Essay On The History Of Psychology

Essay on The History of Psychology
The History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychology's history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying
approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review
chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placed in history and how they influenced research and
determined the development of Psychology as its recognised today. Beginning with the philosophers Plato and Aristotle (between 428– 347) in ancient
Greece, they began to ask...show more content...
For example, the taste of lemonade (perception) to be a molecule of conscious experience could be analyzed in terms of elements (sensations) i.e.
sweet, sour, cold, warm, bitter, and how it was identified by introspection (observation). Wundt's structuralism was quickly abandoned because it could
not be empirically or scientifically tested, it was also criticised for favouring deterministic structural forces over the ability of individual people to act
refusing the suggestion of freewill. But at the end of the 19th century and lasting only 25 years Structuralism was still seen as a historically important
school of thought and it was the movements that it developed, rather than structuralism itself that pushed forward the progress of psychology
Functionalism as a psychology developed from the philosophy of Pragmatism (practical, matter–of–fact way of approaching or assessing situations or
of solving problems). William James (1842–1910) laid the foundations with the publication of "Principles of Psychology" a book that gave
Psychology its distinction and it's well used definition "the science of mental life" for its study. He introduced a methodology for the inclusion of
conscious mental processes and believed consciousness to be the primary object of psychology
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A Career as a Psychologist Essay
Psychologists are very important people; they help millions of people with their everyday struggles and problems that they have to deal with. Not
only do psychologists help people with problems that they cannot handle on their own, they also are scientists who study human minds and
behaviors. With being a psychologist, there are many different careers to choose from within this profession (Explore Health Careers). The first type
of psychologists to choose from is a clinical psychologist. Clinical psychologists help people with counseling and psychotherapy. They work with
people who have all around life problems, such as new adjustments in life. Clinical psychologists also help people who have emotional disorders or
...show more content...
They also provide consolation to courts and attorneys in different types of legal proceedings (Psyris). Next is an organization psychologist, which helps
in the productivity of groups and individuals in a workplace. These types of psychologists focus on improving the function of organizations, and to keep
individuals healthy within the organization (Psyris). Another type of psychology to choose from is a counseling psychologist. These are important
psychologists because they teach people how to deal with their everyday problems. They help their patients determine their problems and help them
understand the problems they are facing. Not only do counseling psychologists help their patients with the issues they are experiencing at home but
also in their workplace or their community in general. By helping their patients identify their strengths and resources, is how counseling psychologists
help them with their problems (Bureau of Labor Statistics). The next type of psychology is the developmental psychologist. Developmental
psychologists work with psychological processes and development that takes place throughout life. They study aging and problems the elderly may
face, but this type of psychologist mainly focuses on children and adolescents (Bureau of Labor Statistics). The last type of psychologist to choose
from is the social

Introduction to Psychology Essay examples
Introduction to Psychology The concern about life is a main human characteristic. No matter if his concern is concentrated in himself or in persons or
things that surround him and constitute his environment, everybody wants to know why people, himself included, behave the way they behave.
Everybody, also, wants to improve his behavior, so as to live in harmony with himself and the society. The Greek word Psychology, is a word consisted
of the words ψυχή–soul and λόγος–utterance, talk. So, generally, psychology is the science
that examines the soul. But , since the psychologists work on the problems of the personal, family, school, professional and social life, we could say,
more...show more content...
The heartbeats, the movements of our head are behavior. The way we eat, the way we drink, the way we walk, we talk, are behavior. The
construction of a bridge, the composition of a song are behavior. The fantasies of a child, the dreams of a adolescent, the illusions of an alcoholic
are behavior. Although we are all familiar with human behavior, a little do we understand or we can explain about it. Since our infancy we learn
about behavior through the experiences and the knowledge that we get by observing other people or having relations with them. Living in society
leads us to watch and try to explain the way people behave. But that is not always easy. Sometimes we cannot understand even ourselves. Psychology
comes to give answers to all this uncertainty. Therefore, according to modern psychology, the term behavior means all the conscious, unconscious,
verbal, mental and kinetic expressions of ourselves. Psychology uses statistic researches so as to distinguish the normal behavior from the abnormal
one. Such a thing is very difficult because every society has its own behavior standards, and, consequently, an act that is normal according to one
society, may be abnormal according to another. For example, polygamy is not permitted in Europe, but it is permitted in certain societies in Africa. So,
the judgement of a behavior must bear in mind the social environment in which it takes place .

