Attachment Theory, Description & Implications for Schools

8/1/2020Attachment theory, Ayesha Azhar, MS-CGEC (Semester-I), GCUL 1
In the name of Allah most beneficent
the most merciful

Before We Start…
Be attentive..
For brain storming
For Review Questions

Before We Start…
Activity
What is their rate
of survival?
What does they
need the most,
being alone in
jungle?
(1 minute discussion)

Attachment Theory
Description, Implications for
Schools
Ayesha Azhar
MS-CGEC
Clinical Psychology Unit,
GCU Lahore

8/1/2020Attachment theory, Ayesha Azhar, MS-CGEC, GCUL 6
Learning
Objectives

Learning Objectives
To know about:
Definition of attachment, difference b/w attachment & bonding
Brief history of attachment theories-important theorists
Brief description of attachment theory (Bowlby & Ainsworth)
Important concepts in attachment theory
Development of attachment & age trends / stages in attachment
4 attachment styles (individual differences)
Criticism on attachment theory (+ve, -ve)
Islamic model of attachment theory
School-implications: teacher-student attachment styles,
management, interventions and strategies

Section 1: Introduction:
 Some definitions of important terminologies,
 The distinction between attachment and bonding
 history of attachment theory and important theorists.
 Hary Harlow’s contribution
Section 2: Description of theory (Bowlby & Ainsworth)
 Important terminologies/ concepts of the theory.
 Key points/brief description
 Age trends in attachment / stages of attachment
 Types / patterns / Styles of infant-parent attachment
 Criticism on Attachment Theory.
 Islamic Model of Attachment: a brief comparison
Section 3: Implications for schools

SECTION 1
Introduction
& Origin

ATTACHMENT:
Affection, fondness, or sympathy for someone
or something…… An affectionate
relationship.” (Oxford University Press, 2019)
The emotional bond between a human infant or a young
nonhuman animal and its parent figure or caregiver; it is
developed as a step in establishing a feeling of security
and demonstrated by calmness while in the parent’s or
caregiver’s presence.
(APA, 2018)
Attachment-Introduction

"Lasting psychological connectedness
between human beings."
(Bowlby, 1969 as cited in Cherry, 2019, Sep 21)
“An essential part of the ground plan of
the human species for an infant to
become attached to a mother figure.”
(Ainsworth, 1979 as cited in Papalia et al., 2001).
Attachment-Introduction.. Continued…..

Attachment Theory
Attachment theory is concerned with the
relationships between people.
Its fundamental premise seems to be that
children need to have attached to at least one
of their primary love objects or parents to
develop normally. (Erdman & Ng, 2010)

Attachment Vs Bonding
Bonding… Attachment…
mother’s feelings for
and sense of connection
to her child that begins
before birth and usually
develops very quickly in
the first weeks after the
baby is born.
the child’s emotional
connection with mother
(the primary caregiver) that
begins at birth, develops
rapidly in the next two
years and continues
developing throughout life.

Perspective of Attachment
Relationships
Attachment with Allah & Prophet (S.A.W.)
Infant – parent attachment / child –
caregiver attachment
Student - teacher attachment
Attachment with peers / friends
Adult attachment (romantic relations)

Origin - Attachment Theory
Main theorists
 John Bowlby
 Mary Ainsworth
Others
 Psychoanalysis
 Behaviorism
 Harry Harlow
(Comfort in attachment)

Psychoanalytical Theory
(Freudian)
feeding - the central context
in which
caregivers and babies
build the strong emotional bond

Behavioral/Learning Theory
 The infants become attached to the
people who feed and meet their needs
 The primary caregiver becomes the
“source of reinforcement”-the infant
will do whatever necessary to get the
caregiver’s attention (cry, smile,
babble)

Harlow’s Comfort Study
 How important is feeding?-research
in 1959 on Monkeys
 Experiments show that:
o'Feeding' is not the most important
thing babies get from their
mothers.
oMothering includes the comfort of
close bodily contact.....”
(Papalia et al., 2001)

John Bowlby (1907-1990)
Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999)
 British Psychiatrist & psychoanalyst
 First formulated the attachment theory
after he wrote a pamphlet on the
homeless orphaned children in WW2
 During, 1970’s, Mary Ainsworth (nee
Salter) expanded greatly upon Bowlby’s
work
 Now attachment theory-the joint work
of Bowlby & Ainsworth
 Influenced by Freud & other
psychoanalyts

Bowlby & Ethology
Bowlby: influenced by ethological theory
especially by Lorenz’s (1935) study of
imprinting who showed that attachment was
innate (in young ducklings) and hence has a
survival (evolutionary) value.

