European Photography History

European Photography History
Before photography impacted the European world, many people thought that use of a bulky camera was trivial. Not until later in the 19th century did
people give the idea of photography a chance. Photography was a significant innovation in European History because it allowed individuals to see the
disarray that occurred in the world, gave light to the growing improvement of technology, and assisted photographers in capturing priceless scenes.
Prior to the use of photography, paintings, drawings, and sculptures were the main means of documenting important events. (Collins, 14) Due to
photography, these simple documents were transformed into something that allowed all people to see the destruction and hurt that was occurring in the
European world...show more content...
Robert Capa was a Hungarian photographer who captured crucial moments of war and is the most infamous war photographer. Capa captured
numerous pictures of the war which helped people understand the turmoil that occurred in the rest of the world. Moreover, Henri Bresson, a French
photojournalist, mastered the art of what people know as the candid photo. Bresson had great impact on many other painters and photographers
(Collins, 6). David Seymour was a Polish photographer who pictured the gruesome events that happened in the Spanish War (Collins, 14). Lastly,
George Rodger, a British photographer, documented the horrid pictures at the Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp (Collins, 7). This allowed people to
see that not everything was right in the world because of the gruesome images. Due to these photographers, European people were able to see the
horrible events that happened throughout the whole
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The Protestant Reformation
Kyle R Murray
Columbia Southern University Between the years of 1517–1648 is said to be the one of the greatest turning points in European History. That was due to
the Protestant Reformation. This was considered the 16th Century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural change that caused break up in
European Catholic Church. That set in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in modern era. The Protestant Reformation
created the different Protestant denominations we know today. Had it not been for the reformation our eyes may not have ever been opened to the new
faith based beliefs developed by the reformers. Many questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian...show more content...
The new religious and political freedoms for Northern Europe came at great cost, which followed with decades of wars and bloody persecutions.
The cost of forty percent of Germany's population may have come from the Thirty Year's war (Rittgers, 2013). The results and change of the
Reformation was that it profoundly affected that of modern view of politics and law. The Reformation gave us the Bible that is now available in
several different languages, such as English. The influence of Reformation on today's society is a very pervasive one. It changed our thinking on
family, the economy, working, theology, sex, sexuality, and more are all apart of the reflections and influences of Reformation. While these thought
have changed dramatically since the Reformation, it could be argued that Reformation did lay the groundwork for exploration. Religion would play
a different role in our lives or the lives of the average person. We have more churches today than there ever was many years ago. We have greater
access to the Bible and scripture writings in many languages. This is all because of the Reformation and those that decided to Reform. Had it not
been for great men like Luther and Calvin our modern day religious beliefs could be much different. These men paved the way for how it is

European History: Long Before Columbus
Long before Columbus the Europeans had been trading goods with the Far East. This all had stated with Marco Polo an Italian merchant who began a
journey to Asia in 1271 (cite). The Asian islands especially China and India had abundance of spice, gold and silk making them an attractive
destination for European nations to trade (cite). These valuable Asian goods had helpedEurope make big profits for eras. However at the end of the
15th century, it was nearly impossible to reach Asia from Europe by land, because Arabs had dominated the trade routes through the Middle East,
which had made traveling eastward very difficult (cite). Therefore European rulers wanted to find safer, and a faster trade routes to Asia so their
economy could once again

Turning Points In European History
Age of exploration is a phrase that is commonly associated with one of the most significant turning points in European history. The cultivation of cash
crops as well as the trade of gold found in the Americas brought wealth and power to Europe that hadn't been experienced in the past. Countries such
as Portugal and Spain transformed from small nations to major world powers during this period of time. With that being said, the discovery of the
New World played an integral role in solidifying the wealth and status of Christian European nations and raising the quality of life of their people.
The catalyst to this desire to explore and expand in Europe was most likely the growing strength of the Ottoman empire coming from the east. The
conquest of the major city Constantinople,...show more content...
Portugal was the first nation to put forth effort in exploring Africa and Asia. Initially the goal for the Portuguese was to find routes to India, but along
the way they discovered that the land on the coast of Africa would be the ideal place to grow sugar cane. Portuguese began to set up plantations and
used slave labor from central Africa. It was this system that the Spanish and the Portuguese would utilize in the west later on.
Going forward in history to Christopher Columbus and his journey westward in hopes of reaching India, the effects of the age of conquest become
quite evident. Columbus' journey backed by king Ferdinand and queen Isabella of Spain in hopes that he would find enough valuables to cover the
funding of a

