تأثير الاصابات الفطرية على النباتات المريضة
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تعد الفطريات المسبب الأكبر للأمراض النباتية والمسؤولة عن أخطرها، حيث تتسبب الفطريات بالإضرار بالنباتات عن طريق قتل خلايا النبات أو التسبب في إجهادها، وتنتقل العدوى الفطرية عن طريق البذور المصابة والتربة والأعشاب الضارة، وتنتشر هذه الفطريات عن طريق الرياح والمياه، أو حركة التربة الملوثة، أو الحيوانات، أو الآلات أو أدوات الزراعة وغيرها
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تأثير الاصابات الفطرية على النباتات المريضة
- 1. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ على الفطرية االصابات تأثير المريضة النباتات أ . د . محمد طه بان م . د . خضير كريم فاطمة م . جبارمحمد انتظار كربالء جامعة ال للعلوم التربية كلية صرفة الحياة علوم قسم
- 4. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ إن معظم المسببات المرضية تؤدي إلى إضعاف الخاليا واالن سجة النباتية المصابة وقد تعمل على تحطيمها وقتلها . اال أن هن اك مجموعة أخرى من االمراض يحدث فيها أن الخاليا النباتية المصابة بدال من ان تبدو ضعيفة أو محطمة فإنها ً تنقسم ب سرعة ،أكبر وهذا ما يسمى Hyperplasia ، أو أنها تكبر في الحجم أكثر من الخاليا العادية Hypertrophy من ً وتؤدي إلى تكشف أعضاء غير فعالة تستهلك كثيرا المواد الغذائية المتوفرة في ال نبات . مثال على ذلك الفطر Plasmodiophora brassicae الذي يسبب مرض الجذر الصولجاني club root disease على نباتات العائلة الصليبية حيث عند أصابته للنبات يس بب نمو غير طبيعي في انسجة العائل اما تضخم خاليا العائل hypertrophy او نتيجة زيادة في عدد خاليا العائل hyperplasia
- 6. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ The most common phenotypic symptoms associated with each pathogen group:- 1- Symptom Blight: Rapid discoloration, wilting and death of plant tissue. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds and Bacteria.
- 7. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 2- Blotch: Blotch or large spot on leaves, shoots, or fruit , Symptoms of leaf blotch diseases usually first appear between the veins of lower leaves as chlorotic (i.e, yellow), water-soaked flecks that enlarge to become dry, yellow, then red-brown, blocky to oval lesions, sometimes surrounded by yellow haloes. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi and Bacteria.
- 8. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 3- Bronzing: Leaves or needles develop a bronze color. Symptoms include fruit drop, necrosis of inflorescence, bronzing of lower foliage which progresses upward, subsequent spear leaf collapse and death. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi and Nematodes.
- 9. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 4- Canker: Dead region on bark of twigs, stems, or trunks, often discolored and either raised or sunken. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds and Bacteria.
- 10. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 5- Chlorosis: An abnormal yellowing of plant parts. The first indication of chlorosis is a paling of the green color of the foliage, followed later in the season by a general yellowing. In mild cases, the leaf tissue is pale green, but leaf veins remain green. In moderate cases, the tissue between leaf veins is bright yellow. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds, Bacteria, Viruses and Nematodes .
- 11. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 6- Damping off : Decay of seeds in soil or young seedlings shortly after emergence. Identifying damping off . Seedling stems become water soaked and thin, almost thread like, where infected. Young leaves wilt and turn green-gray to brown. Roots are absent, stunted or have grayish-brown sunken spots. Fluffy white cobweb-like growth on infected plant parts under high humidity. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi and Water molds.
- 12. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 7- Decline: Gradual, often uniform, decline of plant . The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds, Bacteria, Viruses , Nematodes and Parasitic plants.
- 13. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 8- Dieback: Progressive death of shoots, branches, or roots, generally starting at tips. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds, Bacteria, Viruses , and Nematodes .
- 14. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 9- Distortion: Irregular shaped plant parts. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds, Bacteria, Viruses , and Phytoplasmas .
- 15. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 10- Flagging: Decline of a shoot or branch, while nearby branches remain healthy . The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds and Bacteria.
- 16. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 11- Gall: Abnormal, localized swelling on leaf, stem, or root tissue . The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Bacteria, and Nematodes .
- 17. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 12- Gummosis:Production of a sticky gum that is exuded by the plant . The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds and Bacteria. The gumming may be washed off during heavy rain. The bark stays firm, dries, and eventually cracks and sloughs off.
- 18. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 13- Leaf spot: Lesion on a leaf, may vary in color, shape and size. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds , Bacteria and Virus.
- 19. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 14- Mosaic:Non-uniform foliage coloration, normally an intermingling of green color variations and yellowish patches. The plant pathogen group is Virus.
- 20. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 15- Mottle: Irregular pattern of light and dark areas. The plant pathogen group is Virus.
- 21. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 16-Mummy: Hard, dried, diseased fruit . The plant pathogen group is Fungi.
- 22. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 17- Necrosis: Death of plant tissue. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds and Bacteria.
- 23. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 18- Ring spot: A lesion with a dark outer ring and lighter center. The plant pathogen group is Virus.
- 24. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 19- Rot:Decomposition and destruction of tissue. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds , and Bacteria.
- 25. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 20- Rugose:Wrinkled appearance to plant tissue. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi and Virus .
- 26. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 21- Russet: Yellowish-brown or reddish- brown scar tissue on a fruit's surface. The plant pathogen group is Fungi.
- 27. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 22- Scab: Crust-like disease lesion. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi and Bacteria .
- 28. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 23- Scorch: Browning and necrosis of leaf margins. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds and Bacteria.
- 29. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 24- Shot-hole: Lesions where centers have fallen out. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi and Bacteria.
- 30. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 25- Stunting:Reduced growth of a plant, where plant or plant parts are smaller than normal. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds, Bacteria, and Viruses .
- 31. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 26-Tip blight: Death of tissue at the tip of a shoot. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses .
- 32. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 27- Vein clearing: Leaf veins become yellow or clear. The plant pathogen group is Virus .
- 33. https://uokerbala.edu.iq/ 28- Water soaking: Wet, dark, or greasy lesions, usually sunken and/or translucent. The plant pathogens groups are Fungi, Water molds and Bacteria,