Essay about Psychology Theories
I chose Gestalt Psychology for my first perspective, it is how people experience objects and perceive things as a whole. Gestalt allows us to look at
everyday objects and distinguish them from their surroundings. Without the Gestalt Theory people would see every atom that made up a whole
object. As I look at my computer screen, I do not see every little atom, I see the screen as a whole. From this perspective, learning objects as a whole
instead of each individual part is beneficial because it allows us to open our minds for new learning experiences. However, there may be things in life
that do not provide enough visual clues to determine what it is supposed to be. The Functionalist Theory is based on behavior and mental life. It...show
more content...
This allows us to be able to avoid waling into a hole or hitting our head on a door. Humanistic Personality Theory is more of a behavioral theory. I
can say they both deal with the "here and now" issues though. The Functionalist Theory however is associated with the Humanistic Personality
Theory because they are both behavioral and mental theories. Functionalism is based on experiences and how it affects our current behavior. With
the Humanistic Theory and its beliefs of dealing with the present functionalism allows you to retrieve memories to help you make your decision. I
believe that functionalism also contributes to self worth. My whole life I have been achieving accomplishments, whether big or small, and it gives
me a self worth to look back at all of them. "Cognitive theory is focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and
behaviors and therefore personality. Many cognitive theorists believe that without these thought processes, we could have no emotions and no
behavior and would therefore not function. In other words, thoughts always come before any feeling and before any action." ("Cognitive theory in,"
2004) Cognitive theory could have an effect on Gestalt Psychology because if a person has a learning disorder is can change how they perceive
things. They may not be able to distinguish every day objects for what they truly are. My six year old cousin has down syndrome.

Prejudice In Psychology
In psychology, prejudice is different from discrimination. Prejudice is an unjustifiable and often negative stereotyped attitude that a person holds
against the members of a particular social group. Whereas, discrimination is when prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular group to be
treated differently than others in situations that call for equal treatment. Thus, prejudice leads to discrimination. There are several factors that contribute
to prejudice and discrimination, and there are many techniques for reducing the development of prejudice and discrimination.
To begin, socialization or having one's upbringing (family, media, etc.) teach and perpetuate prejudice. According to social cognitive theory, through
direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences on learning, prejudice is viewed as an attitude that is formed as other attitudes are formed. For
instance, the media,...show more content...
Prejudice can be overcome through education, equal status intergroup contact, and working together to achieve a specific goal. For instance, education
and learning about people who are different (the out–group) and noticing similarities instead of differences can combat prejudice. Also, equal status
contact has been shown to reduce prejudice and discrimination. Equal status contact requires the different groups to all be in the same situation with
neither group holding power over the other. In equal status contact, personal involvement with people from another group must be cooperative and
occur when all groups are equal in terms of power or status to have a positive effect on reducing prejudice. Also, having people work together to solve
a problem because each person has an important key to solving the problem, creating a mutual interdependence, helps reduce prejudice. This technique
is called the jigsaw

Psychology : Psychology And Psychology
In the future, I ultimately intend to be a psychologist. With being a psychologist, I am taking on the responsibility on how to lead people into having an
overall better life and promote positive change for them. Psychologists often specialize in studying and examining the brain and human behavior. That
being said, psychology is a very important branch of science that attempts to help us stay sane!
Already getting started next year, I enrolled into a psychology class to get a jumpstart for when I go into college. I chose to enroll into the
psychology class because the human mind is something that is very complex and diverse. By me taking this class, I am partially more ahead and more
taught than that of a student who doesn't take the class. And that way, when I get into the psychology major, I have a small intake of what it is all about.
Once I'm done with taking the high school courses of psychology, I plan on going to the University of California, Los Angeles to further continue my
soon–to–be career. Researching the top ranked colleges of the psychology major, UCLA is ranked number 2! Me being in the psychology classes
might possibly give me a better look into wanting to study at the number 2 ranked college for psychology, so it should be a win–win situation.
In order to become a psychologist, there are certain classes that you have to enroll in. The required classes that you have to take into having the
psychology major are statistics, experimental methods/research