Ethan Smith Mr. Cotter Period 4 9/5/14 "With the dawn of the 16th century, there came together in Europe both the means and motivation to explore
and colonize territory beyond the seas." This is a statement that reins true to describe the nature of 16th century exploration. It proves valid for many
reasons. As European citizens yearned for foreign trade, freedom from religious persecution and the use of new technologies, the blank slate that the
16th century gave aided by the endorsement from the royalty and the citizens of these country's, provided the perfect canvas for exploration and
settlement in the new world. As the 16th century began many explorers, through endorsement of royalty, began to search for passage by sea travel to the

European History
European society between the years 1500 and 1800 prove to be an interesting comparison to modern times, as can be seen in †George Huppert's
work, After the Black Death. Some important aspects of this particular historical society bore both similarities and differences to contemporary
populous. In comparing and contrasting certain features of Huppert's analysis, the reader can better understand the growth of society in the past five
hundred years .
It is no question that the most important aspect of a person's life during this time period basically any event which involved the family. Family life in
Europe was considerably different in comparison to other areas of the world at the time, but had many...show more content...
Women were generally considered to be in charge of running the household after marriage, and if a woman were to remain single, harsh judgement was
pressed upon her. Such accusations included premisciousity, scandalousness and other forms of immoral behavior. "Young women whose parents
had died and who lacked sufficient property to find a husband were seen as a threat to the community" (118). Men had troubles living on their own
as well. They were forced to find jobs, and were banished from the village if they failed to do so.
Overlaping seasonally into rural family life, was religion. It played an important role in family and society, as it does today. Looking back, one would
find many aspects of religion which have survived to present–day. One of which, was the practice of holding Sundays for rest from work, and church
services. These Sunday masses brought together both rich and poor Christian families alike. Religious worship was not exclusively reserved for
Sundays, services were also held during Saturday afternoons and of course, certain holidays. Children were baptised at birth, and holidays were
celebrated with feasts in which all family members attended. Certain parts of the religious facet have changed since this historical time period. One of
the more surprising differences back then, was perhaps the fact that priests did

European History in the 20th Century
European history in the twentieth century contains a series of complex events and it would be important for one to concentrate on the multifaceted
information regarding each major event of the previous century. The Battle of Britain took place between July and October 1940 and it involved the
British Air Force commanded by Sir Hugh Dowding fighting the German Luftwaffe commanded by Hermann GаёЈаё–ring. In addition to the
significant character of the Second World War in general, this particular battle was also important because it was the first military campaign to be
fought entirely above ground. The German Luftwaffe was tasked with the mission to demonstrate the Nazi war machine's air superiority and this
was the perfect opportunity for it to do so. In addition to this, the mission was also meant to destroy a major part of the British air force and the
British aircraft industry as a whole. Hitler focused on this mission primarily because he acknowledged the great importance it would play in setting
the stage for invading Britain. Hitler was confident in his powers and the British were intimidated as a result of observing the effectiveness of
German powers. It seemed like this was the perfect recipe for victory on behalf of the Germans and most would have considered that it was only a
matter of time before the British would be defeated similar to the French. Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union seemed hesitant about getting involved in
supporting a British defensive and

1492 Ap European History Essay
The 15th century marks the start of a revolutionary time for Europe. As the European nations began to try to stabilize themselves by building up their
economies, governments, and societies a phase of new religions and the conflict that would come from them would occur, thereby altering Europe and
the lives of all its people. But, the period of greatest success, wealth, and expansion of knowledge, truly stems from the Age of Exploration. Which
reached its pinnacle in 1492. The year 1492 best represents the greatest turning point in European History from the 15th – 17th centuries because, the
revolutionary expansion into the rest of the world and the vast change brought about from New World discoveries implemented into Old World
lifestyles,...show more content...
This would be the finale of the reconquista, the end Islamic rule. Power would be returned to Christian royals, Ferdinand and Isabella. This constant
push for widespread Christianity best shows how strongly devoted Europeans were to religion. The reconquista been going on for centuries its main
objective being the expulsion of Muslims and Jews. Unlike 1555 which represents an enormous religious yet politically motivated shift, with the Peace
of Augsburg, allowing princes to choose the religion of their people, 1492 exemplifies the strong long held, unforgiving Christian faith, and how
dedicated Europeans were to their God. This point represents a constant in the year, something that would continue to persist, rather than a shift away
from it, towards new

