24 The Saturdci}? Review m^?: liiiHoi. K O K M A N C . ( • ; : ^ f N i i'!,. '•:.vi E,irtiti,il Biijrt,'. IhsTiY iiiJPi.i C-;.S:A I , , ; l , / , , j ; . . n'.'I'-J lA VliUSvr-. E, DfCKiLVER Associatt lJ:U,f. A M I ' L O V I I M A N . H A R R I S O N ' S M i r H . iRVitsc Kou^ni;-, AsastdHi t.dilor. I ' t n i i F . P; I'l-Y HA.-tAEO Vi'dture hdn'.r. P I : T £ ( I R ! T : . I I B-'vr Ri-viiii FJitor. R A I M O M I •«'AI I'hi! i, J R . ContritiHine hJiiars. JoHT. M A J O K B K O W ' N , B E N N C T ' T C F R F . H C N R Y I-lF.wns, 1AMlis T H R A L L S o i n ' , H O B A S i: S U T T O N , J O H N T . WiNTERtCH, C ' - L V E I A N D A M O K ' S PuUishir. J . R. CoMJNSKy Assockte VubUtbsr, 'Ji'. D . PATI'I!RSONI • ConKrj, < /• ','; ; , ' : i / , ;<,i5^ ^v TL Sjlwday Rf:'/Vi„ ,')j.'<',r-.,;,-c. h.-r. The Maidens Are Coming THE EDITORS feel privileged to announce progress in a project which began almost two y e a r s ago. On the occasion of our last visit to Hiroshima, in 1953, we became aware of a group k n o w n as the "Hiroshima Maidens." They consisted of some two dozen girls ranging in age from n i n e - teen to twenty-four. At the time of the explosion in 1945 most of the girls had just ar r i ved at a public school less t h a n half a mile from the center of the explosion. All b u t a few had been in the school basement, t a k - ing care of the various chores in- volved in starting u p the school day— getting chalk or erasers or other class- room equipment. When the bomb burst they rushed upstairs to find that the school had been totally demol- ished and t h a t most of the students and teachers h a d been killed. In their r u s h for safety, t h e girls became trapped in the debris. All of them w e r e badly b u r n e d or i r r a d i - ated or both. Those who survived, like many thousands of o t h e r suffer- ers, received little or no medical or hospital t r e a t m e n t . The problem of caring for more t h a n 100,000 survivors was far beyond the capacity of the emergency medical crews. The U.S. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, riet u p by Act of Congress, lacked sanction to t r e a t t h e victims directly, but did what it could by making in- formation available to J a p a n e s e m e d - ical personnel. In any event, as late as September 1953 people w e r e still suffering from the effects of t h e bombing. P e r h a p s the most poignant of these sufferers w e r e those k n o w n as t h e Hiroshima Maidens. They had reached marrying age b u t w e r e so badly scarred or d i s - figured that they felt self-conscious about appearing in public. Some had obtained jobs as seamstresses or fac- tory w o r k e r s but w e r e compelled to give u p their work because of the con- tractions resulting from their burns. As the muscles and skin contracted, the legs, arms, and fingers tended to lose mobility. The girls had w i t h d r a w n almost t o - tally from community li.

1. 24
The Saturdci}? Review
m^?:
liiiHoi. K O K M A N C . ( • ; : ^ f N i
i'!,. '•:.vi E,irtiti,il Biijrt,'. IhsTiY iiiJPi.i C-;.S:A
I , , ; l , / , , j ; . . n'.'I'-J lA VliUSvr-. E, DfCKiLVER
Associatt lJ:U,f. A M I ' L O V I I M A N . H A R R I S O N ' S
M i r H . iRVitsc Kou^ni;-,
AsastdHi t.dilor. I ' t n i i F . P; I'l-Y HA.-tAEO Vi'dture hdn'.r.
P I : T £ ( I R ! T : . I I
B-'vr Ri-viiii FJitor. R A I M O M I •«'AI I'hi! i, J R .
ContritiHine hJiiars. JoHT. M A J O K B K O W ' N , B E N N
C T ' T C F R F . H C N R Y I-lF.wns,
1AMlis T H R A L L S o i n ' , H O B A S i: S U T T O N , J O
H N T . WiNTERtCH, C ' - L V E I A N D A M O K ' S
PuUishir. J . R. CoMJNSKy Assockte VubUtbsr, 'Ji'. D .
PATI'I!RSONI •
ConKrj, < /• ','; ; , ' : i / , ;<,i5^ ^v TL Sjlwday Rf:'/Vi„
,')j.'<',r-.,;,-c. h.-r.

