Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it does make.

2. AZEEM ASLAM
BS BIOCHEMISTRY
LAHORE GARRISON UNIVERSITY

3.  Diabetes mellitus, commonly known
as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes
high blood sugar ( hyperglycemia).
 The hormone insulin moves sugar from the
blood into your cells to be stored or used for
energy.
 With diabetes, your body either doesn't make
enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin
it does make.

4.  It is caused due to the deficiency of insulin or
insulin resistance or both.
 The pancreas (an organ behind your stomach)
produces little insulin or no insulin at all. Insulin is
a naturally occurring hormone, produced by the
beta cells of the pancreas, which helps the body
use sugar for energy.
 Or
 The pancreas makes insulin, but the insulin made
doesn't work as it should. This condition is called
insulin resistance.

6.  Increased thirst
 Frequent urination
 Unexpected weight
loss
 Increased fatigue
 Blurred vision
 Irritability
 Skin itchy
 Red, swollen and
tender gums
 Slow healing sores

8. There are two main types of diabetes:
 Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes

9.  Type 1 diabetes is also called insulin-dependent
diabetes.
 Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It
happens when your body attacks
your pancreas with antibodies. The organ is
damaged and doesn't make insulin.
 The pancreas makes little or no insulin, so sugar
can’t get into the body's cells for use as energy.
 It is the most common form of diabetes in people
who are under age 40, but it can occur at any age.
 Ten percent of people with diabetes are diagnosed
with Type 1.

11.  It is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
 In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas makes insulin, but it
either doesn't produce enough, or the insulin doesn't
work properly.
 In the case of insulin resistance, the body is producing
the insulin, but insulin sensitivity is reduced and it does
not do the job as well as it should do.
 The glucose is not entering the body’s cells properly,
causing two problems;
a) A buildup of glucose in the blood
b) The cells are not getting the glucose they need for
energy and growth.
 This type occurs most often in people who are over 40
years old but can occur even in childhood if there are
risk factors present.

13. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test:
 This blood test, which doesn’t require
fasting, indicates your average blood
sugar level for the past two to three
months. It measures the percentage
of blood sugar attached to
hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying
protein in RBC’s.
 The higher your blood sugar levels,
the more hemoglobin you’ll have with
sugar attached.
 An A1C level of 6.5% or higher on
two separate tests indicates that you
have diabetes.

14.  If the A1C test results aren’t
consistent, the test isn’t available,
or you have certain conditions that
can make the A1C test is
inaccurate- such as if you are
pregnant or have an uncommon
form of hemoglobin- you doctor
may use the following tests to
diagnose diabetes:
RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR TEST:
 A blood sample will be taken at a
random time. Regardless of when
you last ate, a random blood sugar
level of 200 mg/dL-11.1mm/L or
higher suggests diabetes.

15.  For this test, you fast
overnight and the fasting
blood sugar level is
measured. Then you drink a
sugary liquid, and blood
sugar levels are tested
periodically for the next 2
hours.
 less than 140 mg/dL-
normal.
 more than 200 mg/dL after 2
hours- diabetes.
 140 -199mg/dL -prediabetes.

16.  People with type 1 diabetes need insulin therapy
to survive.
 Treatment for type 1 diabetes, involves injecting
insulin into the fatty tissue just under your skin.
You might use:
a) Syringes
b) Insulin pens that use prefilled cartridges and a
thin needle
c) Jet injectors that use high-pressure air to send
a spray of insulin through your skin
d) Pumps that send insulin through a tube to a
catheter under the skin of your belly

17.  It helps in the transportation of glucose across the cell
membrane.
 Insulin activate the GLUT-4 (transporter of glucose) as a
result of that glucose transportation occur across the
cell.
 It helps in the formation of glucose.
Insulin stimulate glycogen synthase enzymes
Glucose glycogen
 Insulin inhibit the phosphorylase enzyme which convert
the glycogen into glucose
Insulin ∅ phosphorylase

18.  Involves keeping a healthy weight, eating right, and
exercising. Some people need medication, too.
 Oral diabetes medications are used in the treatment for
TYPE 2 diabetes. Medicine within this category fall
within one of several classes, including;
Enhance insulin secretions:
 Sulfonylureas (KATP channel blocker),
TOLBUTAMIDE etc.
 Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP1) Receptor agonist
(injectable drug) , EXACENATIDE .
Overcome insulin resistance:
 Beguanide (Ampk activator), METOPHORMIN