clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. phrase may be any group of words, often carrying a special idiomatic meaning. is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought.

2.  Defenition Of Clause
 Types And Examples Of Clauses
 Defenition Of Pharases
 Types And Example Of Pharases
 Defenition Of Sentence
 Type And Examples Of Sentense

3. 1. DEFENITION OF CLAUSE
A clause is a group of
related words containing a
subject that tells readers
what the sentence about,
and a verb that tells
readers what the subject
is doing.
A clause can be distinguished
from a phrase, which does not
contain a subject and a verb.
Eample :
 in the afternoon,
 drinking from the bowl
Types Of Clause:
 Independent Clauses
 Dependent Clauses
 Noun Clauses
 Relative Clause
 Advebial Clause

4. Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses
 Is a clause that can stand alone as
a sentence (i.e: it expresses a
complete thought).
 Joined by using coordinate
conjunction ( and, but, for, nor,
or, so, and yet) or by using semi
colons.
 Is a clause that cannot stand
alone, it depends on another
clause to make it a complete
sentence.
 Introduced by relaative pronoun
( who, whom, that, which, what,
whose ) and some by
subordinating conjunction
(althought, because, if, unless,
when, etc)
CLAUSES
Defenition
Example
1. The cat playing with the ball is named
Bruno.
2. Henry stepped through the doorway
and into the light.
1. The cat playing with the ball
2. Through the doorway and into
the light
Kind of Clause
 Simple Sentence.
Ex: 1. she prefer mango to orange.
2. the ceremony startedat 07.00 a.m
 Compound Sentence.
Ex: 1. I like that bag, but I have no money.
2. She’s not bad; rather, she’s very
kind.
 Noun Clause (as a noun or pronoun)
Ex: That today is my birthday is
not right.
 Adjective Clause ( explained noun)
Ex: People who chew well may have
healthy digestion.
 Adverbial Clause ( explained verb)
Ex: You were sleeping when she
arrived.

5. b. Naun Clause
 A noun clause is a dependent
clause that acts like a noun.
 It can be a subject, object, or
complement.
 a noun clause usually begins
with a relative pronoun.
A noun clause cab be :
 A subject of a verb, ( What Billy
did shocked her friends).
 An object of a verb, ( Billy’s
friends didn’t know that he
couldn’t swim.)
 A subject compliment, ( Billy’s
mistake was that he refused to
take lesson.)
 An object of a preposition, (Mary
is not responsible for what Billy
did.)
 A noun clause (but not a noun)
can be an adjective compliment,
(Everybody is sad that Billy
drowned.)

6. C. Relative Clause
 A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and functions
as an adjective.
 Used in sentences to further describe the noun.
Relative clause
Who / that ( refer to people) They caught the man who / that spied for china.
Which / that ( refer to object )
Whose ( refer to possession)
When ( refer to a moment in time )
Where ( refer to a particular place )
I lose the map which / that she gave me.
She complained to the man whose dog bit her.
Christmas Day is a day when people are happy.
Wee visited the house where our father was born.
In-non defining sentence, the word that
cannot replace who or which.
Mata Hari, who was a famous famale spy,was born in Sumatera.
Tomok place, which is in Samosir Inland , is a favourite tourist site.
Rule Example

7. d. Adverbial clause
Example :
Keep hitting the gong hourly.
(normal adver).
 Keep hitting the gong until I tell
you to stop. (adverbial clause).
 Is a dependent clause that
functions as an adverb and
provid e information about the
verb, adjective, or adverb which
are in the independent clause
with its capacity to answer the
question: how, when, where,
why, or to what degree.
Adverbial clause functions
 Provide information about
verb. (You were sleeping
when she arrived)
 Provide information about
the adjective. (Her face is
fresh because she always
does exercise and eats
fruit.)
 Provide information about
adverb. ( He drove fast in
order that he could arrive
on time.)
Note
Red : adverbial clause
Purple : adverb
Yellow: adjective
Blue: verb
Green: subordinate conjunction

