Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Dengue Fever

The Epidemic Of Dengue Fever
The holiday season tends to attract Canadians to visiting warmer destinations in the hopes of escaping our frigid winter weather. These warmer
destinations, like the Caribbean, have much to offer; with balmy tropical weather, hot beaches, ocean views, and plenty of sun. Unfortunately, along
with the luxuries of these areas comes with the risk of an array of tropical diseases, such as dengue fever. The thought of contracting this illness is not
ideal for the perfect winter getaway but is beginning to become a somber reality with the dramatic increase of incidences in tropical climates globally.
Dengue fever, also historically known as break–bone fever, is caused by the dengue virus and is endemic in tropical areas around the world. If severe,
the illness can progress to more serious conditions, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Dengue fever is emerging as a
major global concern as an estimated 2.5 billion people are at risk and an increasing trend in annual number of cases over recent reported years (1,2).
The dengue virus (DENV) is a small, positive, enveloped RNA virus about 40–50 nm in diameter. DENV belongs to the genus flavivirus; a member of
the Flaviviridae family (1). Its single–stranded genome codes for three structural proteins (capsid, precursor membrane, and envelope), and 7
non–structural proteins. There are four different serotypes of the virus, DENV–1 through DENV–4, that are all antigenically and genetically different.
Although
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Causes And Consequences Of Dengue Virus
It is Never Too Late to Vaccinate "2.5 billion people in more than a hundred countries are estimated to be at risk of dengue virus infection, with
millions of cases occurring every year around the world" (Saminathan). Dengue fever can range from a benign sickness to a dangerous hemorrhagic
disease. Internal bleeding and circulatory collapse are a few symptoms that can happen if dengue goes untreated. Dengue is a huge problem, like
yellow fever it is carried from place to place by mosquitos. Once inside the mosquito the disease is only waiting to rear it's ugly head. Dengue only
needs to wait to be transferred into the host body. Dengue needs to be eliminated. DNA based diseases can be just as fatal as pathogen (germ) based
diseases. In leukemia DNA of the blood cells become corrupted causing them to reproduce quicker, and be unable to fulfill their purpose. The rapid
reproduction fills the bone marrow with useless cells, stopping the healthy cells from functioning. This process is similar to ОІ–thalassemia. This
disease has been studied by the National Library of Medicine. They have discovered that due to a mutation in the gene hemoglobin, beta, the body is
unable to produce hemoglobin. Without this vital protein people can develop jaundice, malformed bones, blood clots, an enlarged, spleen, liver, or
heart. People with this disease need regular red blood cell transfusions to counteract their lack of red blood cells (National Library of Medicine).
For all of these

Symptoms And Treatment Of Dengue Fever
Dengue fever is a viral infection that is spread by the tiger mosquito (Aedes Aegypti). It has black and yellow strips and usually bites in the early
morning or at dawn. The virus enters and breeds in white blood cells. Symptoms typically start appearing five to eight days after being ill. The virus
has five diverse styles of increasing severity. Infection with one category gives lifetime immunity to it and short–term immunity to the other categories.
The dengue virus isn 't transmittable and can 't be spread from individual to individual. Maximum individuals will only experience mild symptoms such
as an simple fever.
How do you get viral fever?
Viral fever is usually transmitted via the air by droplets from diseased folks, or by touching plague–ridden secretions.
Treatment options
Antimalarial drugs are accessible for the treatment of malaria and even seasonal viral fever; quite the reverse, there is no drug available for the
treatment of dengue. It is treated with helpful measures such as blood transfusion and fluid restoration. However, the prescription used in malaria
fundamentally depends on where the septicity was acquired and on the type of infecting parasite.
Homeopathic treatment helps!
Homoeopathy, being a holistic treatment, acts even as a deterrent element for rain–born aliments. But here too it is indispensable to customize each
individual and decide the remedy. Legitimate dose considering the entire personality helps avert any kind of ailment, provided, you