Essay 3 The changes are an integral part of progress and development. It is a well–known fact that in order to gain a new level the society should go
through the series of different transformation. These transformations are not always pleasant and peaceful but, in general, they are useful for the
society and help it to become a better one. In this work I am going to explain how, the European world changed dramatically as a result of a series of
stresses in the late 13th to the mid 15th centuries and how such events as Black Plague, the One Hundred Year's War and the collapse of Papal Power
influenced the Medieval European society. The transformation of the Medieval society was long and painful process, which lasted approximately 150
...show more content...
The second effect was lack of laborers. The level of trust to the Church also decreased. The One Hundred Years' War was another historical even, which
influenced on the society in the Middle Ages. It "was a long struggle between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted
from 1337 to 1453, so it might more accurately be called the "116 Years' War" (Wheeler, "The Hundred Years' War"). Actually, it was the series of
smaller wars and included several battles. The war involved two countries, England and France, which were among the leading ones in Europe during
the Middle Ages. Nothing special, that such a massive struggle, which involved a large amount of people during the extremely long period of time,
resulted into the drastic demographic, economical and political changes. England lost most of its continental territories and the insanity of the King
brought it into the series of internal conflicts. On the contrary, France was able to strengthen its positions. The third important point, which initiated
the changes in the European society and brought it to the new era of development, was the collapse of Papal Power. In the Middle Ages the belief
that there is one Pope, who rules the church, was extremely strong. That is why the division of the Papacy into the two ruling points, one in Avignon,
France and one in Rome was a great tragedy for many people as

Modern European History Essay
Modern European History
1. What did Paul Valery mean in saying that the mind of Europe doubted itself profoundly? Before 1914, people in Europe believed in progress, peace,
prosperity, reason, and rights of individuals. During that time, people began to believe in the Enlightenment, industrial developments were just starting
and scientific advances began to take place. People then really believed in progression and further developments.
Unfortunately, World War Ibroke out. Nevertheless, the optimistic people of Europe still did not doubt the outcome and were so convinced that it was
not going to have any long term effects. They looked toward happier times and hoped life will...show more content...
People were so terrified by it that they were still in shock and unsure of its outcome and consequence and the possibility that it might cause another
war to break out. Valery saw that many people suffered from anxiety. He argued that the people looked at the future with great unease and discomfort
for what the war had done and what the war will cause. He also suggested that "Europe doubted itself profoundly" because of all the lost
of all optimistic ideas and accomplishments. People did not have to strength or will to believe in themselves anymore. They were too devastated by
the war. They also saw no hope and thus doubted themselves for making any more progress. 2. Why do you think many veterans felt that they were
part of a lost generation?
Veterans during the war were just realizing what the war is all about.
They saw what the war had done to people's lives and body parts. They sometimes couldn't even believe that such shattered bodies were once human
beings lived happily among them. Most of them grew up in the war knowing nothing of life but despair, fear, death, and sorrow. These veterans felt
that they were part of a last generation upon whom which the war was caused by. Now these young man must carry on the blood shed and fight for their

Medieval Period in European History
Introduction
The medieval period in European history begins after the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 C.E., and continued until the early modern period
beginning around 1500. The medieval period is split into the sub–categories of early medieval (500–1000), central middle ages (1000–1300), late
medieval (1300–1500), and followed by the early modern period (1500–1800). At each of these periods of time important political, economic, social,
cultural, religious and scientific changes were being made in Western Europe.
Early Medieval
The collapse of the Roman Empire led to the emergence of three successor civilizations; Byzantium, Islam, and Western Europe. The absence of a
strong central government led Western Europeans landowner's...show more content...
Elites would provide higher ranking nobles with feudal obligations of warriors, food, and/or animals in return for their protection or use of the land.
After the schism in 1054 with the Byzantine emperor, Christianity was divided into Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodoxy sects. Urban masses
began to challenge the authority of the church claiming that it no longer addressed the needs of the urban public. Heretics, like the Cathars and
Albigensians, came into existence and spoke out about church wealth and believed in a dualistic theology. In response, the church instituted monastic
reforms against worldliness and complacency within its ranks. In 1122, the power of the Papacy began to expand with the Concordat of Worms which
was a compromise between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor over lay investiture. Also during this time, the Crusades played an important role in
occupying professional soldiers. After the Byzantine emperor's plea for help to Pope Urban II crusading forces were assembled and traveled to the
Holy Land. Over the next hundred years they would be four crusades with the first crusade being the most successful and the fourth crusade forever
splitting Western Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox church. As the centralmiddle ages came to an end France and England evolved into
centralized states, while the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor were fighting each other. During this period, an important document was drafted by the
English in

