French people . This sort of ignorance to the people was a major factor in why there was a revolution in France
The famine killed many people during the late 18th century and was caused by the other underlining factors such as financial trouble and
arguments between the estates. Different crop failures in the 1780s caused these shortages, which of course led to high prices for bread and other
food substances. With the prices going up people grew angry with the government and waged for a revolution . There were poor conditions in the
countryside which made residents to move into Paris, and the city was overcrowded and filled with the hungry and disaffected people who
desperately needed more food to live. The peasants, who were the worst of the lot, suffered from the economic and agricultural problems . With all
this added up, there was no other way to fix these problems but to have a revolution
Another cause of the French Revolution was in the financial difficulties of the government. King Louis XV and King Louis XVI both led extremely

In 1789 during the French Revolution France was in a time of chaos and economic turmoil with a struggle for class and power amongst the inhabitants.
Prior to the revolution, the upper classes writhed to gain wealth and financial power, however in doing so they oppressed the peasants. The French
Revolution is considered to be the most momentous movements as it distorted the principles of French society. The majority of the revolts in France
from 1660–1789 were connected to the rebellions against domineering taxation. The majority of France wanted an end to the Old Regime and the
supremacy of the King, nobility and clergy. The ideas of the Revolution were widespread and had reached areas as far as the Caribbean, and it still
continues to set a precedent for countries today. The questions that historians face is what the crucial causes of the French Revolution were, however it
is widely disputed. Although many historians have argued that the coronation of Louis XVI had been the foremost cause , closer examination shows
that the French Revolution is a result of the combination of the American Revolution which led to the spread of the ideas that the colonies fought for,
high bread prices as the peasants were not able to afford a bare necessity due to the social structure of France and the Enlightenment that boasted ideas
of liberty and freedom. La RГ©volution AmГ©ricaine: The American Revolution
France had competed for power against Great Britain, however this ended up weakening

Reflection On The French Revolution
In this Reacting to the Past game, I learned valuable information about the French Revolution. I feel that it was a highly educational experience and I
would certainly play it again if given the opportunity. While the contextual information of the game did follow fairly closely to the history of France
during the Revolution, some of the actions we took as characters in the National Assembly were mildly off from what actually occurred in real life. As
an indeterminate character, I was able to play a bit of all sides, from the conservative side, to the Feuillant, and even a bit of the Jacobin. This position
was what allowed me to research and see the issues of the French Revolution from a number of different views.
First, I spoke on behalf...show more content...
Nonetheless, I was still required to speak on behalf of the remainder of the factions before proclaiming my decision.
After discovering such things, I spoke in support of the Jacobins and Section Leaders. This certainly did not earn me the favor of the remainder of
the people, as these were the outgoing and radical people. Their views presented things such as the end of the monarchy and the destruction of the
Catholic church as we knew it. I did not personally read many research articles in favor of their opinions. However, I was able to read some of the
writings provided by my peers from their viewpoints. I knew instantly that I had made the correct choice in siding with the Feuillants, as the
contemplated actions of the Jacobins would have caused for an uproar within the country itself. This was shown very profoundly with the storming of
the Bastille and riots in the streets. My character could not possibly have stood long term for such things. I spoke very briefly on the efforts of these
people in one of my speeches and then quickly moved on to find research in support of my final decision. While the Feuillants did hold my heart and
my mind from the beginning, I continually found it necessary to support these findings with the words of other great men. These supports were found
in the writings of Slave Resistance Studies and the Saint Domingue Slave