2. The Maidens Are Coming
THE EDITORS feel privileged to announce progress in a project
which began almost two y e a r s
ago.
On the occasion of our last visit to
Hiroshima, in 1953, we became aware
of a group k n o w n as the "Hiroshima
Maidens." They consisted of some two
dozen girls ranging in age from n i n e -
teen to twenty-four. At the time of
the explosion in 1945 most of the
girls had just ar r i ved at a public
school less t h a n half a mile from the
center of the explosion. All b u t a few
had been in the school basement, t a k -
ing care of the various chores in-
volved in starting u p the school day—
getting chalk or erasers or other class-
room equipment. When the bomb
burst they rushed upstairs to find that
the school had been totally demol-
ished and t h a t most of the students
and teachers h a d been killed.
In their r u s h for safety, t h e girls
became trapped in the debris. All of
them w e r e badly b u r n e d or i r r a d i -
ated or both. Those who survived,
like many thousands of o t h e r suffer-
ers, received little or no medical or
hospital t r e a t m e n t . The problem of
caring for more t h a n 100,000 survivors
was far beyond the capacity of the
emergency medical crews. The U.S.

3. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission,
riet u p by Act of Congress, lacked
sanction to t r e a t t h e victims directly,
but did what it could by making in-
formation available to J a p a n e s e m e d -
ical personnel.
In any event, as late as September
1953 people w e r e still suffering from
the effects of t h e bombing. P e r h a p s
the most poignant of these sufferers
w e r e those k n o w n as t h e Hiroshima
Maidens. They had reached marrying
age b u t w e r e so badly scarred or d i s -
figured that they felt self-conscious
about appearing in public. Some had
obtained jobs as seamstresses or fac-
tory w o r k e r s but w e r e compelled to
give u p their work because of the con-
tractions resulting from their burns.
As the muscles and skin contracted,
the legs, arms, and fingers tended to
lose mobility.
The girls had w i t h d r a w n almost t o -
tally from community life, seeking the
company of each other and living on
such meager subsistence as they were
able to obtain from family and friends.
They found a benefactor and c h a m -
pion in the person of the Rev. Kiyoshi
Tanimoto, Methodist minister who
was one of the key figures in J o h n
Hersey's "Hiroshima." Mr. Tanimoto
devoted himself to the welfare of his

4. new charges, finding work for them
that did not involve their infirmities,
giving them psychological and s p i r -
itual rehabilitation, and providing for
their recreation. H e also started a
public campaign to send some of the
girls to Osaka or Tokyo for plastic
surgery.
On the occasion of our fourth visit
to the city, in September 1953, we m e t
the Hiroshima Maidens at the R e v e r -
end Mr. Tanimoto's church. By this
time they had achieved renewed con-
fidence in themselves. They were far
less self-conscious t h a n they had once
been and had no hesitation in walking
through the streets. Once a week t h e y
would go to the moving-picture t h e -
atre to see American films. "We like
to see t h e pretty American girls and
imagine t h a t we are they," one of the
girls said.
The big pi'oblein now with the
.i;jj:Js,"' Mr. Tanimoto said, "is medical
ireatnient. We do not h a v e t h e means
to go much furthe): with plastic s u r -
,;:»ery. The girls who h a v e h a d such
surgery .^liow much improvement but
it is a very complicated and expensive
business. Each case r e q u i r e s several
operations and I am afraid I do not
know vvhere I can t u r n . "
w. ' E ASKED Mr. Tanimoto if he would 'Welcome efforts in