Ethology: The
comparative study of
the behavior of
nonhuman animals,
typically in their
natural habitat. (APA,
2018)
Bowlby used the word
attachment instead of
imprinting

Other Names:
Bowlby’s Ethological theory of Attachment
Bowlby’s Evolutionary theory of
Attachment
Bowlby's Monotrophic Theory of
Attachment

Quick Check-Review Questions
?Difference b/w attachment & bonding?
?Name some main theorists of attachment
theories?
?Who is the introducer, main theorist of
attachment theory?
?Psychoanalytic view on attachment?
?What is Learning theory of attachment?
?Who did comfort study of attachment?
?Mention some other titles of Bowlby’s theory?

SECTION 2
Description
of The Theory
(Bowlby & Ainsworth)

Brief Description:
Children come into the world biologically pre-
programmed to form attachments with others,
because this will help them to survive. (McLeod, 2017).
both infants and mothers have evolved a
biological need to stay in contact with each other
(Cherry, 2019)

Bowlby emphasized the female parent
“to grow up mentally healthy, the infant
and young child should experience a
warm, intimate, and continuous
relationship with his mother (or permanent
mother substitute) in which both find
satisfaction and enjoyment” (Bowlby, 1951, p. 13 as
cited in Bretherton, 1992).
Brief description. Continued…..

The central theme of attachment theory:
primary caregivers who are available and
responsive to an infant's needs allow the
child to develop a sense of security. The
infant knows that the caregiver is
dependable, which creates a secure base
for the child to then explore the world.
(Cherry, 2019)
Brief description. Continued…..

Attachment Figure &
Attachment Hierarchy:
 “the target of the child’s attachment (Bergin & Bergin, 2015)---
“someone who provides support, protection, and
care” (Fraley, 2019). It is the person/s usually the mother
or any permanent caregiver with whom the child is
attached.
There may be one, two or more attachment figures in a
child’s life with some order of preference or an
attachment hierarchy (Bergin & Bergin, 2015, p. 232).
Concepts of The Theory

Monotropy:
Concepts. Continued…..

 Continual disruption of the attachment between
infant and primary caregiver (i.e., mother) could
result in long-term cognitive, social, and
emotional difficulties for that infant
(McLeod, 2017, Feb 05).

Critical Period:
 Attachment takes place during a critical
period.
A child should receive the continuous care
of his single most important attachment
figure for approximately the first two years
(2.5 yrs) of their lives
Bowlby later proposed a sensitive period of
up to 5 years (Tutor2u, 2018).
Main Points. Continued…..

“A style of interaction in which an
adult reads the child’s cues accurately
and responds promptly and
appropriately. (Bergin & Bergin, 2015)

“Any form of behavior that results in a
person achieving or maintaining a desired
proximity to an identified individual.” (Bowlby,
1988 as cited in Erdman & Ng, 2010).
…..an innate attachment- seeking behavior
(or social releasers): sucking, crying,
smiling, clinging, or looking into the
caregiver’s eyes…(Papalia et al., 2001)

Four Functions of Attachment
Behavior / Components/ Features of
Attachment
i. Proximity maintenance. to establish
and maintain contact with the
attachment figure;
ii. Separation protest. to resist
separations from the attachment
figure;
Concepts …Continued…..

iii. Secure Base:
“secure base” means that the attachment figure
acts as a dependable base of security from
which the child can explore the surrounding
environment. (Cherry, 2019, October 18; Studiosguy, 2019).
iv. Safe haven: (retreating when scared) “to
return to the attachment figure for comfort and
support…..whenever the child feels threatened
or afraid” (Studiosguy, 2019)
Concepts. (attachment behavior) Continued…..