Essay about Behavior Psychology
Behavior Psychology Psychology is defined as a science that focuses on the study of and to explain the way human's think, behave, and feel. The
behaviourist school of psychology is concerned with the explanation of behaviour through observable outcomes without making reference to mental
events. Behaviourism is very narrow and can be strongly objected in its approach to psychology as it does not consider the mental thought process
involvement in behaviour. This school of psychology is very much about nurture rather than...show more content...
The belief is that human behaviour can be trained because human emotions are so malleable therefore personality is forever changeable (Cohen, 1979).
Behaviour is simply a reaction to a stimulus which once learned becomes part of learned habit. It was also believed learning occurs through the
reinforcement of certain aspects of the situation. Reinforcement is when something is added to the situation which makes the same reaction in that
situation more likely in future (McInerney, 1998). The belief was that most of behaviour is a result of what has been learnt, which is to say that it is the
result of the environment rather than biological influences. Therefore the study of learning and the conditions under which it occurs is the core project
of behaviourism (Tennant, 1997) Behaviouristic therapy is aimed at the modification of behaviour especially undesirable ones by mainly reinforcing
the desirable behaviour and suppressing or punishing the undesirable and unwanted behaviour. Once the therapist has identified the behaviour and
triggering factors they may employ several techniques to condition or recondition the person's behaviour. These methods of therapy have been derived
and adapted by experiments done by earlier behaviourists such as Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Methods used today

What Psychology is to Me Essay
What Psychology is to Me
After taking Psychology 1000, psychology means much more to me than it did prior to taking the class. At the beginning of the semester, I was asked
to define the word psychology, and the best definition I could muster was simply the study of the mind and how it works. After examining the large
realm of the science of psychology I now realize that this definition was quite incomplete.
My initial definition simply covered the branch of psychology known as cognitive psychology, and this is only one of many areas that are actually
included under the title psychology. Many psychologists focus on more quantitative aspects than the function of the human mind. There are several
different areas...show more content...
This is just one of the many examples that illustrate this point, and that makes developing a working definition of the term psychology extremely
difficult to attain.
The range of topics that are considered psychology is very surprising to a newcomer in the field. Everything from determining which parts of the brain
are responsible for controlling certain senses to analyzing the influence of society on behavior and development is considered ?psychology?. So it is
obvious that my original definition was extremely limited, but it has now been vastly broadened.
In addition to recognizing the broad range of topics that psychology covers, I also realized that there is large number of different occupations a
person trained in psychology can hold. My original idea was that a psychologist was a person who dealt only with psychoanalysis, and I would
imagine that this is a common misconception. The possible career fields for a psychologist is much greater than I had imagined it to be, it includes
everything from school counselors to psychiatrists to sensation and perception researchers.
Each different area of psychology has many differences from all of the other areas, but the origins of these areas enables them all to fall under the
incredibly large topic of psychology. Although psychology is a very large topic this immense field is still

Essay on Motivation in Psychology
The human mind is designed with the innate ability to achieve anything. The interesting part of this paper is how we all use different triggers and
motivations to goad us into gear. Motivation is an area of psychology that has gotten a great deal of attention, especially in the recent years. There are
several distinct theories of motivation we will discuss in this section. Some include basic biological forces, while others seem to transcend concrete
explanation. All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to survive. Animals are born with the capacity and often times knowledge
of how to survive by spinning webs, building nests, avoiding danger, and reproducing. These innate tendencies are preprogrammed at birth,...show more
content...
This theory focused on how children socialize and how they develop their sense of self. This happens in eight distinct stages. I will only be discussing
the ones that occur from birth to puberty. Each developmental stage has two possible outcomes. According to the theory, successful completion of each
stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to
complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
The first stage is trust or mistrust. This stage begins from birth to one year, children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency
of their caregiver. If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around him and is able to feel secure even when
threatened. Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may
result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.
The next definable stage is autonomy or shame which begins between the ages of one and three, children begin to assert their independence, by
walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat,

