Prevalence and associated risk factor of bovine calves coccidiosis in nekemt city, oromia, western ethiopia Authors:Walkite Furgasa , Sosina Dawit , Shibiru Wako and Adisu Dube Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7660-7664 | Abstract | PDF File

1. BioMedSciDirect
Publications
Int J Biol Med Res.2023 ;14(4):7660-7664
Contents lists available at BioMedSciDirect Publications
Journal homepage: www.biomedscidirect.com
International Journal of Biological & Medical Research
International Journal of
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
www.biomedscidirect.com
Int J Biol Med Res
Volume 14, Issue 4, Oct 2023
Copyright 2023 BioMedSciDirect Publications IJBMR - ISSN: 0976:6685. All rights reserved.
c
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Bovine
calf
Coccidiosis
Nekemte
Oocyst
Prevalence
Risk factor
1. Introduction
Parasitic diseases are a major constraint in animal health and
productionthroughoutthetropicandsub-tropicalcountriesofthe
world (Bruhn et al., 2011). Parasitic disease caused by helminthes,
protozoa and arthropods can cause more economic losses than
disease caused by bacteria and viruses but their impact is not clear
to animal owners (Juyal and Single, 2011). Bovine coccidiosis
occursworldwideandusuallyaffectscattleunderoneyearold,but
it occasionally seen in yearlings and adults. Bovine coccidiosis has
been observed in almost all areas where cattle are raised and is
usually most common and important in calves younger than one
year (Daugschies and Najdrowsk, 2005). Coccidiosis spreads from
one animal to another by contact with infected feces and is one of
the most alarming problems for calf rearing industry. The
development of clinical coccidiosis in cattle mainly depends on
factors like species of Eimeria, age of infected animal, number of
oocysts ingested, presence of concurrent infections and type of
production system and management practices (Daugschies and
Najdrowsk,2005).
Eimeria infections are one of the most common and important
diseases of cattle worldwide. It is a protozoan disease that has a
special place among the many parasite species for different
reasons caused by various species of Eimeria, widespread
distribution regardless of the climatic conditions, results major
economic losses in animal husbandry worldwide (Almeida et al.,
2011;Nisar-Khanetal.,2013).
About 11 species of Eimeria have been identified and
documented to cause disease in cattle (Coetzer and Justin, 2004)
and the most common pathogenic species in cattle are E. bovis and
E. zuernii (Maas, 2007). The other species have been shown
experimentallytobemildlyormoderatelypathogenic,buttheyare
not considered important pathogens. All calves kept under
traditional management systems are exposed and become
infected early in life. As coccidiosis spreads from one animal to
another by contact with infected feces, it is one of the serious
problemsforcalfrearingindustry(Lucasetal.,2006).
Adult animals are usually asymptomatic carriers that often
serve as a source of infection for juvenile animals, which are more
susceptible to infection. In association with other
enteropathogens,coccidiahavebeenindicatedasanimportant
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by a small, single celled parasite, called a protozoa, that
lives inside the cells of an infected animal's intestinal tract and is one of the most common and
important disease of calves in the world. A Cross-sectional study was conducted in and around
nekemt town from January 2022 up to September 2022 to determine the prevalence and
associated risk factors of infection in calves. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 384
calves less than 24 month of age and examined for the oocysts of coccidian. Detailed
information of the age, sex, breed, management system and hygienic status were considered as
risk factors. Centrifugal faecal floatation technique using sugar solution was used to detect
coccidian oocyst. From the total calves included, 176 calves were demonstrated for the
presence of coccidian infection. The most of diarrheic calves show a positive result for Eimeria
infection .Coccidian oocyst was detected in calves from 1 to 2 year of age but greater prevalence
was observed in age categories less than 6 month of age. Statistically significant association
(p<0.05) between prevalence of coccidiosis and age, breeds and husbandry system was
observed in the study. There was a statistically significant association (P<0.05) between
prevalence of coccidiosis and the hygienic status of the calf. Accordingly, calves with poor
hygienic condition showed significantly higher prevalence than calves which have relatively
better hygienic condition However, there was no statistically significant association (p>0.05)
with sex. In conclusion, the study revealed that calf coccidiosis was prevalent in and around
nekemte town and consequently affects the productivity of the sector. Hence, appropriate
diseasepreventionandcontrolmeasuresarerequiredtobeundertakentoreduceitseffect.