8. Types of adverbial clause
No. Types Question answered Example
1.
2.
3. Cause Why? ( what caused it?) I didn’t call her because I’m shy.
5.
6.
Time When?
After the fruit is harvested, it is sold
at the market.
Place
Wherever there are computers,
there is Microsoft Softwere.
Where?
4. Contrast
Although Jay has a Master’s degree,
he works as a store clerk.
Condition Under what conditions?
If you save your money, you will be
able to go to college.
Purpose Why? (what’s the reason?)
How? (what are the
opposites?)
She tool a computer course so that
she could get a better without.
Manner8.
What’s the result of… ?
Ancient people used star as if they
were calendars.
The stars are so far away that they
can’t be seen without telescope.
How?
7. Result

9. 2. DEFENITION OF PHARASE
A phrase is a collection of words
that may have nouns or verbals,
but it does not have a subject
doing a verb.
Phsarase can be very short or
quite long.
Kind of pharase
 Noun Pharase
 Adjective Pharase
 Adverb Pharase
 Verb Pharase
 Preposional Pharase
Example:
 After lunch
 Between ignorance and intelligence

10. Types Of Pharases
Prepositional pharase
will begin with preposition and end with a
noun, pronoun, gerund, or clausethe “object”
preposition. Example :
1. On time
2. From eating too much
Infinitive pharase
Will begin with an infinitive. Example:
1. To slurpspagetti
2. To send the document before the deadline
Participle pharase
Will begin with present or past participle.
Example:
1. Flexing his muscles in front of the
bathroom mirror
Absolute pharasse
Combines a noun and participle with any
accompanying modifier or object. Example:
1. His brow knitted in frustation.
2. Her finger flying over the piano keys.

11. Kinds of Pharases
No.
Noun Pharase
Defenition
1.
2.
Adjective
Pharase
Kind of
pharases
As a subject, object and
compliment
Are you waiting someone
special
Example sentence
pharase
4.
3.
Never have I been angry
with you
Consisting of adjective
phrases and modifiers
Adverb
Pharase
Verb Pharase
Followed object
(transitive) or not
(intransitive)
5.
Which consists of an adverb
phrase with a qualifier (too,
very enough, etc) or
preposional or infinitive form
pharase
The people couldn’t do
anything during the
hurricane.
Personal
Pharase
Please clam yourself down.
A combination of the
preposition with the
object
There is distance between
you and me.
Exampe
pharse
My book, the
next page,
someone special
Angry with you,
very beautiful
Very good,to
love weight,
during the
hurricane
Calm down, run
across, get away
with.
At school,
because of rain,
between you and
me.

12. 3. SENTENCE
 Sentence is a group of
word, which make
complete sense.
 a sentence is a unit of
written texts delimited by
graphological features such
as upper case letters and
markers such as periods,
question marks, and
exclamation marks.
Types Of Sentence Based On The
Structure :
 Simple sentence
 Compound sentence
 Complex sentence
 Compound-complex sentence
Types Of Sentence Based On Its
Usage :
 Declarative sentence
 Interrogative sentence
 Exclamatory sentence
 Imperative sentence

13. Type Based On The Structure
No. Type Defenition Example
2. Compound Sentence
is the most basic type of sentence
because it only consists of one
independent clause
Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.
Vina wakes up at 5:00 am, and she
go to school at 6:30 am.
Andra found a lot of expired
food, but he didn’t get rid of
it because he was too busy.
a sentence type that consists of two
or more independent clauses linked
by a coordinate conjunction (for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Simple Sentence1.
Complex Sentence3.
a type sentence consisting of one
independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses [subordinate
conjunction (Although, when,
Because, etc) + subject + predicate]
4.
Compound Complex
Sentence
is the result of a combination
sentence type compound with a
complex sentence
Her face is fresh because she
always eats fresh fruits.

14. Type Based On Its Usage
Declarative
Sentence
A sentence types to make a
statement, in the form of
fact or opinion
2.
Interrogative
Sentence
A sentence types to make
questions (yes-no, tags, and
wh- question)
3.
A type sentence to express
a strong feeling (strong
feeling) through appeal
No.
1.
Defenition
Batik is a tradisional cloth from
Indonesia.
Example
Why do you hate cats?
Exclamatory
Sentence
Type
What a beautiful craft!
4.
Imperative
Sentence
A sentence types to make
an order, request, or user
Please take off your shoes here.

15. THANKS YOU
  