Psychological Stress Essay
Psychological stress is a result of many factors and should be dealt with very carefully. Stress can be defined as "An excess of demand made upon the
adaptive capabilities of the mind and body".(Joseph 1). Another way of putting it, is that there are some things that put certain demands on us. The
effects of stress should not be limited to unpleasant emotional states. Many studies have concluded that the effects on our physical health from stress
can be extremely detrimental. These adverse physical effects include heart disease and formations of cancer. There are also some societal issues that
psychological stress can hamper.
There are numerous elements that trigger the effects of psychological stress. Frustration is one of these...show more content...
Pressures that are brought about in our society are imposed by ourselves and by others. If one has too high of expectations for oneself it is
inevitable that they will burn themselves out. These expectations are derived out of our gender roles as men. Men are thought of in our society to be
the provider of money and security to their families. It is one way we measure or "manlyhood". Unrealistic pressures such as this, and pressures from
school, work and social life will lead to high levels of stress.
Conflict happens when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression. There are three classifications of
conflict; approach/approach, avoidance/avoidance, approach/avoidance. Approach/approach conflicts occur when we have two attractive options
from which we have to chose. This can happen when we have two group of friends going out for New Year's Eve, both with exciting plans. It is
tough to decide which group of friends you want to hang out with. Avoidance/avoidance is the opposite of approach/approach. When you have to
decide between two unattractive choices or goals, stress sets in. This has occurred to me this past month or so in deciding what I am going to take for
my accounting elective. All of my options are very unappealing. Decisions may arise where both objects that you are to chose from have both attractive
and unattractive components. This type of conflict can be categorized as approach/avoidance conflict. An example

Essay on Psychology: Personality Theories
Introduction: What is Personality? Allport defines personality as 'the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that
determine his unique adjustment to his environment' (Allport, 1937). An individual's unique personality traits and attributes are a powerful indicator of
how he/she will interact with the work environment. The difference between average and outstanding employees can often be solely personality
related. As the employee is the most valuable asset to the company, 'selecting the right employee during the process is critical' (Carbery and Cross,
2013, pp. 41–53) Traditional Theory Vs Cognitive Theory When we speak about personality, we must consider the two prominent schools of thought:
...show more content...
Differences in Personality Both nature and nurture interplay to determine personality characteristics. Nature is heredity and passed on at conception.
Nurture is that which is environmentally developed. It is innate that a baby will crawl, but he needs the support of his environment (diet, etc.) if he
is to ultimately survive. Our behaviour is the result of a combination of inborn traits and the situations in which we find ourselves. There are five
categorise which help influence personality differences. Genetically, offspring tend to take on some of the characteristics of their parents. However,
this could be due to long term exposure to the personalities of their parents rather than their genetic coding. Whether a person is male or female
determines what gender role they take on. 'Women are expected to be nurturing, attractive, emotional, weak, and subordinate to men; whereas, men
are the strong, rational, objective, and financial providers' (Loue and Sajatovic, 2007). Ones family experiences can also influence a person's
behaviour. Family experiences like: 'family size, birth order, differential parental orientations towards children' etc. will impact on the emergence of
personality as well as a person's suitability to leadership roles (Morley and Moore et al., 2004, pp. 28–52). Culture plays a very strong role in
determining what is believed to be acceptable and unacceptable