Reaction Paper For Dengue
Mosquitoes can transmit a bigger number of illnesses than other variants of arthropods and have an impact on a large number of human population all
throughout the world. WHO has declared that mosquitoes are the "public enemy number one" (Geneva, 1996). Dengue is a mosquito–transmitted
disease created by the virus itself. It is transmitted by many types of mosquitoes on the Aedes genus, essentially Aedes Aegypti. The Department of
Health (DOH) said, the quantity of dengue cases in the Philippines is nearly 100,000. There is still no vaccine against dengue, however it is
prescribed to give adequate amounts of water to rehydrate the patient. The National Dengue Prevention and Control Program was initially started by
the Department of Health (DOH) in 1993. Central Visayas and the National Capital Region served as the pilot destinations. It was not until 1998 when
the project was executed across the country. The target populations of the system are the overall public, the LGUs, and the local health workers (Lee
Suy, n.d.).
Plant extracts against mosquito larvae
Many studies have reported the viability of plant extracts as the supply pool of bioactive operators against mosquito larvae....show more content...
The real instrument in mosquito control operation is the use of synthetic insecticides, for example, organochlorine and organophosphate mixes. In any
case, this has not been extremely fruitful because of varying factors. Recently, utilization of a large portion of the previous engineered insecticides in
mosquito control program has been restricted. It is because of the absence of novel insecticides, high cost of synthetic insecticides, dealing towards
ecological manageability, destructive impact on human health, and other non–target populations, higher rate of organic amplification through
environment, and expanding insecticide resistance on a worldwide

Case Study Of Dengue
INTRODUCTION
The word "dengue" is derived from the Swahili phrase Ka–dinga pepo, meaning "cramp–like seizure".It was used to describe a dengue like illness
reported in Carribean outbreak during 1827–1828.From hereon terms like Denga and Dinga were often used and hence was derived the present day
nomenclature of Dengue.Dengue term was first used in 1828 during an epidemic in Cuba. Dengue virus(50nm) belongs to family Flaviviridae. The
mature dengue virion consists of a positive (+)single–stranded RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral or isometric nucleocapsid about 30 nm in
diameter. This nucleocapsid is covered by a lipid envelope. The complete...show more content...
However, the trend is now changing due to socio economic and man made ecological changes.It has resulted in invasion of Ae.aegypti mosquitoes into
the rural areas, which has tremendously increased the chances of spread of the disease to rural areas. Brief History–In India, the first evidence about
the occurrence of dengue fever was reported during 1956 from Vellore district in Tamil Nadu. The first DHF outbreak occurred in Calcutta
(Kolkata, West Bengal) in 1963 with 30% of cases showing haemorrhagic manifestations. During 1996, one of the most severe outbreaks of DF
/DHF occurred in Delhi where, 10,252 cases and 423 deaths occurred[11]. In 2006, the country witnessed another outbreak of DF/DHF, when a total
12,317 cases and 184 deaths were reported from 21 states/UTs[11]. However, in 2007 only 5534 cases and 69 deaths were reported from 18

Reaction Paper On Dengue
Dengue is the one of the most dangerous diseases in the world today. With over 50 million people infected annually, the mosquito–borne virus has been
identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a public health emergency of international concern. Despite the biomedical war on Dengue, the
disease has proven difficult to defeat. What is particularly dangerous about Dengue is its alarming adaptability to the human immune system and
antivirals, allowing it to evolve and survive. Singapore, being in the South–East Asia and Western Pacific region which is home to over 70% of the
world population plagued by the disease, is especially at risk to this unpredictable and tenaciously resilient disease.
This, however, is set to change with the...show more content...
She and her team at the Genomic Institute of Singapore (GIS) has pioneered research into applying NGS to Dengue virus, achieving a method to
amplify the Dengue virus out of human blood samples and subsequent NGS analysis, of which leads to many applications. To understand this
complex technology simply, sequencing can be imagined as arranging big basket of nucleatides in order to make sense of each and all of them.
Dengue, which is a virus composed of 10 000 base pairs, consists in each type a single mutation each time it replicates. This arises when the virus
folds in its protein form and its error–prone RNA–dependent RNA polymerase changes its nucleic base to behave differently with a host factor, thereby
making it more pathogenic. NGS is therefore particularly useful as it allows scientists to pinpoint at which particular point there is such a nucleotide
variant, which is important epidemiological information on the highly mutagenic virus. That position corresponds the method of translation for the
virus, which is critical to the life cycle of the virus and how it responds to selective pressure in the environment to change. By looking at base changes,
NGS ultimately enables scientists to track what the virus wants to do. This is essential information then allows scientists start at developing many

