American History-19Th Century Essay

American History-19th Century Essay
As urban industrial workers expanded in the 19th century, industry and the industrial work force boomed as well. Workers , however, were met with
difficult situations that ultimately led to violent outbursts. Low wages could not buy food and clothes at the same time and conditions in the work
place brought about countless deaths and injuries. Growing number of immigrants caused the reduction of wages and insecurity of the workers caused
unemployment. There were hostilities between workers, employers, and organizations and complaints of no social safety nets. Due to these chaotic
dilemmas, union members decided to emerge as one, in order to overcome the corporations. Methods of...show more content...
Between 1880 and 1900, 35,000 workers were killed annually and another 536,000 were injured. There were more deaths in the working field of
railroads and coal mines. There were at least 2000 fatal injuries and one of every 399 railroad men were killed. In addition, unsafe working conditions
played a major role in the suffering of the industrial workers. Conditions in the factories were very poor. In California, 2,000 men, women, and
children would share 8 untended outdoor toilets, eat and sleep among insects, and labored temperatures over 100 degrees, often without water
available. To top it off, there was a swarm of immigrants that caused factories to be overcrowded. As immigrants increased, working force increased,
leaving employers to control the wages.
If it wasnГўв‚¬в„ўt low wages or long hours, it was job insecurities. Only a few workers could count on full–time employment. Depressions and
recessions led to cyclical employment, style and weather caused seasonal employment, and machines replacing humans brought structural employment.
There were no social welfare programs or a social safety net to turn to. A social safety net was a social welfare program funded by the government
that compensated for the injuries, illnesses, and welfares for workers and single mothers. No safety net meant bad news to the unemployed workers.
There were 3 level of workers: unskilled workers (who were laborers), machine
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European Imperialism In Nineteenth Century
Throughout the Nineteenth Century wealthy European countries engaged to take advantage of poor African nations. This imperialism was seen as a
duty to God and country. Often, there efforts to colonize less civilised nations resulted in the destruction of families, government, and individuals in the
colonised nations. In White Man's Burden and Things Fall Apart Achebe and Kipling discuss imperialism in different ways. White Europeans during
the Nineteenth Century felt the need to civilize, people and countries that they thought were uncivilised. Kipling once said, "To serve your captives
need" (Kipling, 4). Europeans felt a responsibility to spread their culture and increase their fortunes by collinazation. White Europeans used religion to

19th Century Research Paper
The 19th century was built upon liberalism and nationalism and developed a wondrous century that was unforgettable. The 19th century was full of
"–isms", such as, nationalism and liberalism. Liberalism is a political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Nationalism, ideology based
on the premise that the individual's loyalty and devotion to the nation–state surpass other individual or group interests. The impact liberalism and
nationalism had on the 19th century and the influence of Western society was what prevailed the world. Liberty was a primary goal of the American
and French Revolutions, and it is obvious that 19th century Liberalism is a direct descendant of both of Revolutions and the Enlightenment. It
advocates a

Ireland In The 19th Century Essay
Unlike the Germans who received a positive response for both their ethnic and racial identity, unfortunately for the Irish it was not the case. Ireland
during the nineteenth century was identified to be a religious–oriented, in which Catholicism was important to Irish national identity. Because ethnicity
is partly based on religion, during the nineteenth–century majority of America was Protestant. The Irish immigrants underwent ethnical and racial
discrimination especially those that were Irish Catholics. Based on their transmitted social status from Ireland as deprived immigrants, the Irish were the
least expected to have the ability to oppose such scorn. Furthermore, the Irish were perceived to be unintelligent. This was considered because...show
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As Dinnerstein mentioned, a New Yorker enclosed in his diary that the Irish were "almost as remote as us in temperament and constitution as the
Chinese" (87). Irish names were the most frequent to appear among the list of paupers and criminals (Dinnerstein 73). As Diner stated, that employers
of Irish immigrants were "worried about the propensity of Irish servant girls [stealing]" and following that their "tendency, usually considered racial
and fixed by nature (118). This is contrary to the Germans, who were known to be law–abiding people. The Germans were known to love their 'lager
'bier', however consuming alcohol was a big part of Irish social cultural practice (Diner 133). Because the "alcohol provided calories, and [they]
brought with them a tradition of using alcohol in part as a food substitute", it caused several problems damaging to problems they already endured.
Diner stated that "[the] Americans constructed the Irish as inherently predisposed to drunkenness and the moral crusades" (141). This explicitly
showed that Americans believed drunkenness is part of their race, specifically they were born to be drunks and they could not change