5. the United
States to bring the Maidens to America
for the full course of surgery and h o s -
pital caie. He replied that this h a d
been his dream from the first moment
h e became fully a w a r e of the n a t u r e of
t h e girls' problem. A p a r t from e v e r y -
thing else, h e felt that the project
could become a powerful symbol of
good will. Such a symbol was urgently
needed in view of ugly movements
against the United States t h e n s t a r t -
ing u p in J a p a n .
"People are saying," h e continued,
"that the United States k n e w in J u l y
1945 that the w a r against J a p a n would
have been over in a m a t t e r of weeks,
b u t t h a t the United States wanted to
end the w a r in a m a t t e r of days
before Russia came in as she had
agreed to do when the war in Europe
ended.
"I do not speculate on such things
because I have no knowledge," h e
added. " B u t what I do know is t h a t
the American people h a v e been just
and generous to J a p a n in defeat. And
I h a v e great confidence in America,
for I h a v e studied t h e r e and been
t h e r e since the end of the war. I am
certain that if b y some miracle these
girls could b e given the medical
t r e a t m e n t they so badly need, it

6. . . . so badly disfigured that they felt
elf-conscious about appearing in public."
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irt^w«^^»iw^i*(,^^wp'iVff»),^fl«r'"'i*wrv^f^^frr
Years after the explosion "contractions"
from the h u m s prevent the use of hand?.
would be a wonderful thing for both
countries. Of course I would welcome
your efforts in this direction. Is it at
all possible?"
We told Mr. Tanimoto that we would
be glad to explore the matter, but we
had no way then of estimating its
chances.
The n a t u r a l agency in the United
States to h a n d l e this project, we felt,
was the Hiroshima Peace Center A s -
sociates, a group of Americans i n t e r -
ested in Hiroshima who had a d m i n -
istered the Moral Adoptions P l a n
started by t h e r e a d e r s of The Satur-
day Review in 1949. The H P C A board
agreed to sponsor the project.
D u r i n g the first six months after
our r e t u r n from J a p a n things went
slowly—dismally so. We went to

7. foundation after foundation, seeking
money for doctors, surgeons, hospital
care, h o m e care, transportation. And
foundation after foundation t u r n e d us
down. One was fearful t h a t if one of
the Maidens died on the operating
table the foundation would be held
responsible. Another foundation was
concerned about t h e political views of
the girls a n d was reluctant to furnish
ammunition to some future Congres-
sional investigating committee. Still
another felt that, unless all the H i r o -
shima victims could be cared for, it
might be a mistake to do something
for any single group. Any n u m b e r of
foundations expressed sympathy, b u t
said their c h a r t e r s did not provide for
mercy projects of this particular n a -
t u r e .
TH LHEN things began to look up. The
Saturday Review's physician. Dr.
William M. Hitzig, said h e believed
that some of America's most eminent
plastic surgeons might be willing to
volunteer their services. He said he
would also be glad to bring the p r o j -
ect to the attention of t h e director and
board of the Mt. Sinai Hospital in New-
York, with which h e was affiliated.
The discussions with the surgeons and
hospital were most satisfactory. Dr,
A r t h u r J. Barsky, of New York, one oi
the nation's most prominent plastic

8. surgeons, agreed to t a k e charge of all
operative work. He will be assisted
by m e m b e r s of his staff. The Mt. Sinai
Hospital volunteered to supply oper-
ating facilities a n d hospital b e d - c a r e
free of charge. Since four or five oper-
ations p e r patient may be necessary,
it is possible t h a t each girl may have
to spend four to six mo n th s in the
hospital. It may t a k e a y e a r before
the p a r t y can r e t u r n to J a p a n . Thus,
the contribution of the surgeons a n d
hospital is both substantial and heroic.
Having gone this far, t h r e e jobs r e -
mained: transportation, o u t - o f - h o s -
pital care and lodging, petty cash fund.
T h e transportation problem held u p
the progress of the project for more
t h a n a year. We tried the airlines,
only to r u n into official regulations
concerning free passage. We went
back to the foundations, with no
gr eat er success t h a n before. Then we
had the good fortune to discuss the
project with Miss J a n e t Tobitt, one
of the "moral adoptions" p a r e n t s who
had recently r e t u r n e d from a year's
work in J a p a n as director of the
American Girl Scout Association, F a r
East. Miss Tobitt suggested t h a t Mr.
Kiyoshi Togasaki, resourceful p r e s i -
dent of the Nippon Times, English
language newspaper of Tokyo, might
be p e r s u a d e d to w o r k on the t r a n s -
portation problem. It t u r n e d out to

