3. Social Cohesion
The state where the ties of shared space, close kinship
links, shared religious and moral values binds
individuals and groups together into - what is
sometimes called - “communities”
These “communities” set the standards for who is a
‘friend,’ an ‘enemy’ and a ‘stranger’ and lay out the
basis for trust and solidarity.
4. Capturing diverse ‘Publics’
Whether kin-based, profession-based, or citizenship-based,
these organizations are membership-based. They define and
demarcate their ‘publics.’
How to harness social cohesion across diverse ‘publics’?
How to accommodate multiple and often conflicting
interests of stakeholders without disrupting the basis of
their social cohesion?
5. Negotiating multiple spaces
Social cohesion and the bonds around which it is forged, remain
primarily spatial .. e.g. the family house, the diwaniyas, dawar
el omda ….
How to create spaces that harness non-membership-
based bonds?
How to manufacture common spaces for all ‘publics’?
6. Disruptive vectors
1. The emergence of virtual spaces through internet and communication
technologies opening-up venues for establishing novel ties for forging social
cohesion beyond the nation-state and its constituent spaces.
2. Political conflicts that cause massive movements within and across national
borders.
3. Urbanization by segregation, demolitions and evictions that dislocate entire
neighborhoods.
4. Heightened clamp and control of spaces, collective action and behaviors after
uprisings.
What does this disruption mean for public space and social cohesion?
7. 2. In one word, what is the primary feature of a
cohesive public space?
8. Disruptive Vectors exacerbate Vulnerabilities
• Increased PrecariousnessWork / Livelihood
• Increased rates of school drop-out
• Unaffordable digitalization of classroomsEducation
• Decrease in nutrition intake
• Decrease in calorific IntakeFood Security
• Chronic diseases and child morbidity and mortalityHealth
• Absolute, relative and qualitativeIncome
• Increases and disparities in Housing Deprivation IndexHousing
• Increased rates of divorce
• Violations of Inheritance LawsFamily Stability
9. Trade-offs
At the time when all states in the region are increasingly withdrawing
subsidies and tightening controls over common ‘public’ spaces
Individuals and groups resort back to the ‘organic’ as well as virtual social
organizations for survival, safety and support
They go back to what we usually call ‘primordial’ identities (tribal, familial,
religious) and to global networks (radical/fundamentalist/civil)
They develop pragmatic subjectivities to snatch benefits from what is made
“public”
A trend that could threatens the very basis of social cohesion on national
scale and could explain belligerent behaviors towards public wellbeing
10. A street in Tehran circa 2017
Source: Architect Prof. Holger Gladys
11. Post-2015 street vending, Abdul Hammed Badawi Street, Nozha, Cairo circa 2020
Source: Architect Prof. Holger Gladys
12. Hoda Shaarawi Street, Downtown Cairo circa 2018
Source: Architect Prof. Holger Gladys
13. Consensual Governance (CG)
Consensual governance of ‘public’ spaces could be
a constructive strategy to re-establish trust and
harness social solidarity – the two essential
ingredients of social cohesion.
15. Publics’ Expectations Government’s Expectations
Free access (no/affordable entry
fees)
Increasingly privatized and
revenue generating
safe for all
(migrants, ages, genders, religions,
income brackets, political
orientations or physical and mental
capabilities.
Modern-looking and exclusive;
accessible only to “Ideal Subjects”
Open for Livelihoods, leisure and
commuting
Easily controllable single-use
Rule of trust Rule by fear
16. Re-operationalizing indicators
1. Conceive Private – Public as a continuum, not a binary
opposition
2. Revisit ‘identity’ as a causal categories; consider
‘subjectivity’ as the platform of contestation between
governments and denizens; who is the ideal subject?