Original article
PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTOR OF BOVINE CALVES COCCIDIOSIS IN
NEKEMT CITY, OROMIA, WESTERN ETHIOPIA
a a b b
Walkite Furgasa , Sosina Dawit , Shibiru Wako and Adisu Dube
* Corresponding Author :
Wollega University, School of Veterinary Medicine
Email: walkiteharamaya@gmail.com
Copyright 2023 BioMedSciDirect Publications IJBMR - All rights reserved.
c
Walkite Furgasa
a
Wollega University, school of veterinary Medicine
b
East wollega Agricultural office, Guto Gida Veterinary Clinc

2. causeofdiarrheaincalvesonthefirstfewmonthsoftheirage(Abebe
et al., 2008). They develop only in the intestinal epithelial cells,
leading to mucosa damage and the appearance of clinical signs,
malnutrition, weakness, anaemia, diarrhoea and haemorrhagic
faeces(Yuetal.,2011).
The development of clinical coccidiosis in cattle mainly depends
on factors like species of Eimeria, age of infected animal, number of
oocysts ingested, presence of concurrent infections and type of
production system and management practice (Alula et al., 2013).
Diagnosis of coccidiosis depends on the discovery of oocysts on
faecal examination using direct smear, flotation or McMaster's
techniques. Studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of
Eimeria species in cattle varies between different regions and age of
animal(Alemayehuetal.,2013).
The prevalence, species composition, and importance of bovine
coccidiosis have been documented in various countries of the world.
In Ethiopia, different finding reported that young age and poor
hygienic status of the farms were strongly associated with infection
of coccidiosis in dairy farms., However, in another study by Alula
agreed that age was a significant factor but breed, body condition,
sex, and management system were not significantly associated with
thedisease(Dawidetal.,2012).
According to Dawid et al 2012), although coccidiosis is an
important cause of calf morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia and very
little attention has been given to this disease. Nekemte is one of the
cities of Oromia where urban and periurban dairy farms dwell to
provide milk for population of the city. Reports on coccidiosis are
scarce to assess the magnitude of this disease and no original
informationaboutthediseaseinthepresentstudy.Inviewofthelack
of authentic information available regarding the prevalence of
Coccidiosis affecting calves in the study area. Therefore the
objectives of the present study were: To estimate the prevalence of
coccidiosis affecting calves in Nekemte city and to estimate the
associatedriskfactorsofcoccidiosisindairycalves
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
StudyArea
The study was conducted in Nekemte town, East Wollega zone,
Oromia regional state, Western Ethiopia from January 2022 up to
September2022.Nekemteliesatlatitudeof90o5'Nandlongitudeof
36° 33' E with an elevation of 1,960 to 2,170 meters above sea level.
Distance of the district is 331 km from Addis Ababa. The climatic
condition alternates with long summer rainfall (June to September),
short rain season (March to April) and winter dry season (December
to February). The maximum and minimum annual rainfall and daily
temperature range are between 2,200to 1,500mm and 15°Cto 27°C
respectively. This area is characterized by mixed farming system,
which is engaged in
agricultural and livestock
production. The calves
population of the town is
4812 cattle, 851 sheep,
359 goats, 81 horses, 21
mule, 851 donkeys and
4850 chickens. The
majority of the people of
the town belong to the
O r o m o e t h n i c
community and Afan
Oromo (the Oromo language) is the widely spoken language in the
area(EWAO,2013).
StudyPopulation
The study was conducted on calves younger than 24 months by
dividing in to three groups: Birth up to 6 months, 6-12 months and
12-24 months which were determined by asking the owner of the
animal orally (Mihreteab et al., 2012). This range of age was selected
because the disease is more common in young animal.
Epidemiological information with respect to their age, sex, breed,
management system, and date of sample collection, hygienic states
and kebele or name of the farm was collected. Simple random
sampling was used to select the study animals from farms and from
small holder. Hygienic status of calf pens and the calves themselves
were assessed based on housing system (ventilation, stocking and
sanitation) and body parts of the calves and was conveniently
categorizedaspoor,mediumandgood(Mihreteabetal.,2012).
