Human Behavior in Organization

1. EMPOWERMENT AND
PARTICIPATION
MacJim A. Paralejas

2. What is Empowerment?
Empowerment
authorizes
employees to cope
with situations and
enables them to take
control of problems
as they arise.
Is any process that
provides greater
autonomy to
employees through the
sharing of relevant
information and
provision of control
over factors affecting
job performance.
Empowerment helps
remove the conditions
that cause
powerlessness while
enhancing employee
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3. 3
Approaches to
empowerment
▹ Helping employees achieve job
mastery.
▹ Allowing more control.
▹ Providing successful models.
▹ Using social reinforcement and
persuasion.
▹ Giving emotional Support.

4. Process of Empowerment Requires
Two-Pronged Attack
Removed
Conditions of
powerlessness
Unwanted Changes
Negative Leadership
Unfair Reward System
Overwhelming jobs
Enhanced job-
related self-
efficacy
Job Mastery
Control and Accountability
Role Models
Reinforcement
Support
Perception of
Empowerment
Competence
Autonomy
Job Meaning
Sense of impact
Opportunity
▹ Effectiveness
▹ Satisfaction
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5. 5
What is participation?
▹ Participation is the mental and
emotional involvement of people
in group situations that
encourages them to contribute to
group goals and share
responsibility for them. This
definition entails three important
ideas – Involvement,
contribution, and responsibility.

6. Elements in Participation
▹ Ego Involvement ▹ Participation
means
meaningful
involvement
rather than mere
muscular activity.
A person who
participates is
ego-involved
instead of merely
task involved.
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7. 7
Ego Involvement
▹ Some managers mistake task involvement for true participation.
They go through the motions of participation, but nothing more.
They hold meetings, ask opinions, and so on, but all the time it is
perfectly clear to employees (safely assumed) that their manager
is an autocratic boss who wants no ideas. These managerial
actions constitute Pseudoparticipation (fake involvement, or
merely a façade)
▹ In contrast, Robert J. Murray (CEO iProspect) 2 participative
approach that make it clear to his employees that he values their
inputs and wants them to engage their minds.
￭ Round Tables – manager ask them to give examples of
difficult employees they have faced-and successfully dealt
with.
￭ Second, managers ask volunteers to share a portrait of
situation they currently confronting but are still unsure how to
deal with it. He is intentionally creating a participative
environment where everyone is both sharing and learning.

8. Elements in Participation
Employees use their
creativity
▹ Motivation to Contribute.
A second concept in
participation is that it
stimulates people to
contribute. They are
empowered to release
their own resources of
initiative and creativity
toward the objectives of
the organization.
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9. 9
Employees use their
creativity
The theory of Y predicts. In this way,
participation differs dramatically from
consent. The practice of consent uses
only the creativity of the manager, who
brings the ideas to the group and uses
persuasiveness to obtain the member’s
consent.
Participation especially improves
motivation by helping employees
understand and clarify their paths
towards goal.

10. 10
Why is participation popular?
▹ Research Conclusion
▹ Spirit at work
▹ Desires, expectations, and
ethical imperatives.

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