3. Re-operationalize trust as consistent access to valid,
reliable and sufficient information using ICT
20. Enabling Factors
• Infrastructure: Design open public spaces for mixed-use with societal
surveillance e.g. Supekilen, Copenhagen and Guide to The Complete Street,
Delhi
• Inclusion: Include the most disadvantaged groups – not visible stakeholders
- in the participatory planning of infrastructure Mainstream gender-
responsive infrastructure
• Legislation: Advocate answerability of governments to the ratified
agreements
21. • How does your project address/ promote the issue of social cohesion?
• What have been challenges in addressing social cohesion?
• What are success factors/ innovative aspects of your project in
regards to addressing social cohesion?
Practical Examples from GIZ programmes in the MENA region
22. Practical Examples from GIZ programmes in the MENA region
•Decentralisation & Support for Municipalities in Libya, GIZ Tunisia
Libya Programme
Vittoria Capresi and Hussen Gerbi
• City-to-city-Cooperation Maghreb - Germany (regional project)
Philip Jain
• Participatory Infrastructure Programme, Egypt
Farida Farag and Sohair Mourad
23.
24. •Decentralisation & Support for Municipalities in Libya, GIZ Tunisia
Libya Programme
Vittoria Capresi and Hussen Gerbi
• City-to-city-Cooperation Maghreb - Germany (regional project)
Philip Jain
• Participatory Infrastructure Programme, Egypt
Farida Farag and Sohair Mourad
Practical Examples from GIZ programmes in the MENA region
25. Page 25
City-to-city-Cooperation Maghreb – Germany (regional project)
Construction of a public space in the Ennour district of Jendouba Jendouba Wolfsburg
Jendouba Ennour district
6,000 habitants, 31% under 20 years
27.10.2020 GoMENA – Session 4
Jendouba
46,000 inhabitants
101,000 inhabitants (agglomeration)
• Improving the
living
environment by
designing a public
space in a
participatory
approach
• Brining the
people from the
district together
• Lack of trust,
feeling of
exclusion
• Dialogue,
Compromise,
Ownership
26. 27.10.2020Page 26
Partnership - Collaboration - Citizen
participation
2017 2017-2019 2020
GoMENA – Session 4
After: Ownership of the public space - social
cohesion
Before: Non-ownership of public space -
dissatisfaction
27. Practical Examples from GIZ programmes in the MENA region
•Decentralisation & Support for Municipalities in Libya, GIZ Tunisia
Libya Programme
Vittoria Capresi and Hussen Gerbi
• City-to-city-Cooperation Maghreb - Germany (regional project)
Philip Jain
• Participatory Infrastructure Programme, Egypt
Farida Farag and Sohair Mourad
28. MF | Urban Development Cluster | 01.11.2020 | Page 28
28
❖ Complexity of urban
challenges
❖ High Density
❖ Limited services and/or
lack of access to services
❖ Male dominated socio-
economic fabric
❖ Power struggle on the
use of urban public
spaces
❖ Marginalization
Urban Development Cluster
29. MF | Urban Development Cluster | 01.11.2020 | Page 29
29
Urban Development Cluster
30. MF | Urban Development Cluster | 01.11.2020 | Page 30
1- Participatory Tools & Methods
2- Develop Institutional Structures
- Establishment of Steering Committees
3- Capacity Development of Partners
PNA GIS Atlas MUV LADP LIF
Urban Development Cluster
UDC Approach to participation and inclusion
31. MF | Urban Development Cluster | 01.11.2020 | Page 31
31
Urban Development Cluster
Preparation Planning and Design Implementation
Gender
Analysis
Target group
Identification
Stakeholder
Analysis
Project Gender
Spectrum
Gender Proofing
Privacy Safety
Accessibility
Project cycle
Guidelines for
integrating
Gender and
Social Inclusion
Gender conscious
and socially inclusive
32. • Dalia Wahdan (speaker)
• Christiane Wunderlich (GIZ FMB)
• Vittoria Capresi and Hussen Gerbi (GIZ Tunisia, Libya Programme)
• Laetitia Erny (GIZ Tunisia)
• Farida Farag and Sohair Mourad (GIZ Egypt)
Panel Discussion – Enabling factors of Public Spaces