Psychology : Psychology And Psychology
Psychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology
as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes
man a complex being.
Psychology isn't just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question "why", proposes a theory and sets
experiment to test the hypothesis. The research is geared towards evidence–based strategies to solve problems and improve lives. As a science, it is
subdivided into various groups such as clinical psychology, counselling psychology, developmental psychology, climate and environmental...show more
content...
This has to do with Nature and Nurture. Nature refers to our DNA inheritance and how it contributes to our existence while Nurture is the influence of
the environment on human. We learn through experience and exposure.
One of the prominent theorist of development psychology is Jean Piaget. His theory is called Piaget theory of cognitive development. He proposed
that children have cognitive ability which enables them to learn from their environment. He believes that a child develops and acquire knowledge and
experience through different stages as he grows; which are sensorimotor, pre–operational, concrete operational and formal operation.
Cognitive development is the study of the mind and brain functions, which makes up our ability to think, perceive, and make decisions. It is also
related to other fields like neuroscience, philosophy and linguistic. There is a thin line between cognitive psychology and cognitive science. As earlier
defined, cognitive psychology is the study of the mind and its functions. Cognitive science is gathering of information through research. It is the
foundation on which all other works are built on. Its involves a non–human experiment, unlike cognitive psychology which involves human participants.
Behavioral psychology also known as Behaviorism, studies our outward behavior. It is based on the fact that behaviors are taught, which can also be
measured and changed. Behavioral psychologist believe that behavior is acquired through

Essay about Definition of Psychology
Definition of Psychology
The term psychology comes from two Greek words: psyche, which means
1. The spirit or soul. 2. The human mind. 3. In psychoanalysis, the mind functioning as the center of thought, emotion, and behavior.
And logos, "the study of." or according to modern researches "science"
These root words were first combined in the 16th century, at a time when the human soul, spirit, or mind was seen as distinct from the body.
Definition of Psychology:
Psychology is one of the youngest sciences. It is still going through the process of its development. There has been much fierce controversy about its
definition. It has been variously defined as the science of soul,...show more content...
Great psychologist like Sigmand Freud support this fact.
The science of Behavior:
J.B. Watson described Psychology as the science of Behavior.. He said that external action or behavior is the only concern of Psychology. He totally
ignored mental processes. He said that what goes on in our mind eventually comes out as our behavior. But this is not true for all times so this was
considered incomplete.
Now a days the most comprehensive definition of Psychology is:
"Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior, and its application to solve human problems"

OR
"Psychology is the schematic study of behavior and mental processes"
This definition contains three elements. The first is that psychology is a scientific enterprise that obtains knowledge through systematic and objective
methods of observation and experimentation. Second is that psychologists study behavior, which refers to any action or reaction that can be measured
or observed–such as the blink of an eye, an increase in heart rate, or the unruly violence that often erupts in a mob. Third is that psychologists study the
mind, which refers to both conscious and unconscious mental states. These states cannot actually be seen, only inferred from

Ethics in Psychology Essay
Ethics in Psychology Our country was founded on certain moral principles. The moral principles which guide our lives are referred to as ethics.
These ethics have an impact on how we interact with the world around us and shape our personalities; this happens even if we do not realize their
immediate impact. It is for this very reason that ethics in psychological research became necessary. "One may also define ethics as a method,
procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues" (Resnik, 2011). We are expected to behave or be
treated a particular way in society, therefore we should be granted certain ethical treatments in regards to research. Human Participants According to the
American...show more content...
Animal Subjects This is a sensitive issue area in regards to research. There are many types of research that just are not feasible to do with human
subjects; therefore the justification for non–human animals come into the experiment. Even though there are many benefits to using animals, many
animal rights groups maintain strong opposition to using animals for research. This is why the APA has developed the Committee on Animal Research
and Ethics (CARE). It is the responsibility of CARE to audit that all ethics regarding animal usage is followed ("Committee on animal," 2014). Due to
the sensitivity of testing on animals the APA has developed very strict standards regarding usage of animals as subjects. They range from justification,
housing of said animal, acquisition, and procedures. These requirements outline absolute necessity in order to reduce the unnecessary usage of animals
in testing. Therapy relationships with clients. The psychologist to patient relationship during therapy is a crucial aspect. It is within ethical guidelines
that the psychologist clearly establish his role whether it be with an individual, group, or family therapist. These roles need to be understood for the
variety of issues that may arise; one of which is the disclosure of information. Psychologists, for obvious reasons, are not to have sexual relationships
with patients or former patients within a