The 19th Century
1. The 19th century was a time of change with the Industrial Revolution affecting the economy, society and politics. The steam engine expanded
industries. Western Europe saw many inventions during this period as well as the notion of developing national identities. Russia was emerging
from feudalism during this time and did not embrace industrialization. Russia had become one of the most powerful countries in the world and was
able to play a role in European affairs after especially after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. The English society in the 19th century was called the
Victorian era because of the long and peaceful reign of Queen Victoria. This time appeared to be dignified and restrained but there was child labor,
prostitution, and...show more content...
Joined the La Scala Ballet in 1829 and became the pupil of Perrot in 1833. In 1841, she joined the Paris Opera Ballet and danced the lead in Giselle. She
became a prominent romantic era ballerina. She retired in 1853 and she was known to wear the first blocked slipper to dance on pointe. Pas de Quatre
dancer. The third dancer of this time was Lucille Grahn (1819– 1907) Danish dancer that studied with August Bournonville and danced the title role in
his first production of La Sylphide. In 1839, she joined the Paris Opera ballet for three years. She often danced the sylph roles which she excelled in.
She moved from Russia, to London, to Germany where she retired in 1856. She was known as the "Danish Taglioni". She also danced in the Pas de
Quatre. (page 131)
4. Flippo Taglioni a (1777– 1871) An Italian dancer, choreographer, and ballet master of the Romantic era, also father of Marie Taglioni. In 1822, he
created the balled La Reception d 'une jeune nymphe a la cour de Terpischore for Marie. He also choreographed Le Dieu et la Bayadere in 1830 and La
Fille du Danube in 1836. Created the 1st ever romantic ballet, La Sylphide. Another Romantic era choreographer Jules Perrot (1810– 1892) French
Dancer and French Opera dancer. Left t the opera in 1884 and started choreographing in 1886. He choreographed and created Pas de Quatre and
Giselle. He was the greatest male dancer of the romantic era.
5. The Pas de Quatre (1845) a significant ballet of the time as it was a

The Civil War And The 19th Century Essay
The 19th century was one of the most troubling times in human history. Things like the civil war, child labor and even slavery helped shape the
literary culture from 1850–1900. The civil war was a war fought between the Northern and Southern States in the United States of America. Among the
34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States of America and formed the
Confederate States of America. The first state to secede was south carolina after the election of president lincoln in 1860. After South Carolina seceded,
the "cotton states" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed, seceding in January and February 1861. Union and
Confederate leadership and fighting soldiers on both sides believed that slavery caused the Civil War. Union men mainly believed the war was to
emancipate the slaves. Confederates fought to protect southern society, and slavery as a part of it. Sectionalism refers to the different economies, social
structure, culture and customs and values of the North and South. While the south based their economy off of slave labor and plantation agriculture,
the North was urbanizing, industrializing and had feigned slavery out of existence. Southern slaveholding states, because of their low cost labor, had
little need for industrialization. While the North highly invested in its industrialization, could not compete with the industries of Europe in offering
high prices

Victorian London In The 19th Century Essay
19th Century Victorian London was a vastly different place to the London that we're familiar with today. Medicine was nowhere near the standard it
is today, personal hygiene was almost non existent in some areas, and overcrowding, poverty, and disease were the major problems experienced by
Victorian Londoners. Due to these circumstances, death at an early age was extremely common, especially in the poor population. The BBC Victorian
Britain section of it's website states that a baby born in 'the 1830's could expect to live to only 29'.(Daunton, BBC, Death in the City) Prominent
diseases included cholera, typhoid, smallpox, scarlet fever, and measles, mumps and rubella.(McAlpine, BBC America, 5 Horrible Diseases You Might
Have Caught in Victorian