StudyDesign
A Cross-sectional study was conducted in and around nekemte
town from November 2021 to March 2022 to determine the
prevalence and associated risk factors of Coccidiosis in calves. Active
data was generated from randomly selected calves with regard to
age, breed, sex, Husbandry system, and hygienic states were
consideredasriskfactorstotestforoccurrenceofcoccidiosis.
SampleSizeDetermination
Simple random sampling method was used to select the calves
from target population. Since there was no similar work done in the
area previously, expected prevalence was taken as 50% and the
confidenceintervalchosenas95%andprecision5%.Bysubstituting
these values in the formula, the sample size founded to be 384. Thus,
the sample size is calculated according to (Thrusfield, 2007) as
follows:
Where, n=required sample size, d=absolute precision (usually
0.05)Pexp=expectedprevalence
DataCollection
A total of 384 faecal samples were collected during the entire
period of the study. About 10-20 g fresh faecal sample was collected
per rectum from each calf using sterile disposable plastic gloves.
Each sample was placed in a clean plastic container labeled and
transported to Veterinary parasitology laboratory, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University on the same day of
collection, and preserved at refrigeration temperature until
processing within 24 hours of arrival. At the time of sampling, the
name of the farm, date of sampling, age, sex, breed, fecal consistency
and hygienic status of farm was recorded for each calf on a recording
format.
A 3g portion of each of the 384 fecal samples collected was
weighed out using a balance and put in a mortar. After grinding with
pistil 40ml of sugar solution was added, mixed thoroughly and
poured into a 100-ml glass beaker through a strainer. Then it was
rinsed and the solution was poured into 15-ml centrifuge tubes but
not filled. After centrifugation at 1200 rpm for 5 min, more sugar
solutionwasaddeduntilaconvexmeniscuswasformedontopofthe
tube.Aglasscoverslipwasplacedontopofeachtubeandwasleftfor
30min.Then,eachglasscoverslipwasbrisklyliftedupandplacedon
a clean glass slide, not allowing formation of air bubbles. The entire
area under each cover slip was examined under a binocular
microscopeat40×magnification(Hendrix,1998).
7661
Walkite Furgasa et al. /Int J Biol Med Res.14(4):7660-7664
Figure : Map of the study Area
Source: Arc Map GIS 10.4
2 2
n = (1.96) pexp (1-pexp)/ d

3. DataManagementandAnalysis
Data collected from study sites were coded and entered in to a
Microsoft excel spread sheet program for analysis. Statistical
analysis was done on Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS)
software version 16. Descriptive statistics like percentage was used
to express prevalence while chi-square (χ2) test was used to
compare the association of coccidiosis with different risk factors. In
all the cases, 95% confidence level and 0.05 absolute precision
errorswereconsidered.Ap-value≤0.05wasconsideredstatistically
significant.
RESULT
Out of 384 faecal samples examined, 176 were positive for
Eimeria oocysts with the overall prevalence of 36.4%. Even if
coccidian oocyst was detected on all age groups the highest
prevalence was recorded in those calves found in the range from one
to sixth month of age. There was a statistically significant difference
(P<0.05) in the prevalence of coccidiosis among the various age
group (Table 1). The prevalence of coccidiosis was a bit higher in
cross breed calves than in local breed calves. However, the breed of
the calves was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with prevalence of
coccidiosis. There was no statistically significant association
(P>0.05)betweensexandcoccidianinfection.
There was a statistically significant association (P<0.05)
between prevalence of coccidiosis and the fecal consistency of the
calf. Accordingly, calves with diarrheic condition showed higher
prevalence than calves which have soft and normal fecal consistency
(Table2).
Table : Prevalence of coccidiosis in calves in relation to
consistency of feces
Table : Prevalence of coccidiosis in calves in relation to host
factors
There was a statistically significant association (P<0.05)
between prevalence of coccidiosis and the hygienic status of the calf.
Accordingly, calves with poor hygienic condition showed
significantly higher prevalence than calves which have relatively
betterhygieniccondition(Table3).Coccidianinfectionsaccordingto
management system have significant difference with Intensive,
semi-Intensive, and extensive husbandry systems with higher
prevalence on intensive system than other systems and the lowest
prevalence was observed on calves belongs to semi-intensive
system.