The French Revolution of 1789 Essay
There is no doubt that the French Revolution has had a profound effect on the world. The cause or causes of it have been greatly disputed. Clearly the
Revolution's primary cause was the presence of a weak monarchy and a lack of a stable system of government. France's absolute monarchy had many
changes toward the end of the eighteenth century. King Louis XVI, in his attempts to consolidate his authority and lessen the power of the aristocrats,
had planned out an intendant system. The intendants were like governors. They would oversee one constituency of the country. These intendants could
not govern the region in which they lived, and were chosen from other than the aristocracy. This insured that their allegiance was pledged to the king
and...show more content...
There were three divisions or classes in France called estates. The first estate, which was composed of church officials, had immense authority and
obtained enormous salaries. Church officials obtained their salaries via taxes collected from church property. Therefore, since the officials received
their salaries from the church property, they did not have to pay taxes. The second estate was composed mainly of nobility. They, too, were exempt
from paying taxes. This left the entire tax burden upon the third estate. The third estate consisted of some merchants and entrepreneurs; however, the
majorities were peasants. Corruption of the estates was causing much frustration among the common people who composed 70 percent of the
population. The monarchy tried to make an attempt to give the third estate power by establishing the Estate's General, but this too was corrupted.
Unlike most legislative bodies, the Estate's General did not vote by each person having a single vote. Rather, they let each estate have one vote each.
Since the first two estates were always in agreement, the third estate was always out voted. This is a prime example of how the lack of a stable
government had an immensely tragic effect on the people of the country. If the monarchy had tried to make some reform or if Louis XVI had more
backbone to institute some tax reform to lessen the burden on the third estate, the Revolution may have been avoided. The government is the backbone
of any

The French Revolution And The 19th Century
The French Revolution took place in the late 18th century which undermined the traditional monarchy of France as well as the hereditary
aristocracy. The Enlightenment was an important origin of the French Revolution as people wanted the government to provide natural rights to
individuals. They did not seek a violent revolution, however so individuals had strong beliefs in the Enlightenment ideas which led to a revolt. A
few important factors had a major impact on the origin of the revolution including social, financial, and political issues. The French society was
very complex and lead to social stress due to its extremely large population at the beginning of the 18th century. There were new disease forming
due to overcrowding, food shortages, and crime was on the rise. The social division consisted of three estates; the first being the clergy, second was
the nobility, and the third was the peasantry as well as wealthy financiers and beggars. The third estate was mostly poor along with most of France at
this time. Wages increased but the cost of living increased by a higher percentage. The monarch at the time, Louis XVI, was an extensive spender and
lived a very lavish life in which he spend half of the revenues just on interest to his loans that he owed. The political body was called the Estates
General. There was a disproportionate representation within the estates in which the peasants represented 97% of the population, leaving only 2%
being the nobility and 1% the

Essay about Causes of the French Revolution
The French Revolution was caused by many factors; some were significant and played a large role while others were of minor consequence. France
was one of the richest and most powerful nations even though they were facing some economic difficulties. The French Revolution was a pivotal
period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. During this period of time there was the formation of republicanism which replaced
the absolute monarchy in France. Before the French Revolution Louis XVI was in power, but in due time his old regime of absolute monarchy was
brought down. Some people were in favor of this revolution wanting equality and some were not. One person who was in favor of this desire for
equality and change was...show more content...
When prices got so high that peasants and other third estate citizens couldn't afford food there was an inevitable uprising. The peasantry became a class
with the ambition to counteract social inequity and put a stop to escalating food prices. This unrest caused a riot, known as the bread riot, which
became a central cause to the French Revolution.
Economics also played an important role in the French Revolution. In France there was an abundance of debt and taxation. The French monarchy
managed their fiscal affairs by using an unequal system of taxation, borrowing money, or selling noble titles and other privileges. This led to a long
running fiscal debt. France could not solely rely on tariffs to generate income. Although other countries had higher taxation rates, the burden on the
common people was greater in France. Peasants and other third estates were taxed harshly which in good times was burdensome and in bad times it
was devastating. Nobility and clergy were exempted from paying taxes. This left the peasants, wage earners, and the professional and business classes
with the burden of taxes. This burden caused the unrest, which eventually led to the French Revolution.
Many things caused the French Revolution. I believe that absolutism and privilege, famine, and economics were three of the most significant factors
causing the French Revolution. These three elements led people to be unhappy with the current government and want to overthrow it.

