This document provides information about China, including its total area, population, capital, and largest city. It then discusses China's demographic transition model and how it has progressed through the stages. It notes that China implemented a one-child policy starting in the 1970s that was very successful in reducing birth rates. The policy is now being relaxed to a two-child policy. The document also contains information about China's age and sex pyramid, life expectancy, and dependency ratio over time. Maps and theories related to urban planning and development in China are presented as well.

1. CHINA
MADE BY :
BIMENPREET KAUR
PRERNA SHARMA

2. Total Area
9,596,961 km2
Population
2016 -1,403,500,365
Capital
Beijing
Largest city
Shanghai

3. Country is
developed
without disturbing
the original
settlement
MOST OF THE
DEVELOPMENT HAS
HAPPENED NEAR THE
PORT DUE TO WHICH
THE POPULATION
DENSITY IS HIGH IN
THIS REGION

4. DTM OF CHINA

5. Pre – 1949:
a century of imperial decline,
● natural disasters,
● foreign invasion and
● civil unrest.
● Life expectancy was as low as
36 years.
1949 – 1958:
● A very successful healthcare
program and better nutrition
brought a marked fall in the
death rate,
● especially in infant mortality.
The birth rate was high and
consequently the natural
increase was rapid.
.
https://geographyfieldwork.com/ChinaDemographicTransition.htm

6. ● The 'demographic disaster' of the
Great Leap Forward was followed by
a baby boom in the mid-1960s and
the economy began to recover.
● The introduction of private enterprise
raised the level of food production.
● The political mismanagement and
low agricultural production (there
was a shortage for farmers)
● led to widespread famine and
caused 25–30 million deaths,
● and a 30-35% fall in the birth rate.
● The death rate rose higher than the
birth rate and the population
experienced 5 years of natural
decrease
1958 – 1963
https://geographyfieldwork.com/ChinaDemographicTransition.htm
1962 – 1980
Throughout the 1970s
● politicians sought to bring about a drastic reduction in
family size as they realised that a huge population
threatened to outgrow the available resources.
● What emerged was the 'one child policy', which has been
very successful in reducing birth rates.

7. 1980 – 1990
● Economic growth slowed due to
inflation and a trade imbalance.
● Due to the success of the rigid one
child policy, birth rates continued to
decrease although in 1984 there
was a slight rise.
https://geographyfieldwork.com/ChinaDemographicTransition.htm
1990 – Today
● China is now a 'post-transitional' society,
where life expectancy has reached new
heights, fertility has declined to below-
replacement level, and rapid population
ageing is on the horizon.
● The 'one child policy' has recently been relaxed to a 'two
child policy' in many districts in order to avoid the problems
an ageing population could bring.
● In the not-too-distant future, in a matter
of a few decades, China’s population
will start to shrink. In this process, China
will also lose its position as the most
populous country in the world to India.

8. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL OF CHINA
Pink line : crude death rate (CDR)
Green line: crude birth rate (CBR)
Yellow line: population
CHINA : STAGE 4
CONTROLLED FERTILITY AND MORTALITY RATE

9. ONE CHILD POLICY:
● The demographics of China are identified by a large
population with a relatively small youth division,
which was partially a result of China's one-child
policy (which is now modified to a two-child policy in
2015.)
● China's population reached the billion mark in 1982.

10. AGE AND SEX
PYRAMID
Source: UN Population Division (1995): World Population Prospects, 1950-2050. Chart: G.K. Heilig, 1996, IIASA-LUC
A population pyramid is a special type of graph that
shows the age-sex composition of a
population. Each horizontal bar shows the males or
females in a specific age group,
called a cohort. The bars are stacked one on top of
the other, with the youngest group on
the bottom and the oldest on the top. A central
vertical line divides the graph into male
and female sides. Male bars extend to the left and
female bars stretch to the right of the
center vertical line.
Source: UN Population Division (1995): World Population Prospects, 1950-2050. Chart: G.K. Heilig, 1996, IIASA-LUC

11. ● High birth rate
● low infant mortality
● one child policy
introduced

12. ● birth rates continued to
decrease although in 1984
there was a slight rise

13. ● Due to policies like one child and two child the birth rate has
decreased and the population is getting controlled
● adult population is getting increased

14. CHINA’S DEPENDENCY RATIO, 1950–2005.

15. LIFE EXPECTANCY

16. CENTER PLACE THEORY

17. CPT (SPATIAL PATTERN)
Source : The data were derived from a vector map of Jilin Province in 2010
LOCATION OF JCUA

18. THE HIERARCHIES ARE:
● Changchun, the primate city is located in the top tier of
the JCUA and is considered to be the center.
● The 2'nd tier of central places includes four cities
around Changchun.
● The 3rd tier of central places covers urban districts
(including Shuangyang district of Changchun)
● The 4th tier of central places incorporates 248
designated towns.
Changling and Jiaohe are less influenced by large cities and
thus display the characteristics of low tier central places.