Dengue Fever : Causes And Effects
Dengue Fever in Thailand
Dengue Fever has been around for many years. Approximately 50 to 100 million people become infected annually (World Health Organization,
2014). Despite that massive number of cases, only a small percentage occurs within the United States. The burden of the disease does not present the
same urgency in the US as it does for people who live in the tropics and subtropics, because the mosquitoes that act as vectors are not found in the
colder climates. The disease is more prominent in the Asian and Latin American countries. One of the most affected Asian country is Thailand with its
last year's136, 000 cases of infection. With the cost of hospitalization and prescriptions, and the loss of income from absence, Dengue Fever accounts
for majority of the economic burden from the effects of the disease on the health of Thailand's population.
Dengue Fever is transmitted by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. They typically bite during the day, particularly in the early morning and in the
evening, but they are able to bite and thus spread infection at any time of day all during the year. Nonetheless, the incidence of Dengue Fever increases
as rainy season progresses due to the fact that the vectors breed in places where rain water has been accumulated. The rain season in Thailand starts
from the month of May through September, it is in these months the dengue fever cases are most prominent. World Health Organization claims that 19
provinces in Thailand

Dengue Fever : A Viral Illness Essay
Dengue History
Dengue fever is considered to be a viral illness in 1906. Its first signs were cited in Chinese Encyclopedia in Chin Dynasty (AD 265–420). Because of
its association with airborne arthropods close to water, it was called as the water poison (Khanani, Arif, & Shaikh, 2011). The word dengue is derived
from Swahili saying Ka–Dinga Pepo meaning cramp like seizures. Its first documented outbreak occurred concurrently in Asia, Africa and North
America in 1780s and the first clinical case was reported by Gupta et al., in 1789 who named it bone breaking fever due to the clinical signs of
arthralgia and myalgia(Gupta, Srivastava, Jain, & Chaturvedi, 2012).
Epidemiological Highlights
It is estimated that urban areas of the world with high burden of dengue are expanding and the number of dengue cases are also growing exponentially
(Division, 2002). In 2001, 69 countries reported dengue activity in WHO regions of South–East Asia, Western Pacific and Americas with more than
one million reported cases in WHO Americas region in 2002. Also poor surveillance and non–reporting of cases from WHO African and Eastern
Mediterranean Regions fails to reflects the true disease burden. All fur dengue virus serotypes are found in Asia, Africa and Americas regions with
decrease in number of fatal cases since 2000.
Global Burden
Two fifths of the world's population are at risk of dengue illness and this number is increasing. About 50–100 million cases of dengue fever and 500,000
cases

Lesson Plan for Dengue
Angeles University Foundation
College of Nursing
Lesson Plan:
NATIONAL Dengue Prevention
And
Control Program
Presented by: Andrea (
Presented to: Ava Marie Lou L. David RN, MN :)))
(wife of Sammy David)
I.INTRODUCTION
The Department of Health initiated the National Dengue Prevention and Control Program since 1993.They are aiming for reducing morbidity and
mortality from dengue infection by preventing the transmission of the virus from the mosquito vector human. In line with this their mission is to
improve the quality of health of Filipinos by adopting an integrated dengue control approach in the prevention and control of dengue infection.
According to them there are 62,503 cases of the mosquito–borne illness...show more content...
In a small number of cases, people with a severe form of the disease die of it. Modern supportive hospital care decreases this risk.