AP European History: Reflective Essay
The morning of January 7th 2015 was another regular day for me. I got up, took a shower, brushed my teeth, and ate breakfast; completely
unaware of what massacre was taking place across the ocean. I finished getting ready and said goodbye to my dad as I drove to school. I turned on
the radio and let the music surround me as I drove. I went to first block and nobody said anything about what was happening in the newspaper
offices over 5,000 miles away. When I got to my second class, AP European History, Ms. Kinard told the class about that important event that was
happening in France. She turned on the smartboard to a BBC World News article about the attack that would later be referred to as Je Suis Charlie.
Later that day I learned what I could

European Influence In Western Europe
This era in Western Europe is said because the early fashionable European amount and includes the Protestant Reformation, the ecu wars of faith, the
Age of Discovery and therefore the starting of European exploitation, the increase of sturdy centralized governments, the beginnings of recognizable
nation–states that square measure the direct antecedents of today's states, the Age of Enlightenment, and from the associated scientific advances the
primary section of the economic Revolution. The emergence of cultural and political dominance of the Western world throughout this era is thought
because the nice Divergence.
The early fashionable amount is taken to finish with the revolution, the war, and therefore the dissolution of the Holy Roman

Europeans and the New World: 1492 to 1600
Chapter 2: Europeans and the New World, 1492 – 1600
When humans entered the Iberian Peninsula almost 32000 years ago, the first civilization of Spain was formed. Since then, the country has traveled
from an era of prehistoric Iberia to the Middle Ages to a rise as an empire and a member of the European Union .
The main reason why Spain grew so much in power during the fifteenth century is because of a series of events that took place around that time. The
first in such a series of events was the discovery of new passages and trade channels. The Caribbean and the Mediterranean trade routes dominated the
trade in these regions before the Spanish trading system had fully grown and developed. Earlier, the Spanish people were not much...show more
content...
Additionally, the concept of nationalism also contributed to the power that Spain received in the 15th century. Nationalism refers to the ideology of
the identification of a group of people/individuals united under one name as one 'nation'. Previously, the world was ruled by kings and families with
money and power. Even within a country, there was segregation and colonies were formed. Nationalism was the ideology that changed all such
concepts and gave the citizens the idea that they are all a part of one nation and not subjects/servants of powerful families(Roark, 2009).
Henry Prince is the main character who participated and promoted the exploration of Portuguese and the Re–Conquest. After driving the Muslims out
of the nation, the people of Portuguese and Spain could charge better prices for their trade and business. Next, they discovered the Cape of Good Hope
Route which they used to bring goods to the city much faster. The discovery of such trade routes broke the monopoly that the Italians had established
over trade in the country.
The other main character that impacted and augmented the rise of Spain in the 15th Century is Columbus. Columbus wanted to go further with his
expeditions and discovered the Indian Ocean and the Pacific but he had limited funds (Edwards, 2001). Finally, the Spanish Monarchs were the ones
who gave him funding for his expedition. Isabella and Ferdinand, the most prominent Monarchs of Spain funded Columbus's expeditions and this
caused

War In European History: The Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the extensive and most destructive conflicts in
European history. Also it was the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties. In the beginning, it started based upon which
religion should be the dominant way that everyone followed. Ferdinand II tried to change everyone to Catholicism, but certain groups of nobles
rebelled. Since multiple wars took place, perspectives changed and switched their motive. People started to argue about politics instead of religion and
brought another war into place. In the end, a treaty called Westphalia, created a system where the emperor would control what religion people followed.

Should The European Union Become A Conflict?
For more than a thousand years, the history of the European continent has involved, primarily, war. Even since before most of the European countries
could call themselves that, their main policies were militaristic in nature and focused on the acquisition of land and power. Though at first this may
have seemed like a good plan, (probably because each empire or kingdom believed it would succeed in conquering all of the known world,) the
nationalistic ambition and overall hostility multiplied, as suddenly, Europe found itself with dozens of new nations. Each new conflict caused another
series of border disputes, fierce battles, economic warfare, etc, and at times the balance of power was nonexistent. In order to combat this issue, the
...show more content...
If this were the case, making one huge country would not be a solution at all, and in fact could cause turmoil worse than before. This is why it was
created as a union–loose enough to give each respective member some room, but specific enough in its rules to restrict any major action that is
potentially detrimental to the EU. With all of the cultural differences and separations, this is a good thing because differences are acknowledged
and embraced. Plus, if fighting a war will damage your enemy's economy (and possibly your own as well,) and your economic affairs are directly
linked to those of your enemy how likely are you to start a conflict? And if so many factors of these countries' existences are connected and usually
depend on what is allowed by the EU, there is less to fight over in the first place. The EEC, or Common Market, was created in 1957 by the Treaty of
Rome. More than fifty years later, the EU has come to include twenty seven members, sixteen of which even use the Euro, a general currency accepted
through what is called the "eurozone" ("New York Times" 1). Since its original establishment by its six founding members, the EU has gone through
five enlargements to include most of Europe, at this point. Today it has the strongest currency, since the fall of the dollar, and given its structure, all
twenty seven members are benefitting from it. The