DBQ Essay: Causes Of The French Revolution
The French Revolution of 1789 had many long–range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions in France mad many French people
discontented. Most disaffected were merchants, artisans, workers, and peasants. The ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers brought new views of
government and society. The American Revolution also influenced the coming of TheFrench Revolution. Therefore, The French Revolution of 1789
had several causes not only due to political, but also due to social and economic issues and problems as well that made France ripe for revolution. The
most important long–range causes of this revolution, however, were the ideas of the Enlightenment, the unfair taxes, the gap between the rich and poor,
and the American Revolution...show more content...
There are very few members in the first and second estates, yet they owned the most land, while the third estate made up most of the population, yet
owned very little land. "First: Clergy – 1% of the people owned 10% of the land. Second Estate: Nobles – 2% of the people owned 35% of the land.
Third Estate – Middle class, peasants, city workers 97% of the people owned 55% of the land." (Document 2) There were high prices, high taxes, and
people were listening to enlightenment ideas. Louis XVI decided to tax the Second Estate. They called a meeting of the Estates–General – an assembly
of representatives from all three estates. (ROI) In addition, as a political cause, the third estate had no privileges or say in the government,while both
the clergy and nobles did. As mentioned before, the inequality of taxes proved another gap in the social classes. "The Revolution had been
accomplished in the minds of men long before it was translated into fact.... The middle class...was sensitive to their inferior legal position. The
Revolution came from them–the middle class. The working classes were incapable of starting or controlling the Revolution. They were just beginning
to learn to read." (Document 4) Estates– General was the first such meeting in 175 years. Met on May 5th,1789 in Versailles. In the Estate– General
each estate had one vote. (ROI)
Finally, the influence of the American Revolution and

Taylor Wunder
Gender and World Societies
Midterm Exam
Part One – Analytical Question
3. Did the Enlightenment and The French Revolution bring about change in terms of gender?
In terms of gender, both The Enlightenment and The French Revolution brought monumental changes for women. The Enlightenment was also
referred to as the age of reason, and it was an intellectual phenomenon that began around the 1730s. The key players of the Enlightenment were the men
of letters or what they called themselves, "les philosophes". For most the Enlightenment was about different attitudes towards knowledge and power,
and a focus on the critique of authorities. This is where women were first affected. The men of letters wanted women to be educated as well as men.
This was a first, because during this time women were second to men only responsible for housework and motherly duties. The Enlightenment started
to change all that. The education the Enlightenment brought to women also opened up new doors for women, and they held important roles in the
Enlightenment. Women involved in the Enlightenment ran the Salons that the men discussed their ideas and plans in. Some women, like Mary
Wollstonecraft, became writers and women's advocates. The Enlightenment opened up doors for women to...show more content...
After several abortive and costly efforts to explore Mexico's YucatГЎn peninsula, the Spaniards embarked upon an exploration of what is now central
Mexico. Hernan CortГ©z, who led the mission, kept King Charles V informed of events in the Americas through a series of very detailed letters. Under
constant pressure to justify both his own leadership and the expenses of conquest, CortГ©z missed no opportunity to expound upon either the riches
the New World held or the willingness of many indigenous peoples to accept Spanish tutelage and rule. These letters were Cortes way of manipulating
the king to further his own

Revolution? The major cause of the French Revolution was the disputes between the different types of social classes in French society. The French
Revolution of 1789–1799 was one of the most important events in the history of the world. The Revolution led to many changes in France, which at
the time of the Revolution, was the most powerful state in Europe. The Revolution led to the development of new political forces such as democracy
and nationalism. It questioned the authority of kings, priests, and nobles. The Revolution also gave new meanings and new ideas to the political ideas
of the people.<br><br>The French Revolution was spread over the ten year period between 1789 and 1799. The primary cause of the revolution was
the disputes over...show more content...
However, there was another important factor during these times. France suffered from harsh economic problems. Poor farm harvests by farmers
hurt the economy, and trade rules from the Middle Ages still survived, making trade difficult. However, the most serious problem was the problem
facing the government during this time. The French government borrowed much money to pay for the wars of Louis XIV. Louis still borrowed
money to fight wars and to keep French power alive in Europe. These costs greatly increased the national debt, which was, at the time, already too
high.<br><br>When King Louis XVI came into power, he realized that these problems existed. At first he did not know what to do, until he found
a man by the name of Robert Turgot. He eased the financial crisis of France, but he had difficulties when he tried to introduce a major reform, that
of taxing the nobles. He had such difficulties because the king could not tax the nobles unless the Parliament approved of the new tax laws. The
people in the courts that voted on these laws were the nobles, called nobles of the robe, and therefore rejected Turgot's reform. After Turgot was
rejected, the king fired him from his office. This led Louis XVI to summon the Estates General in 1789. The Estates General was the place where
representatives from each social class could be represented. Here, many issues would be discussed, and at this time in

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