Diagnostic Test
Torniquet Test (Rumpel Leads Test)– First, Inflate the blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to a point midway between the systolic and diastolic
pressure for 5 minutes. Second, release cuff and make an imaginary 2.5 cm, square or 1 inch square just below the cuff, at the antecubital fossa.
Lastly, count the number of petechiae inside the box. A test is (+) when 20 or more petechiae per 2.5 cm square or 1 inch square are observed.
How is it treated?
For a mild form of the disease: в†ђ Drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration from vomiting and high fever. в†ђ Taking acetaminophen (Tylenol,
others) to alleviate pain and reduce fever в†ђ Don't take aspirin or other non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin,

Thesis On Dengue Fever
Abstrac
This chapter generally discusses the background studies, problem statement, objectives, scope of the study, output to be predicted and benefit of the
research. In other word, this chapter gives a general idea of overall situation and the flow of research.
Dengue is a desease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses.
The viruses transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
DHF is a more severe form of dengue infection.
It can be fatal if unrecognized and not properly treated in a timely manner.
DHF is caused by infection with the same viruses that cause dengue fever.
The rapid spread of dengue fever is due to the global migration of the mosquitoes which spread the disease.
Dengue is also the fastest...show more content...
The problem with dengue fever is that there is no avaible vaccine.
One of the solutions is to implement a stimulation of dengue spread in all dengue endemic countries of the world with emphasis on an early prediction
of dengue outbreak.
However, study on dengue outbreak predictions upon these criteria, is selected.
No such study has been done to predict the dengue outbreak in the Philippines and there has been insuffient discussion about the suitable model to
predict future dengue outbreak.

In addition, the clinical presentation changes throughout the course of the illness and varies by disease severity.
Familiarity with disease on the differential diagnosis of dengue can also help in clinical diagnosis.
Early clinical diagnosis of dengue is important so that appropriate anticipatory guidance and timely treatment are given to prevent morbidity and
mortality.
Patient with dengue have a wide range of clinical presentations that vary with the phase, misdiagnosis can easily

Dengue Is A Viral Disease
Dengue is a viral disease that at present affects a enormous number of people in over 125 countries and is conscientious for a sizable number of deaths.
There is no antiviral chemotherapy or vaccine for dengue virus and management of the disease is done on supportive measures, so various treatments
are being investigated. Studies have indicated that the juice of the leaves of the Carica papaya plant from the family Caricaceae could help to increase
the platelet levels in these patients. This review explains some of the published studies on this topic. Although many of the studies and case reports
published in literature lack adequate information, some of the studies do raise the possibility that this treatment could be an important option in the
future. Further largescale studies could establish the usefulness or ineffectiveness of this natural product in the treatment of dengue.
Keywords: Dengue, carica papaya, antiviral chemotherapy, case reports,
INTRODUCTION
Dengue is an sensitive viral disease with latent mortal complications. Dengue fever was primarily referred as "water poison" related with flying insects
in a Chinese medical encyclopedia. In recent decades, Dengue is the most significant emerging viral disease in humans. It turn out to be a most
important global public health concern. Dengue is prominent in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, mostly in urban and semiurban area.
Dengue viruses (DV) belong to family Flaviviridae of which four serotypes

Literature Review On The Outbreak Of Dengue Fever
Name: Shari Blackman
Professor: Jennifer Boswell
Course: Comm–3050–01–Writing & Contemporary Health Issues
Date: October 24rd 2014
The Outbreak of Dengue Fever: An Annotated Reference
Research Problem: Is the spread of Dengue Fever being effectively controlled? If so how?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012, September). Prevention: How to reduce your risk of dengue infection. Retrieved from http:/
/www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/
Summary: Although there is no vaccine, or medication for dengue fever there are several precautions that can be made to help reduce the number of
dengue fever cases that occur. The best way to reduce these cases is to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
[CDC],...show more content...
The number of mosquitoes increases with warmer temperatures and higher levels of rainfall, therefore there would be a rise in dengue fever cases.
This article argues that although basic practices play a role in the outbreak, climate factors play an even greater role. The higher the temperatures the
more likely persons are to store water. These are ideal conditions for mosquitoes to lay their eggs. This study showed that Caribbean Islands
experienced an increase in the temperature by more than 0.5 degrees during 1900–1955 (Environmental Management Authority, (n.d). Also, if society
does not cooperate with health personnel and take action starting with their immediate surroundings, then the efforts to contain this virus will not be
successful.
Reflection: This source is very helpful to me because it gives more than one view which I can use in my research essay. This article helped shape my
argument because it not only gave the basic precautions for controlling the outbreak of dengue fever, it also stressed that the environment contributes
greatly to this problem. Overall, this article gave me a different view on the topic which I can use in my research