The Social Conditions Of The 19th Century Essay
Imagine living in the 19th century while the world is experiencing major social and economic changes following the French and Industrial
Revolutions. These world changing events are mostly causing plagues for the working class. These 19th century conditions cause the people to revolt
against the social reforms of the existing world and reveal the need for a new social structure. The newly emerging Industrial revolution results in a shift
within economic classes, which are the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The 19th century's conditions are a result of the Industrial Revolution, French
Revolution, and Urbanization which cause Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to create their proposed solution, communism. The social conditions of the
19th century were a result of the French Revolution. The French Revolution resulted in the need for a new social structure, after the king was
beheaded. The French erased their monarch and the citizens began to search for liberty, equality, and fraternity. "As people formulated their views
of the world around them, many concluded . . . the principles of liberty and equality, and perhaps the rational order" (Szporluk 6). The goals of the
French revolution were to get rid of the king and for the people to have a voice via voting. "The French Revolution invented a new type of political
discourse and practice by which we have been living ever since" (Szporluk 6). The French revolution created a new way of input for citizens in the
government. The search

Early and Mid 19th Century Thought Essay
Early and Mid 19th Century Thought
Throughout history, there have been many isms that had come and gone. Many things have come out of these so–called "isms."
Romanticism began in the closing decades of the eighteenth century. It practically dominated European cultural life in most of the first half of the
nineteenth century. Poets such as Shelley, Wordsworth, Keats, and Byron were all exponents ofromanticism. This was expressed in many different
ways such as Writing, art and music.
Victor Hugo, A.W., Friedrich Schlegel, Schiller and Schelling all expressed their thoughts of romanticism through writing. Caspar David Friedrich and
John Constable expressed their thoughts on romanticism on canvas through art. Later on,...show more content...
Liberals attacked the state and other authorities that prevented the individual from exercising the right of free choice, interfered with the right of free
expression.
To the traditional rulers of Europe—kings, aristocrats, and clergy—the French Revolution was a great evil, which had inflicted a near–fatal
wound on civilization. Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was instrumental in shaping conservative thought. Burke, an
Anglo–Irish statesman and political theorist, wanted to warn his countrymen of the dangers inherent in the ideology of the revolutionaries.
Conservatism pointed to a limitation of the enlightenment. It showed that human beings and social relationships are far more complex than the
philosphes had imagined. They often find familiar customs and ancestral religions more satisfying guides to life than the blueprints of philosophers.
Conservative theorists warned that revolutionary violence in the pursuit of utopian dreams transforms politics into an ideological crusade that ends in
terror and despotism.
Nationalism is a conscious bond shared by a group of people who feel strongly attached to a particular land and who possess a common language,
culture, and history, marked by shared glories and sufferings. Nationalists contend that one's highest loyalty and devotion

Essay about 19th Century Women
19th–Century Women
Works Cited Missing
Women in the nineteenth century, for the most part, had to follow the common role presented to them by society. This role can be summed up by what
historians call the "cult of domesticity". The McGuffey Readers does a successful job at illustrating the women's role in society. Women that took part
in the overland trail as described in "Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey" had to try to follow these roles while facing many challenges that
made it very difficult to do so.
One of the most common expectations for women then is that they are responsible for doing the chore of cleaning whether it is cleaning the house,
doing the laundry. The McGuffey Readers mentions the women's duty to clean in...show more content...
In addition, to show what the editor said in the McGuffey's there is a poem that is from a child's point of view talking about his mother, "Smooth
the few silver threads out of my hair; Over my slumbers your loving watch keep; Rock me to sleep, mother, rock me to sleep! (Gorn 108)." It is
shown here how the mother is to watch over her children and take care of them. Moreover, in the Women's Diaries it talks about the hardship mothers
had, "Accounts shade and darken in the pages of women whose energies were spent nursing and caring for infants and small children (Schlissel 115)."
It says that their diaries turn in essence bleak because they are being overwhelmed with so many duties and then on top of that having to care for the
children. Being on the trail made it very difficult for the women to perform these duties as the author points out, "The West to them meant the
challenge of rearing a family and maintaining domestic order against the disordered life on the frontier (Schlissel 115)." The women had to face to
challenge and they did in a way that shows that the men were not the only ones who had an immense amount of courage in this great undertaking.
An integral part of the nineteenth century Victorian way of life was having strong morals. The women were seen as pure beings and therefore it was
there job to keep the family unit moral. In The McGuffey's it tells of how the morals were taught to kids