DISCUSSION
The overall prevalence of coccidiosis in and around Nekemte
basedoncoprologicalexaminationwas36.4%andthiscurrentstudy
was in line with the prevalence study of calf coccidiosis in
kombolcha which is 32% (Alemayew et.al., 2013). However, the
prevalence was lower than the previous findings reported in Addis
Ababa and bishoftu by (Abebe et al., 2008) (68.1%), in Pakistan by
(Muhammad et al., 2010) (47.09%), in the coastal plain area of
Georgia (USA) by (Ernst et al., 1987) (82.28%) and in sub-humid
tropical climate by (Rodriguez-Vivas et al., 1996) (87.8%). This
variation is most likely attributed to the differences in agro-ecology,
management types and husbandry practices of the study animals in
differentareas(Radostitsetal.,2006).
The study has revealed that the prevalence of Eimeria has
significant association with breed of calves. There was statistically
significant association (P<0.05) between breed and coccidia
infection. Higher prevalence of the disease condition was observed
in exotic breed when compared to local and cross breed. This might
be in relation to genetic factors as exotic breed are more susceptible
to a disease. This finding agrees with the report of (Abebe et al.,
2008) and (Alemayew et al., 2013). There was also no statistically
significant association (P>0.05) between sex and coccidia infection.
The prevalence in female calves was similar to that of males in this
study. This finding agrees with the report of (Abebe et al., 2008) and
(Alemayewetal.,2013).
Age of the calves was significantly associated (P<0.05) with the
risk of infection by coccidiosis and the highest prevalence was
recorded in those calves with youngest age groups (1 to 6months).
This is in contrast to (Abebe et al., 2008) who reported that risk of
infection by Eimeria species appeared to increase with the age of the
examined calves. However, this observation in the current study was
in line with (Dennis et al., 2012), (Perfield, 2010) and (Mihreteab et
al.,2012).whonotedthatyounganimallessthan6monthswere
Table : Prevalence of coccidiosis in calves in relation to
husbandrysystemandhygienicstatus
7662
Walkite Furgasa et al. /Int J Biol Med Res.14(4):7660-7664

4. more susceptible than adults. Stress factors like weaning and change
ofdietcanincreaselevelofinfectionandincidenceofthediseasedue
to stress-induced immune suppression (Kaufman, 1996; Radostitis
et.al., 2007). In addition to this, coccidiosis is a self- limiting disease
in adult and spontaneous recovery without specific treatment is
common when the multiplication stage of the coccidian has passed
(Radostitis et.a., 2007). Based on this, previous exposure might have
a contribution to the development of certain level of immunity of
older calves as compared to younger that did not experience
previous exposure (Faber et al.,. 2010). The influence of husbandry
system from this study also shows that a significant association
between prevalence of coccidian infection and different husbandry
system which is agree with (Kennedy and Kralka 1987), but strongly
disagreeswiththeworkofAlemayewinKombolchaonprevalenceof
bovine coccidiosis (Alemayew et al., 2013). Coccidiosis is mostly a
disease of young animals kept under intensive management systems
when there is stress, overcrowding, housing under conditions of
poor hygiene, food changes, nutritional deficiencies, and adverse
weather conditions which are favorable for the survival of oocysts
and therefore higher infection rates when compared to extensive
farmingsystems(Vorsterand Mapham,2012).
The strong association of the infection with coccidiosis in
relation to the hygienic status of calve has been demonstrated in this
study. This observation agrees with (Mihreteab et.al, 2012). Calves
with poor hygiene showed significantly higher prevalence than
calves which have relatively better hygiene. This could imply that
poorsanitationincalvehousingareasaswellaspoormanagementof
housing favours infection with coccidiosis. Obviously, poor
ventilation, heavy stocking, cows present with calves, and soiled
bedding were regarded as risk factors for coccidiosis (Daugschies
and Najdrowski 2005; Radostitis et al., 2007; Vorster and Mapham,
2012).
Positive correlation between fecal consistency and the
occurrence of diarrhea was detected in the present study. During
investigation, most of diarrheic calves show a positive result for
Eimeriainfection.Theseagreewith(Pandit,2009).Theresultsofthe
present study confirmed the importance of coccidiosis among the
causesofcalfdiarrheainthestudyarea.
CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATION
This study has revealed that the prevalence of calves coccidiosis
in and around nekemte town was 36.4%, which can be taken as high
rate of infection. The prevalence of coccidiosis has no significant
association with sex and body condition of animals examined during
the study period. However, the disease has a significant association
(P<0.05) with breed, age, Husbandry system and hygienic status.
Breed, age, husbandry system and hygienic status of calves were the
major risk factors for the prevalence of coccidiosis in this area. In
conclusion, the study revealed that calf coccidiosis was prevalent in
and around nekemte town and consequently affects the productivity
of the sector. In line with the above conclusion the following
recommendation are forwarded: Calves should get colostrum in the
first 24 hrs of their life to ensure their immune status,Sanitary
prophylaxis should be maintained, Stressful conditions which
triggers the disease occurrences should be avoided, Coccidiostats
shouldbeusedinrationearlyforpreventionandAwarenesscreation
for Livestock producers for the improvement of hygienic status of
calve
EthicsApprovalandConsenttoParticipate
The current study was conducted after permitted ethical
approval and a statement given by the Research Review Committee
ofWallagaUniversityonNovember9,2021(MinutesNo.12/2021).
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledged Wollega University, school of
veterinarymedicinefortheircontributionforthisresearch.
AuthorContributions
Authors made a significant contribution during this Msc thesis
workfromitsbeginningtoend.
7663
References
1. Abebe, R., Wossene, A. and Kumsa, B. (2008): Epidemiology of Eimeria
infections in calves in Addis-Ababa and Debre- Zeit dairy farms, Ethiopia.
InterJApplResVetMed.(6),Pp24-30.
2. Alemayehw, A, Mohammed, .N, and Timketa, B. (2013): Prevalence of bovine
coccidian in Kombolcha district of south Wollow Ethiopia. J Vet Med and
AnimalHealthPp41-45.
3. Almeida, A., Magalhaes, V., Muniz, E. and Munhoz, A. (2011): Frequency of
species of the genus Eimeria in naturally infected cattle in Southern Bahia,
NortheastBrazil.BrazilianJVetParasitol.20,Pp78-81.
4. Alula, A., Nuru, M. and Belina, T. (2013): Prevalence of bovine Coccidia in
Kombolcha district of South Wollo, Ethiopia, J. Vet. Med. Anim. Hlth., 5(2), Pp
41-45.
5. Bangoura, B. and Bardsley, K. (2020): Ruminant coccidiosis. Vet Clin North
AmFoodAnim.Pract.36,Pp187–203.
6. Bangoura, B., Mundt, C., Schmäschke, R., Westphal, B., Daugschies, A. (2012):
Prevalence of Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in German cattle herds and
factorsinfluencingoocystexcretion.ParasitolRes110(2),Pp875-881.
7. Belli, S., Smith, N., Ferguson, D. (2006): The coccidian oocyst: a tough nut to
crack!TrendsParasitol22(9),Pp416-23.
8. Bruhn, F., Lopes, A., Demeu, F., Perazza, A., Pedrosa., M. and Guimaraes., M.
(2011): Frequency of species of Eimeria in females of the holstein friesian
breed at the post-weaning stage during autumn and winter. Rev. Bras.
Parasitol.20(4),Pp303-307.
9. Burton, J., Madsen, A., Chang. L., Weber, P., Buckham, K., Dorp, R. and Hickey,
M. (2005): Gene expression signatures in neutrophils exposed to
glucocorticoids: a new paradigm to help explain “neutrophil dysfunction” in
parturient dairy cows. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 105,
Pp197-219.
10. Chapman, H. (1974a): The effects of natural and artificially acquired
infectionsofcoccidiainlambs.ResVetSci16(1),Pp1-6.
11. Chapman, H. (1974b): The immunity of lambs to coccidia acquired in the
fieldandbyartificialinfection.ResVetSci16(1),Pp7-11.
12. Coetzer, J. and Justin, R. (2004): Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Second
Edition3,OxfordUniversitypress.Pp319–331.
13. Coico,R.,Sunshine,G.(2009):Immunology:ashortcourse.Wiley-Blackwell,
Hoboken,NewJersey.Pp8-100.