19. The 1st tier of places has more dense population and resources because they have
to serve to lower order cities.
The 2nd tier covers all town and villages services and facilities. Additionally they
offer high order goods and services such as automobile dealerships.
• Regional hospitals
• colleges and universities
• shopping malls
• large retail outlets distribution centers
• government offices /corporate headquarters and so on
THE HIERARCHIES:

20. The 3rd tier are towns provide all services available in a hamlet
and a village.
In addition they usually include a
• several grocery stores
• a local medical facility & small clinic or hospital
• a community college
• a number of restaurants
• auto parts store
• gas stations
• small government offices
THE HIERARCHIES:

21. SPATIAL PATTERN ANALYSIS

23. • The central place theory is not adaptable into the reality conditions because
there are so many physical, geographical and human activities.
• The population distribution is not evenly the same the economic situations or
styles of customers are different between each counties.
The 3rd tier are towns provide all of the services available in a hamlet and a village.
• In addition they usually include an auto dealership, store several grocery stores,
a local medical facility & small clinic or hospital.
• A community college or a branch of a college a number of restaurants at least
one auto parts store gas stations small government offices a clothing store
sporting goods builders plumbers and so on..
The 4th tier are village and hamlet of include everything found in a hamlet and a
grocery store physicians and dentists a small hardware store,gas stations, a farm
service facility

24. GARDEN CITY

25. CHENGDU
• Chengdu, is the capital
of Sichuan Province in
Southwest China. It is
one of the most
important economic,
transportation, and
communication centers
in the nation.
LOCATION MAP OF CHENGDU

26. • It is located at the western edge of the
Sichuan Basin and sits on the Chengdu Plain;
the dominating terrain is plain.
• Has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical
climate
• It is largely mild and humid.
• Rainfall is common year-around but is the
greatest in July and August.
• Chengdu also has one of the lowest sunshine
totals in China.

27. • The imbalance of human settlement and land
use.
• 82% of its population lives in the city core area
while the city core is only 4% of the total land
use. Urban areas are incredibly crowded, and in
the rural areas there is little or no settlements.
COMPARISON OF CHENGDU’S POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND LAND USE
DISTRIBUTION

28. • How did Chengdu Adopt Garden City Idea?
Chengdu’s World Modern Garden City
In 2006, the Chengdu government implemented the first
integrated city planning project by including 19 districts (cities) in
the city. The integration included the central city, new cities, key
towns, common towns and residential areas.

29. • Chengdu’s garden city project is based on the regional development
concept. It is not restricted to city core areas but extends to the
urban areas on the fringes.
• Chengdu main urban districts as the center, and incorporating with
cities around. The form of the urban and rural space layout is multi-
centers, urban clusters and networking traffic system.

30. •Chengdu government divides urban areas into different economic
development zones and makes detailed economic-boosting policies.
1) Accelerating industrial development
2) Accelerating Chengdu City’s hub development
Railway hub development
Logistics hub development
Main highway hub development
City public transportation development

32. It would take 30 to 50 years to build it into a “World Modern Garden City” in Chengdu, China

33. Pearl River Delta
Like most other regions in China, the Pearl River Delta
has a long history, but rapid urbanisation did not occur
until the mid-1980s, and it was almost entirely market
oriented.
Geography
The Pearl River Delta consists of an urban
agglomeration of cities that have been built along the
Pearl river estuary, as it follows its course towards the
South China sea. The delta occupies an area of almost
70,000 square miles and has a total combined population
of almost 100 million.
http://www.accci.com.au/prd.htm

34. CONSTELLATION THEORY

35. ● Guangzhou is expected to change its main function by
developing its tertiary industries. These will include
international finance, trade, scientific research and
international business.
● Dongguan and Huizhou. They are expected to develop
service industries that focus on foreign trade, as well as
industrial development and scientific research aimed
mainly at communications equipment, electronic
equipment and instruments, energy and chemicals.
● Other cities in the central area, including Foshan,
Zhaoqing and Shunde, are expected to place
increased emphasis on services such as science and
technology, finance, commerce, trade and tourism.
● Shenzhen will strengthen its existing functions in
finance, foreign trade, commerce, and transfer of
technology. It will also expand its export-oriented
economy with increased emphasis on capital-intensive
and technology-intensive industries.
● The western city group includes Zhuhai, Zhongshan and
Jiangmen, which will development industries that rely
more heavily on freight transport. This includes, energy,
heavy chemicals, machinery and bio-pharmaceuticals.