9. be an inspired idea. Mr. Togasaki e x -
plored every approach, first making
certain t h a t t h e plan to bring t h e
girls to America h a d the blessings of
the American Embassy and the J a p -
anese G o v e r n m e n t itself. His solution
to the transportation riddle was as
ingenious as it was effective. He went
to G e n e r a l J. E. Hull (U.S. Army, F a r
East Command) and asked w h e t h e r
the U.S. Air Force would fly the girls.
G e n e r a l Hull wanted the most d e -
tailed information; Mr. Togasaki took
off for Hiroshima in quest of same.
When h e r e t u r n e d to Tokyo and put
the m a t t e r before General Hull again
the answer was Yes.
While in Hiroshima, Mr. Togasaki
met w i t h Mayor Shinzo Hamai and the
R e v e r e n d Mr. Tanimoto. In writing to
us about his visit h e said it was the
feeling of the J a p a n e s e that the A m e r -
ican doctors ought to come to H i r o -
shima in order to pass on the girls who
were being screened for t h e trip. It was
believed that everything ought to be
2.->
done to avoid sending any maiden to
the U.S. unless t h e r e was a r e a s o n -
ably good chance that her disfigura-
tion or contractions might respond to
surgery. Also, it was important to
have advance American medical opin-

10. ion on the general health of the girls.
Another suggestion made by Mr.
Togasaki was that two or t h r e e J a p -
anese surgeons be permitted to a c -
company the p a r t y on the trip to t h e
U.S. and be given opportunity to
study American plastic surgery t e c h -
niques at first hand. Then, on their
r e t u r n to J a p a n , the surgeons could
work with other sufferers.
These suggestions w e r e readily a c -
cepted by the American Committee.
Both Dr. Barsky and Dr. Hitzig s w a l -
lowed h a r d when they w e r e asked to
give u p a month's practice in addition
to paying all their expenses to J a p a n ,
but recognized the validity of the
special considerations mentioned by
Mr. Togasaki. They agreed to u n d e r -
take the trip if we would accompany
them. Mt. Sinai Hospital agreed to
offer full hospitality to t h e J a p a n e s e
surgeons accompanying the Maidens.
This completes the plan for the
project. (The petty-cash fund ought
to present no problem.) By t h e time
this issue appears Dr. Hitzig, Dr. B a r -
sky, and the w r i t e r should be on a
P a n - A m e r i c a n " S t r a t o " Clipper, d e s -
tination: Tokyo. If all goes well, we
will be r e t u r n i n g to the U.S. w i t h the
Hiroshima Maidens by the end of the
month.

11. One final note: the man who first
did something specific about the plight
of the Maidens, the Rev. Kiyoshi T a n i -
moto, has been asked to join the group
and will act as guide and spokesman
for the girls. He h a s w r i t t e n to say
he is a very happy man. —N. C.
The Tanager
By C o n s t a n c e Carrier
DU N - C O L O R E D birds, t h e days
fly past in endless flocks,
the rushing of their wings
like w a t e r over rocks,
a sound the silence mocks,
till, sudden in t h a t gray
monotonous as mist,
t h e r e d a r t s the scarlet b i r d
you t h o u g h t could not exist,
and perches on y o u r wrist.
Though he is swiftly gone,
and none comes as h e came,
wrist felt his lively weight,
eyes h a v e beheld him, t a m e
a moment, and t h e h e a r t
has quickened to his flame.
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12. 26
TOO MUCH COLONIALISM
P H I L I P WOODRUFF'S article "Votes, W i z -
a r d s , Roads, a n d B r e a d " [SR M a r . 12]
w a s a n able defense of colonialism. B u t
in describing English e x p e r i e n c e in India,
is Woodruff justified in his g e n e r a l i z a -
tions a n d t h e i r implied extension to all
Asia? H e claimed I n d i a w a s stagnant,
a n d t h a t s t a g n a t i o n b r e d c r u e l t y a n d c a l -
lousness to h u m a n life, as i n t h e p r a c t i c e
of suttee. T h a t m a y b e t r u e . Yet S p a i n
a t h e r z e n i t h u n d e r P h i l i p II p e r m i t t e d
t h e b u r n i n g of h e r e t i c s , a n d did not
E n g l i s h insistence on t h e i m p o r t a t i o n of
o p i u m i n t o C h i n a after t h e O p i u m W a r
show a c e r t a i n callousness?
Woodruff claimed t h e English b r o u g h t
India o r d e r a n d u n i t y , a n d m a d e a n i n -
vidious companion w i t h China, a c o u n t r y
w h i c h did n o t "follow t h e colonial w a y . "
T r u e , China r e t a i n e d h e r sovereignty,
p a r t l y b e c a u s e s h e w a s considered too
g r e a t a prize for concession t o one power,
a n d one only. B u t h e r final fall, after
m a n y i n t r a - c o l o n i a l s q u a b b l e s , c a n m o r e
j u s t l y be b l a m e d on too m u c h colonialism
r a t h e r t h a n too little, a n d s h e w a s l a t e r
on a battlefield for J a p a n e s e colonial a m -
bitions from 1931 on. Significantly, Mr.
Woodruff d i d not m e n t i o n J a p a n , w h i c h
a r r i v e d at i n d u s t r i a l m a t u r i t y w i t h o u t