14. Curt, A. (2005): Senior Extension Associate, Department of Agricultural and
Biological Engineering, PRO-DA Biology and Management Conference,
Program, Cornell University. Dairy Calves and Heifers. Biology and
ManagementConference,JanuaryPp25-27.
15. Daugschies, A. and Najdrowski, M. (2005): Eimeriosis in cattle: current
understanding.J.Vet.Med.BInfect.Dis.Vet.PublicHealth,52,Pp417-427.
16. Davis,L.,Rand,G.,Bowman,D.andSchizonts,F.(1962):microgametocytesof
Eimeria auburnensis Christensen and Porter, 1939, in calves. J. Protozool. 9,
Pp424-427.
17. Dawid, F., Amede, Y., Bekele, M. (2012). Calf coccidiosis in selected dairy
farmsofDireDawa,EasternEthiopia.GlobalVeterinaria.9,Pp460-464.
18. Debela, E. (2002): Epidemiology of gastro-intestinal helminthiasis of Rift
Valley goats under traditional husbandry system in Adami Tulu district,
Ethiopia.Eth.J.Sci.,25,Pp35-44.
Walkite Furgasa et al. /Int J Biol Med Res.14(4):7660-7664

5. 7664
19. Dennis, M., Georgekg. and Gerald, M. (2012): An investigation of factors
associated with the prevalence of bovine coccidiosis and its spatial
epidimology in Busia Bungoma and siaya countrys,Unversity of Nairobi
Kenyapp1-2.
20. Dubey, P., Wouda, W. and Muskens, J. (2008).Fatal intestinal coccidiosis in a
three week old buffalo calf (bubalusbubalus).American Society of
Parasitologists.94(6),Pp1289–1294.
21. Ernst, J., Stewart, B. and Witlock, D. (1987): Quantitative determination of
coccidian oocysts in beef calves from the coastal plain area of Georgia (USA).
Vet.Parasitol,23,Pp1-10.
22. EWAO,(2013):EthiopiaWollegaArctecture.OfficeArcMapGIS10.4.
23. Faber, J., Kollmann, D., Heise, A., Bauer, C., Failing, K., Burger, H., Zahner, H.
(2002): Eimeria infection in cows and their calves: oocyst extraction and
levels of specific serum and colustrum antibodies. Veterinary Parasitology.
104,Pp1-17.
24. Fayer,R.(1980):Epidimologyofprotoaninfection:ThecoccidianVeterinary
ParasitologyParasitology.6,75-103.
25. Ferguson, D., Hutchison, W., Dunachie, J. and Siim, J., Chr. (2005):
Ultrastructural study of early stages of asexual multiplication and
microgametogonyofToxoplasmagondiiinthesmallintestineofthecat.Acta
PathMicrobiolScand,SectB82,Pp167-181.
26. Fox, J. (1997): Results of recent field trials using decoquinate coccidiostat.
Agri-Pract.Pp4-10.
27. Fox, J. (2017): Bovine coccidiosis: A review, including field safety studies
withdecoquinateforprevention.ModernVetPracPp599-603.
28. Gillhuber, J., Rügamer, D., Pfister, K. & Scheuerle, M. (2014). Giardiosis and
other enteropathogenic infections: a study on diarrheic calves in Southern
Germany.BMCResearchNotes,7:112-120.
29. Hendrix, C. (1998): Diagnostic veterinary parasitology. 2nd ed. Alabama:
Auburn University. Pp15-27. Hendrix, C. (1998): Diagnostic veterinary
parasitology.2nded.Alabama:AuburnUniversity.Pp15-27.
30. Juyal, P. and Singal, L. (2011): Herbal immunomodulatory and therapeutic
approaches to control parasitic infection in livestock.Department of
veterinary parasitology college of veterinary science Punjab agricultural
universityLudhiana-1441004-india.Pp.1-8.
31. Kaufman, J. (1996): Parasitic infection of domestic animals, a diagnostic
manual.Germany:birkhauservelag.Pp.24-27.
32. Kennedy, .J. (2001):Coccidiosisin cattle. Government of Alberta agricultural
andruraldevelopment.16,Pp1-2.