36. Transport planning includes the following:
v A subway system and a high-speed light rail network that will connect
major cities in the PRD. Feasibility studies for this are reported to be in
progress.
v Priority transport for Guangzhou includes a light rail line to the airport and
a light rail system connecting Guangzhou to Foshan, Shunde and Panyu.
v Guangzhou will extend its subway network to consist eventually of seven
lines with a total length of 206 kilometres.
v The 32.4-kilometre rail line, consisting of 23 stations, is expected to include a
new bridge across the Pearl River and connect locations in the main portion of
Guangzhou with the city’s Panyu District.
v Preliminary study has also begun for a bridge across the Pearl River that
would link the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone with Hong Kong SAR.

37. ● Zhuhai is one of the first two special economic zones
set up in the Pearl Delta Region in 1979.
● A great amount of industrial investments, attracted by
the favorable policies, drove the economic
development, and the city expanded significantly in its
sizes measured by population, GDP and city built-up
area
● Not satisfied with the achievements, the Mayor had the
municipal planning department prepared a strategic
concept plan in 1990 for Zhuhai’s urbanization of the
next stage
source- China’s Pro-growth Urban Planning in Rapid Urbanization
URBAN RENEWAL
WITH CONURBATION THEORY
CITY - ZHUHAI

38. Several new districts were proposed. Following the plan, the
government made great efforts to push the city towards the north and
west.
Two expressways were built to link the central area with the west
region.
Construction of two mega projects, Zhuhai Port and Zhuhai Airport,
were initiated in the early 1990s solely sponsored by the Zhuhai
municipal government.
Five major industrial zones and a science park were developed to
attract industrial investment.
A university district was founded with land offered free of charge
to renowned universities to set up their campuses in Zhuhai which
had not had any tertiary institutions by then .
source- China’s Pro-growth Urban Planning in Rapid Urbanization
MAJOR POINTS IN PROPOSAL :

39. .
8,250 hectares of agricultural land were acquired, of which 4,370 hectares were developed, and the rest
(3,880 hectares) were leased to and remained with the developers.
By 2005, Zhuhai’s built-up area expanded to 176.1 square kilometers, and 106.6 square kilometers of rural
land were acquired in the last 15 years.
The land rent captured from land acquisition was largely used to finance development of infrastructures and
public projects.
During the period 1990 – 1998, Zhuhai grew
from 40.2 square kilometers to 83.9 square
kilometers (see Figures)
EVOLUTION OF
ZHUHAI
source- China’s Pro-growth Urban Planning in Rapid Urbanization

40. ● Shanghai is strategically positioned at the T-shaped
junction of two major economic belts in China: the
Eastern coast and the Yangtze River Valley.
● The first foreign settlements were planned north of this
town along the river, with the intention to separate
foreign settlements from Chinese areas.
● This separation formed the twin town structure of
Shanghai half a century later
● .When wars struck the areas around Shanghai , an
increasing number of Chinese fl ed to the foreign
areas for protection and then settled there.
● The foreign settlement and concession continued to
expand.
● Over time, modern Shanghai’s development was
based around the foreign settlement and concession;
these areas eventually constitute the major part of the
core of Shanghai city until today
SHANGHAI - SETTLEMENT PATTERN

41. A case of formation of Shanghai office centers is a good
illustration of planning being led by market-driven development.
According to the strategic plan drafted in the late 1980s,
Jing’an and Huanhai Road were not designated as office
centers .Nevertheless, these two office centers had emerged by
the late 1990s .
Out of four prime office centers in the early 2000s, two
(Hongqiao and Lujiazui) were planned and the other two
(Jian’an and Huaihai Road) were initiated and built jointly by
local district governments and largely private developers.
The development of 9-million-square-feet Huaihai Road office
center without orchestration at municipal level manifests the
capacity of progrowth local developmental state and unleashed
market forces (Zhu, Sim and Zhang, 2006 )

43. THANK YOU