The Evolution of Insects: Part THREE [3] / Summary & Anthropocene - Bug School  Entomology Course

4. Insects today

6. The Sixth Extinction

12. - Studies suggest a decline of 83% in 45 years
- 18% of all wood feeding (saproxylic) beetles ‘critically endangered’

13. Insects on the rise!

14. Invasivespecies(worlddomination!)

15. - Massextinction
- Decline of specialists
- Decline of aquatictaxa
- Decline of pollinators
- Global reshuffling of taxa
- (introduced species)
- Increase in generalists (pests)
- Many species replaced by a few
global generalists

17. Thank you!

18. A final summary!
Time:Ordovician/Devonian /early Carboniferous
Era: 480+ to325 million years ago
Events
1. First terrestialplants
2. First “hexapods”
3. Very littlefossils “hexapod gap”
4. First insectsevolved somewhere
in thehexapod gap

19. A finalsummary!
Time: Carboniferous
Era: 359 to 299 million years ago
Events
1. First winged insects
2. Immediate insect diversity(!)
3. Meganisoptera, Palaeodictyoptera, Roaches/Roachoids (Blattodea),
Syntonopterodea (mayflies). Archaeognatha, Archaeorthoptera
4. Giant insects (Meganeura/Meganeuropsis:Meganisoptera)

20. A final summary!
Time:Permian
Era: 299 - 251 millionyears ago
Events
1. First complete metamorphosis (holometabola)
2. Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Mecoptera, Coleoptera,
Raphidioptera
3. SupercontinentPangea
4. Extreme mass extinction(>90% of species died out)

21. A finalsummary!
Time:Triassic
Era: 251 to200 million years ago
Events:
1. Evolutionof Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera,
Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, Odonata
2. Diversification of beetles
3. Many orders extinct(ex. Meganisoptera)
4. Ends with anothermass extinction

22. A finalsummary!
Time: Jurassic
Era: 201 to145 million years ago
Events:
1. Evolutionof Lepidoptera(?)
2. Diversification of flies
3. Most insectorders are now established!
4. Avian predators beginto evolve

23. A finalsummary!
Time: Cretaceous
Era: 145 to 66 millionyears ago
Events:
1. Evolution of flowering plants
2. Rise of pollinators (bees, butterflies, flies)
3. Stickinsects (Phasmatodea), ants (Hymenoptera), termites
(Blattodea), mantids (Mantodea), dung beetles (Scarabaeinae)
4. Another mass extinction

24. A finalsummary!
Time: Paleogene
Era: 66 to 45 millionyears ago
Events:
1. Diversification of butterflies & moths
2. Honeybees
3. Calyptrate flies

25. A finalsummary!
Time: Quartenary, Neogene
Era: 45 million years ago -10.000 years ago
Events:
1. Glacialisationevents
2. Stability in insect diversity
3. Land bridges flooded (endemism)

26. A finalsummary!
Time: Anthropocene
Era: 10.000 to 0 years ago
Events:
1. Sixth extinction
2. Biodiversity loss
3. Climate change
4. Who knows what’s next?

27. This was a summary

28. Additional fieldnotes and observations

29. About the evolution of wings

30. Water sailing/gliding theory

31. Gilltheory
(Epicoxalhypothesis)

32. Paranotaltergalhypothesis

33. ParanotalLeggene hypothesis

34. What ismy opinion?

38. Why notboth? Dual originhypothesis
(tergal + leg gene)

41. Notesabout insectsfossils

42. Compression fossils

43. Amberinclusions

44. Impressionfossil

45. Mineralreplacement

49. Seeyou soon !