13. benefit of colonialism—benevolent o r
o t h e r w i s e .
Woodruff told of t h e English d e v e l o p -
ment, i n India, of a polished, l i t e r a t e ,
e d u c a t e d class. J a p a n possesses o n e of
t h e highest l i t e r a c y r a t e s i n t h e w o r l d .
China, w h e r e t h e g o v e r n i n g class h a s
a l w a y s b e e n polished a n d highly l i t e r a t e ,
developed a g r o u p e d u c a t e d , too, i n t h e
W e s t e r n h u m a n i t i e s a n d sciences. E v e n
before t h e R e p u b l i c t h e C h i n e s e I m p e r i a l
E x a m i n a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t e d a n ideal by n o
m e a n s u n w o r t h y . S c h o l a r s w h o succeeded
i n t h e r i g o r o u s e x a m i n a t i o n s , after y e a r s
of s t u d y in C h i n e s e h i s t o r y , philosophy,
a n d l i t e r a t u r e , p a s s e d by m e r i t alone.
T h a t g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d devolve u p o n
t h e s e m a n d a r i n s w a s a recognition of t h e
s u p e r i o r claims of m e r i t a n d l e a r n i n g
over b i r t h a n d w e a l t h . A n d h a s not
Woodruff, in this g e n e r a t i o n , h e a r d of t h e
Chinese l i t e r a r y r e n a i s s a n c e i n s p i r e d b y
s u c h s c h o l a r s as H u Shih, o r of t h e
mass e d u c a t i o n m o v e m e n t c a r r i e d o n b y
J a m e s Y e u ?
Woodruff m a n a g e d t o p a i n t a p i c t u r e of
p a t e r n a l colonialism, b y a careful s e l e c -
tion of e x a m p l e s , b u t h i s t o n e of a v u n -
c u l a r p a t r o n a g e w a s disconcerting, a n d
m a d e m e feel t h a t , if t h e "fork of t h e
colonial p o w e r is h a r d , " t h e lot of t h e
colonized is u n e n v i a b l e .
B . L. C H A N N .

14. O a k l a n d , Calif.
CORRECT SOURCE
BERTRAND RUSSELL i n h i s e d i t o r i a l " C a n
T h e L i b e r a l S u r v i v e ? " [ S R M a r . 19]
a t t r i b u t e s t o G o e r i n g t h e s a y i n g " W h e n
I h e a r t h e w o r d c u l t u r e I r e a c h for m y
r e v o l v e r . " N o t long ago G i l b e r t H i g h e t
"Figure it out for yourself: There are getting to be more and
more of
us. Sabre-tooth tigers are getting scarcer and scarcer. Obviously
in
another few years the human race will have starved itself out of
existence."
used t h i s r e m a r k on t h e radio, a n d also
c r e d i t e d G o e r i n g . It is also a t t r i b u t e d
to Goebbels a n d sometimes t o H i t l e r
himself.
Since t h e saying seems t o s u m u p so
s t r i k i n g l y t h e nihilistic s a v a g e r y of t h e
t o t a l i t a r i a n outlook, a n d is so often r e -
peated, it m i g h t b e i n t e r e s t i n g to get it
s t r a i g h t . It w a s coined by H a n n s J o h s t ,
a favorite s c r i b b l e r of t h e Nazi era, a n d
w h a t h e said w a s : "Wenn ich das W o r t
Kultur hoere, entsichere ich meinen Re-
volver"—"When I h e a r t h e w o r d c u l t u r e
I t a k e t h e safety catch off m y r e v o l v e r . "
RICHARD HANSER.