Dengue Fever And Dengue Syndrome
Dengue is a type of vector–borne viral disease, transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue has four antigenically different virus stereotypes (DENV
1–4), (though there was a report in 2013 that identified a fifth stereotype) (Guzman & Harris, 2015) (Dengue, 2016) (Normile, 2013). It is estimated
that there are 50 million new cases of dengue fever each year worldwide. A portion of these cases can develop into sever infections, namely dengue
hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, these sever infections are also associated with increased mortality rates. Approximately 12,000 deaths
each year are contributed to dengue, and of these deaths the victims are mainly children (Bouzid et. al. 2014).
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines globalclimate change as a large– scale change in climate patterns over the years, which includes
changes in rainfall– and temperature– related greenhouse effects, where radiation gets trapped beneath the atmosphere. The average global temperature
is predicted to rise 2.0 – 4.5ЛљC by the year 2100, which would have significant impact on vector–borne diseases. The temperature range for dengue is
between 14 В°C and 40 В°C. With a 2 В°C increase in temperature the extrinsic incubation period of dengue will be shortened and more infected
mosquitoes will be available for a longer period of time. Mosquitoes will also bite more frequently because of dehydration and thus further increase
man–mosquito contact (WHO, 2014)
Identification & Description of

Dengue Case Study
I. Introduction Dengue is one of the major problem of the Philippines, According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Dengue is found in tropical
and sub–tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi–urban areas. Furthermore, The Philippines ranks among the top 10
countries with the most recorded dengue cases. Dengue is an acute infectious disease and severe, flu like illness that affects infants, young children and
adults but seldom to death, virus are transmitted to humans through the bites of infective female Aedis aegypti mosquitoes, symptoms appear 3–14
days after infective bite include sudden onset of high fever which may last 2 to 7 days, joint and muscle pain and pain behind the eyes , weakness,
...show more content...
Tattoo on right deltoidHair is light brown in color due to hair dye, evenly distributed and oily. Nail is pink, dirty and untrimmed, smooth, convex and
firm.Capillary refill is within 2–3 seconds | No lesions. Smooth skinHair is black, evenly distributed, not excessively dry and oily. Nail is pink, clean,
trimmed, smooth, convex and firmCapillary refill is within 2–3 seconds| Head and Neck| InspectionPalpation| No tenderness(–)pressure sites Neck is
supple and (–) mass| No tenderness(–) pressure sitesNeck is supple and (–) mass| Eyes| Inspection| Symmetrically aligned, equal movement, (–)
discharge. (+)PERRLAPale on conjunctiva sac.| Symmetrically aligned, equal movement, (–) discharge.| Nose| Inspection| Symmetrical, smooth
negative for deviated septum and any lesions Symmetrical nares.| Symmetrical, smooth negative for deviated septum and any lesionsSymmetrical
nares.| Mouth| Inspection| Lips are symmetrical, dry and pale.Oral mucous membrane is pale.Patient has complete set of teeth| Lips are symmetrical,
moist and pinkish. Existence of teeth.| Thorax and Lungs| InspectionPalpationAuscultation| Symmetrical (–) retraction , Breathing pattern is regular
and without effort. No abnormal breath sounds.| Symmetrical(–) retraction16–20