Concepts..(attachment behavior) Continued…..
(Studiosguy, 2019)

..memories & expectations-based upon
daily interactions with attachment figure-
that children carry into new situations.
(Bergin & Bergin, 2015)
A cognitive framework comprising mental
representations for understanding the world,
self, and others. (Bretherton, & Munholland, 1999 as cited in
McLeod, 2017, Feb 5)

(Rights, Support and Wellbeing Team, 2014, October)
(Bear in mind, 2016, May 28)

Ainsworth devised an experimental technique
in 1978 to assess the attachment between
infants and an adult…
 … typically a mother and the infant-10 to 24
months old.
 Now SSP is the most common way to assess
attachment in toddlers and children up to age 6.
(APA, 2018; Papalia et al., 2001; Bergin & Bergin, 2015)

Ainsworth
explored Three
attachment
styles during
SSP
(Sudjarwadi, n.d.)

Typical 8 Episodes in SSP
(Bhatracharya et al.,2013, July 3)

Quick Review: Main Points / Terms
?Attachment figure & attachment hierarchy
?Monotropy & maternal deprivation hypothesis
?Critical Period
?Sensitive Responsiveness
?Attachment Behavior & Social releasers
?Functions / Components of attachment behavior:
(Proximity maintenance, Separation Protest, Secure
Base, Safe Haven)
?Internal working models (IWMs)
?Strange Situation Procedure (SSP)

Age Trends in Attachment /
Stages / Phases of Attachment
1 Infancy & Toddlerhood (Birth to 2 years):
…..very sensitive period for attachment.
4 overlapping stages of attachment behavior during the
first 02 year:
a. Pre-Attachment Stage (birth–6 weeks).
b. Indiscriminate Attachment (six weeks-6 to 8 months)..
attachment in making / in process.
c. Discriminate Attachment (6 to 8 months to 18 months-
2 Years)..clear cut attachment
d. Multiple attachments: (18 months-2 yrs & on) ……
Formation of Reciprocal Relationship”.
(Bowlby &Ainsworth, 1964 as cited in Papalia et al., 2001, p. 211)

2. Early & Middle Childhood (3 to 12 years):
…children outgrow separation distress…..After
age 3, most children are comfortable in strange
places with secondary attachment figure, like a
sibling or a teacher… (Bergin & Bergin, 2015)
3. Adolescence (13 to 19 years):
Adolescents usually avoid their parents…..However, the
attachment relationship remains very important through
adolescence.
Mothers are usually the primary attachment figure through
adolescence for teens with secure attachments
(Markiewicz et al., 2006 as cited in Bergin & Bergin, 2015)
Age trends / stages. Continued…..

Styles / Types / Patterns /Quality of
Attachment (Individual Differences)
Ainsworth, Bell & colleagues (1978) assessed the quality of
attachment with the SSP (Stranger Situation Procedure)
(about 100 American infants & their primary caregivers
found three main patterns of attachment:
i. Secure attachment
ii. Insecure-Avoidant attachment
iii.Insecure-Ambivalent (resistant) attachment
iv. 4th pattern was later identified by researchers Main
& Solomon (1986 as cited in Papalia et al., 2001) as
Insecure-“Disorganized-disoriented
attachment.

Styles of attachment. Continued…..
(Ayad, 2015, Aug 12)

(Ayad, 2015, Aug 12)

(Cherry, 2019, Oct 18)

Risk Factors:
Opportunity for attachment
Quality of caregiving
Infant characteristics/temperament
Family circumstances
 Parental internal working models
Other factors or threats
(Berk, 2006, p.423-428)

 Academic achievement
 Social Competence
 Stranger Anxiety
 Separation Anxiety
 Reactive Attachment
Disorder
 Other long term effects /
Predictions and Outcomes
(Papalia et al., 2001; Bergin &
Bergin, 2015)

Quick Review: Stages &
Styles of Attachment
?Age Trends in Attachment / Stages / Phases of
Attachment
?Styles / Types / Patterns /Quality of
Attachment (Individual Differences)
?Risk Factors
?Effects / problems of attachment