15. L a r c h m o n t , N.Y.
HOPE FOR THE FUTURE
I N SPITE of t h e occasional r a s h e s t h a t
come o u t on n a t i o n s , s u c h as o u r o w n
r e c e n t one t h a t is n o w p e t e r i n g out, I a m
firmly convinced t h a t l i b e r a l s ( a n d c o m -
m o n sense) will s u r v i v e . A s B e r t r a n d
Russell points out, t h e r e is a b a l a n c e t o
b e achieved b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s a n d
g o v e r n m e n t a l ideals, a n d I b e l i e v e w e
a r e achieving it. A s a p o i n t for t h o u g h t ,
I m i g h t suggest a r e c e n t s t e p t a k e n , b y
o u r o w n G o v e r n m e n t , a n d one w h i c h
o t h e r n a t i o n s can copy w i t h p r i d e . I t is
t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a n office i n o u r
g o v e r n i n g body for t h e specific goal of
peace.
ATLANTIS HALLAM.
B e v e r l y Hills, Calif.
LIBERALS I N OPPOSITION
I WANDERED from t h e J o h n s H o p k i n s
Medical School i n B a l t i m o r e t o P a p u a
w i t h B e r t r a n d Russell, a n d s o m e w h e r e ,
i n a fog, lost Russell's liberal. Loose u s a g e
of t h e l a b e l " l i b e r a l " o b s c u r e s t h e t w o
poles of " l i b e r a h s m . " T h e label " l i b e r a l "
confuses; it h a s b e c o m e a m a l a p r o p ; it
d e s e r v e s clarification.

16. W a l t e r L i p p m a n n h a s analyzed l i b e r a l -
ism in a w a y Russell could follow. L i b -
e r a l i s m possesses t w o c e n t r a l ideas, o n e
w h i c h d e m a n d s t h e i n d i v i d u a l b e p e r m i t -
ted t o live in a condition of freedom, a n d
a n o t h e r t h a t free m a n c o n t r i b u t e s m o s t
to h u m a n i t y . E a c h idea is noble. H o w -
ever, a condition of freedom is s o m e t i m e s
too difficult for people. T h e u n s c r u p u l o u s
h a v e too often considered freedom as t h e
h i g h w a y t o i n d i v i d u a l g a i n s r a t h e r t h a n
common benefits. A n d h o w t o cope w i t h
this d i l e m m a h a s p r o v e n too m u c h for
all p r o t a g o n i s t s of liberalism. I n s t e a d of
finding a c e n t e r of g r a v i t y , t h e t w o c a m p s
of l i b e r a l i s m a r e i n c o n s t a n t opposition.
JOE M . TOCKMAN.
Las Vegas, N. M.
CATEGORICAL PUBLIC SCHOOL
BERTRAND RUSSELL, like all l i b e r a l p h i l o s o -
p h e r s from t h e b e g i n n i n g of history, is i n
s e a r c h of a conceptualized, affirmative,
c o n c r e t e f o r m u l a t o reconcile, t o s y n t h e -
size, t o e q u a t e " l i b e r t y " a n d "discipline"
—so far, a d m i t t e d l y , w i t h o u t r e s u l t . N e v -
e r t h e l e s s , Russell g r o p e s i n t h e r i g h t
direction: " F r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g of civil-
ized t i m e s , " says Russell, " t h e r e h a s
b e e n a n oscillation b e t w e e n e m p h a s i s
on i n d i v i d u a l l i b e r t y a n d e m p h a s i s o n

17. o r d e r . "
T h e p u b l i c school d o e s n o t r e s o l v e all
t h e a n t i n o m i e s of civilization, b u t i t is
u n i v e r s a l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d a s a s i n e q u a
non, a categorical i m p e r a t i v e i n t h e p r o g -
r e s s of civilization a n d t h e b a l a n c e of
" l i b e r t y " a n d "discipline."
P H I L I P W B I S S .
St. Louis, M o .
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