How has the geography of Europe helped to shape its rich history? The diverse geography of Europe includes many winding rivers, rigid mountains,
and vast plains. All of these figures of geography play an important role in the occurrence of important historical events in Europe. The political
geography of the continent also plays an important role. Perhaps it plays an even greater role than the physical geography in some cases. The ever
changing political geography of Europe is responsible for the creation of several landlocked countries, and the formation of serious tension between
governments. Some of the most important events in European history might have never occurred if Europe's geography were any different or had not
changed so...show more content...
In time, though, people have made ways to overcome these physical geographical barriers and learned to industrialize and strive in these regions.
The political geography of Europe has always been rather complex. It has been changed numerous times by the leading powers of Western Europe. Due
to disputes relating to culture, ethnicity, and political relations the more democratic countries of Europe held many conferences over time to redraw the
borders of these countries. Sometimes these new borders would serve to do well, others however, turned to be horrendous. The effects of the consistent
redrawing of Europe ultimately led to the current fifteen landlocked countries and more political issues, including wars, protests, and then more
redrawing. These landlocked countries face the problems of dealing with multi–faced wars, expenses of importing from surrounding countries, and lack
of a water port which is very beneficial in trade. Of course, though, through time most of these countries have been able to overcome these political
barriers as well as the physical barriers.
These political and physical geographic features have impacted the social, or cultural, geography of Europe. Areas such as Spain, Italy, and the Balkan
Peninsula have been more visibly impacted by these other areas of geography. All

The Great Divergence
Before the 19th Century it would have been difficult to imagine that one day, majority of Western Europe and North America would come to dominate
the world in global economy. So why did income per capita decline in countries such as India and China relative to the advanced economies such as
the US and Europe since 1800? Some argue that the overwhelmingly cause was the lack of relative efficiency of utilization of technology in these
countries relative to the more successful economies such as Britain and the USA (Landes 19). The inventions of gunpowder and the compass
contributed to the West initially being considered subpar compared to China. Up until the 19th century, China held a position as a great world power,
but, for the last two hundred...show more content...
The West's per capita income significantly rising above that of the East has been credited greatly to the public transport technologies, for instance trains
and boats, that was developed by the European in the nineteenth century (Jones 34). The building of large ships, trains, and railroads significantly
increased productivity output. The efficiency gained from the ability to transfer large amount of livestock, coal, grain, corn livestock and additional
objects between nations easier at less cost resulted in higher total productivity in Europe than the rest of the world (Clark & Feenstra 3). This
contention also leaves the European commerce revolution to be considered. European mercantilism comprised of low state control and essentially no
religious influences. The commerce revolution resulted in the innovation of new methodologies where traditionally lengthy trips became highly
lucrative and caused a vast increase in individual development

Political Unification Of Middle Western Europe
The Middle Ages brought a dynamic change in the creation of Europe. During that time there was a strong political and economic difference
(distinction) between Western and Eastern Europe. In the West, there was the beginning of present day England and France and in the East there was
the beginning of present day Italy and Germany. This divide because of reasons such as the advancement of commerce, religion and government help
explain why Italy and Germany, but not England and France were slow to unite politically after the Middle Ages.
Although in current times commercial advancement often excels a country politically, in the Middle Ages commercial advancement prevented the
political unification of Italy and Germany years after the Middle...show more content...
This was even more so true for Eastern Europe after the Holy Roman Empire came to power in 962. The Holy Roman Empire claimed parts of Italy
and most of Germany, but France and England refused to acknowledge this empire. In the twelfth century, Christianity had one of the strongest
influences on people in Europe, especially those in the Holy Roman Empire where members of the clergy were more powerful than emperors.
Although there was monarchy in the Holy Roman Empire, the clergy had the most influence over the land. To townspeople, the bishop was the most
important public official and the most important public buildings were churches, abbeys, and cathedrals. Often, bishops had more land than the
common citizen. Churchmen often blocked emperors from building effective governments so that there would be a strong influence of religion from
the Holy Roman Empire. Kings were also elected in the East whereas in the West kings were born into monarchy. This created disorder among
citizens in the East. Because members of the clergy had more power, kings could not improve their governments like that of England and France,
which harmed Germany and Italy in the years following the Middle Ages because most cities in the East where independent and highly religious. It
was also common for popes and emperors to disagree on political matters. Some emperors struggled for power against the pope which created an

European Photography History

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European Photography History