2. Navy: Transit & Timation
Transit (right) was based on a user measuring the Doppler shift
of a tone broadcast at 400 MHz by polar orbiting satellites at
altitudes of about 600 nautical miles… Users with known
altitude (e.g. sea level) and the broadcast ephemeris of the
satellite could use these Doppler measurements to calculate
their positions to a few hundred meters
By 1972, another Navy satellite system was extending the state
of the art by orbiting very precise clocks… In addition, they
could provide navigation information. The ranging signals used a
technique called side-tone ranging, which broadcast a variety of
synchronized tones to resolve phase ambiguities
https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/3/39/Transit-1A.jpg/250px-
Transit-1A.jpg
3. U.S. Air Force: 621B
Founded by the U.S. Air Force program,
621B was another state of the art, up and
coming program and by 1972, this program
had already demonstrated the operation of
a new type of satellite-ranging signal based
on pseudorandom noise (PRN)
4. The GPS
By June of 1974, the satellite contractor, Rockwell International, had been selected,
and the program was well underway, the first operational prototype satellite was
launched in February of 1978 (44 months after contract start)
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (KAL 007), a Boeing 747 jumbo jet flying from Anchorage,
Alaska to Seoul, South Korea, deviated more than 200 miles into Soviet territory and
was subsequently shot down. There were no survivors; all 240 passengers and 29 crew
members perished in the crash
6. The GPS
‘Today, I am pleased to announce that the United States will stop the intentional
degradation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals available to the public
beginning at midnight tonight. We call this degradation feature Selective Availability (SA).
This will mean that civilian users of GPS will be able to pinpoint locations up to ten times
more accurately than they do now.’
“The operational GPS system of today is virtually identical to the one proposed in 1973.
The satellites have expanded their functionality to support additional military capabilities;
the orbits are slightly modified, but the equipment designed to work with the original
four satellites would still perform that function today,” (Parkinson 10 of 773).
GPS
8. The Great American GPS Stash Hunt
On May 3rd
, 2000, the day after Selective Availability was removed, Dave Ulmer, a
computer consultant, decided to test the newly acquired, civilian, GPS accuracy. He
placed a container, filled with a logbook, pencil, videos, books, software, and a slingshot,
in the woods near Beavercreek, Oregon.
He shared the location of his “stash” with the online community on sci.geo.satellite-nav:
N 45° 17.460 W 122° 24.800
The online chats spread, and soon, 75 other caches were hidden around the world.
9. Types of Cache’s
Traditional
Mystery or
Puzzle
Multi-Cache
EarthCache
Letterbox
Hybrid
Event Cache
Whereigo Cache
Virtual
https://www.geocaching.com/play
Grandfathered Caches
Webcam
Project A.P.E
Locationless (reverse)
10. Trackables: The World Awaits
A Trackable is a sort of physical geocaching ‘game piece.’ Each Trackable is
etched with a unique code that can be used to log its movements on
Geocaching.com as it travels in the real world
There are three main types of Trackables: Travel Bug Trackables, Geocoins
and other Trackables. A Travel Bug is a trackable tag attached to an item that
geocachers call a “hitchhiker.”
Geocoins are customizable coins created by individuals or groups of
geocachers as a kind of signature item or calling cards.
http:
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hing.
com/w
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04/IMG
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http:
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11. Alternative Treasure Hunting
Letterboxing - letterboxing uses clues
instead of coordinates to find the destination.
Wherigo - a toolset for creating and playing
GPS-enabled adventures in the real world.
Wherigo allows geocachers to interact with
physical and virtual elements such as objects or
characters…”
http://www.bing.com/images/search?
q=letterboxing&view=detailv2&&id=134427BBF7AB1DA471EAB3D70CDDF8273D9F85EB&sel
ectedIndex=0&ccid=T5CnHqiY&simid=608024270165315511&thid=OIP.
12. Leaders in the Field
Dave Ulmer - “I stayed awake that night and watched my GPS accuracy increase right
before my eyes,” (Cameron ix-x of 115).
Mike Teague - The first person to find Dave Ulmer’s original cache
Jeremy Irish - Jeremy Irish is Co-Founder and CEO of Groundspeak, Inc and,
“…is responsible for managing Groundspeak’s platform development, creative
direction and Geocaching R&D program Labs
14. Intercaches
“The biggest difference, Thomas says, is that his Intercaches ‘can be developed,
edited and played on a mobile phone browser with no software required to
download,’” (Intercaches 1 of 8).
“’… I wanted something that the average person could use to put together an
interactive game without any programming,’” (Intercaches 2 of 8), says Tim
Thomas (i.e. ChileHead), a software architect from Rochester, New York.
15. MapDash
’MapDash is a multiplayer scavenger-hunt-on-steroids for your mobile phone,’”
(MapDash.com 1 of 2).
“We created MapDash because we believe in changing how technology is used –
it shouldn’t physically isolate people – from each other or from the world outside
their door,” (MapDash.com 1 of 2).
“You just drop a pin on the map, create a clue or riddle, choose a reward and time-limit,”
(MapDash.com 1 of 2). “After you’ve designed your… quest… invite someone to join you
in your adventure,” (MapDash.com 2 of 2)
16. Ingress
“Winner of the Grand Prize at the 2015 Japanese Media Arts Festival,” (Google 1 of 4)
“Ingress transforms the real world into the landscape for a global game of mystery,
intrigue, and competition,” (Google 1 of 4)
“The world is the game. Move through the real world using your… device and the Ingress
app to discover and tap sources of this
mysterious energy. Acquire objects to aid in your quest, deploy tech to capture territory,
and ally with other players to advance the cause of the Enlightened or the Resistance,”
(Google 1 of 4).
Ingress
17. Works Cited
Degani, Asaf. "Legal Argumentation in International Crises: The Downing of Korean Air Lines Flight
007." Harvard Law Review 97.5 (n.d.): 1198. Web. 18 Oct. 2015
El-Rabbany, Ahmed. Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System. Boston, MA: Artech House,
2002. Print.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, Bernhard, Herbert Lichtenegger, and Elmar Wasle. GNSS - Global Navigation
Satellite Systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and More. Wien: Springer, 2008. Print.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Herbert Lichtenegger, and James Collins. Global Positioning System: Theory
and Practice. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1997. Print.
Parkinson, Bradford W., James J. Spilker, Peina Axelrad, and Per Enge. The Global Positioning System
Theory and Applications. Volume I. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, 1996. Print.