Essay about 19th Century Art
19th Century Art During the 19th century, a great number of revolutionary changes altered forever the face of art and those that produced it. Compared
to earlier artistic periods, the art produced in the 19th century was a mixture of restlessness, obsession with progress and novelty, and a ceaseless
questioning, testing and challenging of all authority. Old certainties about art gave way to new ones and all traditional values, systems and institutions
were subjected to relentless critical analysis. At the same time, discovery and invention proceeded at an astonishing rate and made the once–impossible
both possible and actual. But most importantly, old ideas rapidly became obsolete which created an entirely new artistic world...show more content...
For Ingres, painting encompassed flat and linear figures, a manner that was severely criticized as being "primitive" and Gothic. However, Ingres soon
became the leader of the academic forces in their battle against Delacroix and his contemporaries. Ingres' best–known work, Grande Odalisque (1814,
oil on canvas) illustrates his rather strange mixture of artistic allegiances. His subject, a reclining nude figure, is traditional, but by converting her into
an odalisque, a woman of a Turkish harem, Ingres made a strong concession to the contemporary Romantic taste for the exotic. Another artistic
development was occurring in England, especially in relation to landscape painting by such men as J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851) and John Constable
(1776–1837). These two artists were highly influenced by the Romantic Movement, best symbolized by the poetry of Byron, Shelley and Keats. As
Elizabeth G. Holt points out, "Turner and Constable emotionalized in both its grand and minute manifestations, lives in the canvases of the English
school and created the breadth and scope of nature intermixed with the pathos of time, change, distance and the past" (221). He also made it clear

Economic Growth in the Late 19th Century Essay
From the year 1865 to 1900 the United States government was attributed to following the standards of laissez–faire, an economic axiom in opposition
of governmental moderation of or meddling in commerce beyond the merest essential for a free–enterprise organization to function according to its
own economic regulations. The United States government took this stance of noninterference, however, apparent within the guiding principles
concerning railroad land grants, management of interstate commerce, as well as antitrust actions we see direct governmental intervention and clear
infringement and disruption of laissez–faire ideology.
During the late 19th century many Americans advocated the fosterage of a laissez faire administration to allow...show more content...
State regulations tended to be inadequate and ineffectual against price injustices apparent in several Supreme Court cases in the 1860's and 1870's
such as the Granger Movement, as well as others. In response to prior faulty efforts, Congress developed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. This
act constructed a commission designed to overlook railway rates to make sure that they were just and fair, as well as outlawing other inequitable
practices taking place during this time. Apparent in a declaration from the committee of interstate commerce, melancholy and disagreement progressed
amidst small farmers who believed that the government was dispensing the big dealer a favorable position over smaller traders. As a result, Congress
initiated the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was geared toward establishing an unbiased and just economic system handling the problems of
arbitrary rates and practices. The Interstate commerce act would not stop issues involving railroad monopolies, although it would establish the
archetype of federal moderation on transportation between states.
Imposed by congress in 1890, The Sherman Antitrust Act was created to forbid trusts and various other limitations on trade. This new act, believed to
end rivalry would prove to be a failure. In the case of The United States vs. E.C. Knight Company (1896), the Supreme Court discharged the case,
leading to eighteen antitrust proceedings over the period of eleven years.

19th Century Enlightenment
Revolutions may have occurred so rapidly in the 18th and 19th century because, once one was sparked, it lit a fire all over. Time and time again we see
in history one nation bringing in change, and then others following. Yes, the Enlightenment opened minds to the idea of change being good, but it was
not merely the Enlightenment that caused arousal for Revolution. The Enlightenment is generally thought of as a step further from the church,
completely embracing the individual and leaving behind ways of the past. But Revolutions are not pulled through by one individual, they may be
started by one loud voice, but it takes many more to fully bring them about. Thus, the Revolutions of the 18th and 19th century were most likely a
combination of enlightenment