Dengue virus infection is one of the common health problems of the people in tropical and subtropical geographic countries. A viral diseases known to
cause dengue fever to severe hemorrhagic fever that is transmitted by an infective female mosquito, genus Aedes but there are other species known that
capable of carrying the dengue virus, the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and Aedes polynesiensis. However, theAedes aegypti is the most
common mosquito that spread the virus. There are two modes of transmission of the virus, the horizontal transmission which is transmitted by human to
the mosquito where the mosquito takes a blood meal from infected human host. The vertical or transovarial transmission where infected female
mosquito transmitted the virus to the uninfected human host by taking a blood meal (1). The life cycle is a basic mosquito to human transmission.
Here, the mosquito ingested the virus when taking blood meal of the infected host and passes through salivary gland and resided at the intestinal tract.
After the incubation period of approximately 10 days, the mosquito releases the virus through injecting to the uninfected host by taking a blood meal
(2).
The genus Flavivirus from family flavivirae is a viral pathogens responsible to cause the dengue virus. Flavivirus is a virion that consists of a
positive–single stranded RNA with lipopolysaccharide envelope which measures 11 kb in length. It consists of three genome structural proteins– the
capsid, membrane

THE STUDY ABOUT DENGUE IN THE PHILIPPINES
THE STUDY ABOUT DENGUE IN THE PHILIPPINES
A Term Paper
Presented to
Prof. Ma. Alona L. Manzon Department of English
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for
Basic Communication Skills 2
Second Semester 2014–2015
By:
Valdez, Mylene L.
Penoliar, Jecylene Q.
BSN 1Y2–1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Dengue also known as break bone fever is a mosquito to borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. It is an infectious disease caused viruses
which are transmitted to humans by biting of a specific mosquito called Aedes Aegypti. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of
severe complications. As of now the Dengue does not have any vaccine but it can prevent by reducing the...show more content...
Grade 2: Grade 1 plus spontaneous bleeding of skin, gums and gastro– intestinal tract.
Grade 3: Grade 2 plus circulatory failure.
Grade 4: Grade 3 plus shock with undetectable blood pressure and pulse. (Little, n.d)

Prevention and Management Since the dengue does not have any vaccine so the best way to prevent dengue is to prevent bites by mosquitoes but since
preventing to those mosquitoes is hard there are many ways to secure people against mosquito.
1. Stay away from heavily populated residential areas, if possible.
2. Use mosquito repellents, even indoors.
3. When outdoors, wear long–sleeved shirts and long pants tucked into socks especially if you are going to a populated area.
4. Make sure windows and door screens are secure and free of holes. If sleeping areas are not screened or air conditioned, use mosquito nets.
(Normandin,2012)
If someone in the house gets dengue, be especially watchful about effort to protect the family members from mosquitoes because it could spread the
infection. Already secured the family member but the community does not it have a great possibility that the other families have a risk in dengue.
These are the some ways to reduce the breeding habitat to lower mosquito populations.
1. Items that collect rainwater or to store water (plastic containers, drums, buckets, pails, tires) should be covered or properly discarded.
2. Pet and animal watering containers and

Dengue Fever : Symptoms And Symptoms
Dengue fever is actually a very old disease and it started spreading worldwide in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was during this time where commerce
and the shipping industry were expanding and it was becoming more often that goods were being transported via ships. "Both the principal mosquito
vector, Aedes aegypti, and the viruses responsible for Dengue Fever were spread via sailing ships . . . Mosquitos used the stored water on the ships as a
breeding site and could maintain the transmission..." as stated by Duane J. Gubler on "Science Direct" on an article he written.
The symptoms of Dengue fever can be mistaken for flu or other viral infection. The symptoms include sudden high fever, severe headaches, pain
behind the eyes, severe joint and muscle pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, skin rash (which appears two to five days after the onset of fever), mild
bleeding (such a nosebleed, bleeding gums, or easy bruising). These symptoms can last up to 10 days and it starts after 4–6 days infection. "However,
serious problems can develop. These include dengue hemorrhagic fever, a rare complication characterized by high fever, damage to lymph and blood
vessels, bleeding from the nose and gums, enlargement of the liver, and failure of the circulatory system. The symptoms may progress to massive
bleeding, shock, and death. This is called dengue shock syndrome (DSS)." The information above was given by Webmd in their article about Dengue
fever. Doctors can diagnose people with dengue

Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Dengue Fever

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