33. Kennedy, J. (2011): Coccidiosis in cattle.Government of Alberta agricultural
andruraldevelopment.2,Pp1-4.
34. Kennedy, J. and Kralka, A.(1987): A survey of Eimeria species in cattle in
centralAlberta.
35. Lassen, B. and Ostergaard, S. (2012): Estimation of the economical effects of
Eimeria infections in Estonian dairy herds using a stochastic model. Prev Vet
Med.106,Pp258–265.Availablefrom.
36. Lucas, A., Sweeker, W., Seaglia, G., Lindsay, D and Zajac, M. (2006): Variation
in Eimeria composition on weaning beef heifers. J Parasitol. (92), Pp 1115-
1117.
37. Maas, J. (2007): Coccidiosis in Cattle. University of California Department of
VeterinaryViews.CaliforniaCattlemen'sMagazine.Pp1-2.
38. Merck, C., (2005): Coccidiosis in Ruminants ; 9th edition,Merc and co.,Pp
163-166,16
39. Mihreteab, B., Ferid, D. and Yeshitila, A. (2012): Calf coccidiosis in selected
dairyfarmsofDireDewa,EasternEthiopiaGlobalVeterinaria9(4):460-464.
40. Mosmann, T., Sad, S. (1996): The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1,
Th2andmore.ImmunologyToday.(12),Pp128-146.
41. Nagwa,I.,Toaleb,M.,FaragalLa,M.,El-Moghazy.andSoad, Hassan,E.(2011):
Diagnosis of Eimeriosis in Cattle by ELISA Using Partially Purified Antigen.
WorldApp.Sci.J.12,Pp33-38.
42. Nisar-Khan, M., Rehman, T., Sajid, M., Abbas, R., Zaman, M., Sikandar, A. and
Riaz, M. (2013): Determinants influencing prevalence of coccidiosis in
Pakistanibuffaloes.PakistanVetJ.(33),Pp287-290.
43. Pandit, B. (2009): Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Cattle in Kashmir valley. ISSN
4(1),Pp973-6980.
44. Pence, M. (2011): Coccidiosis in cattle. University of Georgia, collage of
veterinarymedicine.1-3.
45. Quigley, J. (2001): A Review of coccidiosis in calves. Calf notes. Com. (17), Pp
1-6.
46. Radiostitis, M., Constable, P. and Hinchliff, W. (2007): Disease associated
withprotozoa,veterinarymedicineatextbookofthediseaseofhorse,sheep,
pig,andgoat.10thed.London:HarcourtpublishersLtd.Pp1498-1506.
47. Radostits, O, Constable, P. (2006): Veterinary Medicine. A Text Book of the
Disease of Cattle, Horse, Sheep Pigs and Goats. 10th Ed., Sanders, Edinburgh,
Pp.969-984.
48. Rodríguez-Vivas, I., Acosta, J., Alpizar, and L. (1996):Epidemiologicalfactors
associated to bovine coccidiosis in calves (Bosindicus) in a
subhumidtropical.
49. Scott P. (2011). Coccidiosis in cattle. East of England Development Agency
Pp1-2.
50. Step, L., Streeter, N., Kirkpatrick, G. (2002): Bovine coccidiosis-A review. The
BovinePractitioner.(36),Pp126-135.
51. Taylor, M., Coop, L. and Wall, L. (2007): Veterinary parasitology. 3rd ed.
Singapore:Blackwellpublishedltd.Pp39-73.
52. Thrusfield, M. (2007): Veterinary epidemiology. 3rd ed. London: Blackwell
Science.Pp.222-234.
53. Vorster, J. and Mapham, P. (2012): Review on coccidiosis,Vetdiagnostix
Veterinary Pathology services available at WWW onlinevets.co.za Pp 1-
11Veterinary Laboratory Agency, 2009.Coccidiosis in cattle.Available at Pp
1-2.
54. Yu SK, M., Huang, N., Jia, YQ., Lin, Q. (2011): Prevalence of coccidial infection
in cattle in Shaanxi province, Northwestern China. J Anim Vet Adv. (10), Pp
2716-2719.
All rights reserved.
Copyright 2023 BioMedSciDirect Publications IJBMR - ISSN: 0976:6685.
c
Walkite Furgasa et al. /Int J Biol Med Res.14(4):7660-7664