Women's Rights In The 19th Century Essay
In Great Britain during the nineteenth century, women experienced less rights in many aspects of their daily lives when compared to twenty–first
century. Women lived a stricter lifestyle and men decided on many decisions in a women's life. During the nineteenth century in Europe, women and
men had an expectation to live on opposite spheres of society. Men were familiarized with living a public life, whether it was working in a factory or
socializing with like–minded men in public places, like clubs, meetings, or bars. On the contrary, women had the expectation to live their lives largely
at home, which included cooking, cleaning, and child rearing. Free time for women was not supposed to be spent socializing but doing other things
related to...show more content...
It depicted the contemporary discussions of the need for women to obtain a higher education. In 1848, "the establishment of the first women's
college in London, an example later recommended by Thomas Henry Huxley, a strong advocate of advanced education for women. By the end of
Victoria's reign, women could take degrees at twelve universities of university colleges and could study, although not earn a degree, at Oxford and
Cambridge" (Abrams 991). There was still a lot of change that needed to be done but it was just the beginning of change to come for women's
equality. Women began trending into literature in the Victorian period. As stated in Nineteenth Century Women and Periodicals, "while constructions
of gender made it difficult for women under the best of circumstances to aspire to a literary life in the Victorian period, it was not impossible either to
break into print or, eventually, to take the larger step" (Trela 90). Strides were taken towards equality in education by women, and literature provided
women and men a way to put down their feeling and thoughts on women's equality. As stated by Chevalier, "Miss

19th Century Industrialization Essay
19th Century Industrialization Nineteenth Century Industrialization During the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States experienced an
urban revolution unparalleled in world history up to that point in time. As factories, mines, and mills sprouted out across the map, cities grew up
around them. The late nineteenth century, declared an economist in 1889, was "not only the age of cities, but the age of great cities." Between 1860
and 1910, the urban population grew from 6 million to 44 million. The United States was rapidly losing its rural roots. By 1920, more than half of the
population lived in urban areas. The rise of big cities during the nineteenth century created a distinctive urban culture. People from...show more
content...
The tide of immigration rose from just under 3 million in the 1870s to more than 5 million in the 1880s, then fell to a little over 3.5 million in the
depression decade of the 1890s, and rose to its high–water mark of nearly 9 million in the first decade of the new century. The numbers declined to 6
million in the 1910s and 4 million in the 1920s, after which official restrictions cut the flow of immigration down to a negligible level." (Tindall,
938) Immigrants thought of America as a land of opportunity and felt that they only needed to make to trip across the ocean to become successful.
The "roads paved with gold" theory led to the downfall of the vast majority of immigrants. They came with huge aspirations but ended up working
for extremely low wages and living in awful living conditions. Immigrants working for low wages and their constant availability was necessary for
industrialization's success. Without the huge numbers of immigrants 19th Century Industrialization 3. working their would have been no one to work
in the factories. The immigrants were so large in number that they would take almost any job for any wage. Large owners of factories and business
tycoons were able to make large amounts of money because labor was so cheap. In turn, the economy grew immensely during the period of
industrialization. In What Social Classes Owe to Each Other by William Sumner, he gives evidence to the fact that the poor man is vital to a society.
He writes, "There is no

What Happened In The 19th Century
When a new baby or a new pet enters the house (though some may argue over how different the two really are), things get a quite a bit busier. A new
room needs to be furnished and used , there's another mouth to feed, and all else that comes with an additional family member. This, however, is
nothing compared to the large amount of people that get introduced into a growing city and the buildings, jobs, and money that needs to be provided for
them. However, when either occurs, the end result is the same. Life changes, and revolutions take place. This is exactly what happened to England
during the 18th and 19th centuries. When new people and the money that came with them moved into cities, the way of life, for many, looked different.
The influx...show more content...
By this time, many more factories had been implemented and the coal business had taken off, thanks to the new steam engines that ran off of coal
and steam rather than the kinetic energy from river water. As such, more workers were needed to fuel the booming industries. Business owners had
decided that hiring children and women was much cheaper than the grown men in the city. They worked for lower wages, fit in smaller spaces, and
endured depressing conditions, which made them much more affordable and efficient. Men, now jobless, looked to alcohol for comfort as their
wives and children went to work. This lead to one of the first times in England's history that debauchery was a problem for society. Crime rates rose,
and new jails had to be constructed to hold all of the murders, thieves, and various other criminals which had done something stupid while under the
influence. Around the same time, new railroad systems were built, providing faster transportation to the public. This meant that a work force was
needed to construct all the differing branches around the cities and surrounding countryside. More people flooded into these areas to fill this role,
requiring more tenements and houses. After the railroad was finished, these people found jobs, either at newer or pre existing factories. By 1838, the
influx of people and jobs had worsened