The Science of Psychology Essay
The Science of Psychology
"Psychology is the scientific study of mind, brain and behaviour. Some of what you do learn may seem like 'common sense', or at least familiar to
you because you are learning about topics in which you can relate to. However some things you may believe is true, but is incorrect. The way we
know this is through the application of scientific methods."
Mark Leary suggests that the subject matter of psychology is much more familiar to most people than is the subject matter of physics or biology; we
see behaviour all around us. Psychology would be an odd science of thought and behaviour if it only considered thoughts and behaviours completely
foreign to people's...show more content...
An example of this is; one of the simplest rules of behaviour is that if you reward someone for doing something, they are more likely to do it again
(the principle of reinforcement. How many people out there actually verbalise this rule and use it consistently? Certainly not the mother who rewards
her child's tired tantrum in the street by buying them a toy or a magazine, nor the person who showers their partner with attention and affection when
they are having a jealous sulk at a party.
If you take Milgram's study of obedience, you can see that, the teacher obeyed the person with authority. If you met a policeman in the street and he
asks you where you were the following night, because an incident happened and you may have been around the area or the time it happened, you
would do as the policeman asks as he has more authority, so it may seem like common sense, as it is something you would see happening in
everyday life. But Milgram's study was a scientific experiment to see whether people would go as far as killing a person by authority.
Also if you look at the surroundings and at how the experiment was set up it was all very scientific, based in a make–believe laboratory. With
scientific equipment, so a lot of it actually was more scientific than common sense, which is explained above that scientific methods usually way up
more than common sense.
Zimbardo's study

Essay on my interest in psychology
my interest in psychology
I have always been intrigued by the mental processes of humans and animals. As a young child and into adolescence, as a student and teacher and as a
caregiver, I have always been interested in psychology in one form or another. This essay will reflect not only the development of my interest in
psychology, but the development of myself as a person.
I was born into a family with Native American heritage that practiced a strict protestant religion. As a child, I would often wonder why people's
attitudes, behaviors and beliefs could be so different from one another. I wondered why some people believed in things with great zeal, yetother people
believed the contrary just as vehemently....show more content...
I then went back to school with more determination and plunged myself into more psychology classes.
In these classes, I found myself naturally drawn to the topics of research methods and statistics. These two academic areas in particular provided an
environment in which I was able to develop and excercise my naturally analytical way of thinking. I then geared my undergraduate education towards
learning to perform research in psychology by taking more research and science based psychology classes. Additionally, I sought out and obtained
research assistantships with professors of cognition, physiological and clinical psychology. Specifically, I have been a primary research assistant for an
investigation of the effect of irony on recall and recognition, an investigation of the performance of children with and without Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on a computer anticipation task, and an investigation of the effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on ADHD–like
behavior in laboratory rats. I have also assisted in literature reviews in the area of receptive language and Autism, as well as a review on sleep and
genetics. In addition, I have been a participant recruiter for a research project on familial inheritance of depression and REM sleep abnormalities. For
complete information, please see my attached curriculum vitae.

While taking research–based courses, I found that I had another natural inclination:

Psychology and Human Behavior Essay
Psychology and Human Behavior What makes people behave the way they do? Can anyone analyse 12 billion brain cells to determine how and why the
mind functions the way it does?How is it that people being similar in physiological terms, are yet so different in psychological terms?
Man has a multiple nature,there is a constant conflict...between good & evil, between the urges & restricting forces, between thoughts & feelings, head
& heart, soul & body,lower nature & upper nature,...show more content...
The book says Yes! The answer is Transactional Analysis..TA, which is a tool to map the blue print of the mind. Dr.Thomas Harris, a disciple of
Dr.Sullivan, working with Dr, Eric Berne, came out with the theory in early 70's and wrote this book, which was a bestseller.
Dr. Penfield, a neuro–surgeon, conducted a variety of experiments in 1950's using electrodes to stimulate various parts and spots of the brain. The
experiments revealed that;
a) Not only the past events are recorded in detail by human brain, but also the feelings associated with the events. Both are inexorably locked together,
one cannot be evoked without the other.
b) Brain is a high fidelity recorder that puts on tape every experience right from birth, even before birth. It is a unique recorder that can not only record
images and sounds, but also sights,smells,feelings and emotions too.
c) Experiences can not only be recalled, but also be re–lived.
d) Persons can live in two states at a time. Being in the present,one can re–visit and re–live the past as an observer,guest.
Dr Harris and Berne take over from here. The theory of TA, as I have understood is as follows;
The unit of social intercourse is a transaction which comprises of a stimulus, and a response. Both these can be verbal or non verbal communications
which indicate a transaction. If the transactions are analysed, one can analyse the human nature.
Parent(P), Adult (A), and Child(C), are three parts of any person's

Essay on Educational Psychology
One of the more popular areas of psychology is Educational Psychology. Educational Psychology can be explained several ways. The idea is to study
theories and concepts from different parts of psychology and apply them in educational settings. These educational settings may occur in different
school settings such as preschool. The goal of educational psychology is to create a positive student–teacher relationship. Educational psychology uses
five different types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and social cognitive, and constructivist in this research paper I will be
briefly discussing each type of psychology listed above. Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in
terms...show more content...
Some examples are belief, desire, ideas and motivation. Next, cognitive psychologists think memory structures determine how information is perceived,
processed, stored, retrieved and forgotten. Cognitive psychology include perception, categorization, memory, knowledge representation, language and
thinking processes. "The relationship of cognitive psychology to classroom is like the relationship of physics to engineering. Knowledge of the mind
gleaned from cognitive psychology experiments will not tell teachers how to teach children, any more than knowledge of physics can prescribe what a
bridge should look like" (Willingham, 2009) Developmental psychology is the point of view that occurs in learners over the course of a period of time.
The developmental perspective includes theories that are continuous and discontinuous. Discontinuous theories are stage–like. The processes of
learning and development involve distinct stages, which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior. Theorists who use discontinuous
theories use a specific beginning and end period for each stage. Continuous theories explain that learning and development generally happen in
incremental processes. Learning involves changes throughout the lifespan. "Contemporary views on the nature of cognitive development have been
vastly influenced by the work of one man. This was Jean Piaget (1896–1980), once a biologist, who turned his

Psychology Concepts: Psychology is a term derived from two Greek words that translate to life explanation, which makes it an important element of
daily life. The field of psychology can be described as a discipline that focuses on the study of mind and behavior. This discipline is characterized by
several concepts and approaches that are used by psychologists in understanding human behavior. Since psychology is a broad field, psychologists not
only use these concepts and approaches but also conduct scientific research that enables them to understand human behavior. Some of the most
common psychological concepts that are used to modify or change an individual's behavior include operant conditioning, positive and negative
punishment,...show more content...
An example of the use of this method is when my friend was recently grounded by his parents for misbehaving in school. While positive punishment
helps in modifying behavior, it may cause an individual to be embarrassed and contribute to other negative behavior, which is a major ethical concern.
On the contrary, negative punishment is a method that also contributes to weakening a behavior though it lessens or eliminates something pleasant. It
involves taking away something desirable or good from an individual in order to discourage him/her from engaging in a particular behavior. For
instance, one of my classmate's phone rang in class despite being told by teachers not to bring our phones to class. Consequently, the teacher took away
the phone from my classmate in order to discourage that behavior. The ethical concern that may emerge from using negative punishment is that it does
not teach the victim of undesired behavior how to change his/her behavior. Positive reinforcement involves strengthening or fostering desired behavior
through the addition or increase of a pleasant incentive. Positive reinforcement tends to be a more effective means of behavior modification that the
two types of punishment. The addition or increase of incentive when using positive reinforcement is geared towards encouraging the occurrence of the
behavior in the future. For instance, positive reinforcement is used by an

Essay On The History Of Psychology

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Essay On The History Of Psychology