The 19th Century : The Nineteenth Century
The 19th Century
Political
The youth of today can hardly compare to those of 200 years ago. As a matter of fact, under Common Law, a person between the ages of eight and
fourteen could have been considered an adult (Blackstone, W., 1760). At the turn of the century the Revolutionary War occurred barely twenty years
earlier and was actually still going on in places like Louisiana. Youth of that day had probably taken part in the war in one form or another which
caused them to mature at a faster rate. This, coupled with an agrarian society and different social norms, had children as young as fifteen married and
having children of their own (Hacker D. J., 2003). The age distinction we place on juveniles today would not have been applied at...show more content...
As industry increased in the growing urban centers there was a need for cheap labor, and since federal child labor laws were not implemented until
1916, orphanages became a primary source of forced labor (Clark–Bennett, R., et al. 2004). These child work centers did not treat the children as
employees but rather paid the orphanage owners similar to the Convict Lease programs of the post Civil War South. Lack of adult supervision and
freedom to move about these new industrial hubs lead to increased juvenile delinquency as we know it today. After all, what repercussions were there to
deter delinquency, the children were already in a reformatory.
The 20th Century
Political
As America fell into the Great Depression in 1929, President Roosevelt placed political emphasis on employing adults. This returned children, 18–20
percent who were used to working, back to being the idle poor (Yellowitz, I., 2017). This, coupled with the lack of state enforcement of mandatory
school attendance, exacerbated the juvenile delinquency rate and increased the number of juvenile offenders (Thompson Reuters, 2017). The concept
of the judicial system acting as "parens patriate", literally translated "Parent of the Country", when dealing with juvenile offenders, gained momentum
in the early 20th century (TLS, 2015). Unfortunately, it wasn't until later in the century that the term Juvenile was broadly defined as

Summary of 19th Century Globalization
Summary of 19th Century Globalization Globalization had been in development since the Napoleonic Wars. European empires found themselves
expanding throughout the world. This expansion was based on "increasing transfers of commodities, people, capital, and ideas between and within
continents" (Broadberry, O'Rourke, 2010, p. 6). An increase in integration among the nations of the world can be measured by studying increases in
international trade. Empirical evidence suggests that globalization was well under way from the period 1870–1914 as price gaps in items like wheat,
cotton, copper, etc. fell drastically, indicating a greater competition in the international marketplace. Thanks to technical and industrial improvements,
shipping made globalization through trade more possible than ever before. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 played a huge role in
globalization but so too did the railroads, which made freight shipping across continents more expedient (Broadberry, O'Rourke, 2010, p. 8). A
relative peace at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries among the most powerful nations also facilitated trade and globalization. The gold
standard became more accepted around the world and currency unions helped diminish "uncertainty in trade" (Broadberry, O'Rourke, 2010, p. 8). The
UK specialized in exporting manufactures and services. It primarily imported "food and raw materials" (Broadberry, O'Rourke, 2010, p. 9). France and
Germany followed suit though not quite as

Poor Living In The 19th Century
19th century England was not a pleasant place. It was hard for the rich, but even more so the poor. Adults and children both had to deal with
unsanitary conditions, crowds, and pollution in the water forcing them to drink alcohol. These things are part of the reason half of the deaths in
London were children younger than ten. The children born into poor families had to work, while the rich received education. Boys working might
have been chimney sweeps as they were the only ones small enough to fit and girls could have been washer women for the upper class. Any child
working would peddle goods on the street, or was put in a workhouse. Children made up about в…“ of the workhouse population. Andrea Warren in
says in her book, "workhouse officials

American History-19Th Century Essay

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American History-19Th Century Essay