Criticism on Bowlby’s Theory:
Strengths
Lots of research support (empirical evidence)
Imprinting in animals is common
Attachment is universal. Evidence that all children make
attachments to the people that care for them
Tronick et al (1992) found that an African tribe with a
very different child rearing system to Western societies
still demonstrate one primary attachment
The Minnesota Longitudinal Study: Stroufe et al (2005)
found evidence that backed up Bowlby’s claim that the
type of attachment an infant had with its caregivers
influenced later emotional & social behavior.
(Mpape, 2011, Sep 11)

Weaknesses
Other attachment figure
Working Women & Day Care
 Overemphasis on Nurture
The stressful situation
Ignoring influence of Culture & ethnicity
Child’s temperament hypothesis
Cricism. Continued…..

Obvious teachings of Quran-o-hadeeth:
Attachment with Allah & Holy Prophet (S.A.AW.)-the
strongest spiritual secure base
Parent-child attachment:
Role of nature & nurture,
Role of feeding (especially 2 years),
Role of maternal and paternal warmth, love and
care for children- the strongest social secure base
Islamic Model of Attachment

Islamic Model of attachment. Continued…..
“The best women are the pious
women of Quraish who are
extremely loving towards their
children in childhood.”
(Mishkat, Muttafiq alaih)
Period of feeding / lactation /
fostering is two years as per
Quran-o-Hadith

“Give Due respect and
regard to your Children
and decorate them with
the best of manners.”

Muslim psychologists should work and present
an Islamic model of attachment regarding all
perspectives of attachment
It is suggested to use the Islamic model of
Attachment in our schools for a sound
personality development of our students

SECTION 3M
SCHOOL IMPLICATIONS
Of
ATTACHMENT THEORY

Attachment influences students’
school success. This is true of
students’ attachment to their
parents, as well to their teachers.
Each attachment style needs its
own approach and management.
School Implications of attachment theory. Continued…..

Secure Attachment:
(Golding et al., 2013as cited in Harris, n.d. ; Smith,n.d.)

Ask the child to help the teacher with specific
tasks
encourage child to seek help from adults
Play therapy: participate in highly structured
games but avoid those with strong
winning/losing element (eg team games)
Have the child work in pairs or small groups
with an adult
(Harris, n.d.)

Family counseling
structured writing tasks, mind-mapping, fast access
to resources
use concrete structured activities (‘do-able’ tasks)
use metaphors to describe emotions
demonstrate that child is held in mind (eg i was
thinking about you when...) ..+ve reinforcement,
appreciation
Gradually develop their ability to trust adults and
express themselves
(Harris, n.d.)

Break the task into smaller steps
Time management: Use of a timer to
delineate tasks and aid concentration;
Plan and prepare the child for beginnings,
separations and endings
Play therapy: Use board games to help
develop shared control and enjoyment 
Special objects to support transitions and to
reassure
Deep Breathing exercises

Have the pupil be responsible for a task
Small group work to improve social skills
and awareness
Identify a ‘Key person’
Family counseling: Involve the parent in the
pupil’s education
Emotional regulation: Gently teach the child
to regulate their emotions and build resilience
Study skills
(Harris, n.d.)

Family counseling & therapy
Needs a key attachment figure with whom to link
daily
frequent positive feedback in class / school
Avoid threats to safety & self-image
Reduce proximity and engagement in crisis
situations
Contain child’s emotions calmly and predictably
Relaxing exercise: Provide cool-down and
relaxation procedures including music and exercise

Give closed choices to allow limited control
Use concrete & mechanical activities in between work
tasks
Consistent boundaries, rules and routines – calm and
predictable
Time management: The use of diaries and sense of dates
and times and forthcoming events…Happy pyramid
Whole school practices of safety, reliability and
predictability.
Anger management… anger thermometer
Perspective taking…cost benefit analysis
(Harris, n.d.)

Emotional Coaching:
Emotion coaching is about helping children to
become aware of their emotions and to manage
their own feelings particularly during instances of
‘misbehavior……when behavior is challenging”
(National College for Teaching and Leadership, 2014 as cited in
Ackerman, 2019, November 11).

can be practiced by parents, teachers, or any significant adult
in a child’s life:
i. Tune in: Notice or become aware of your own and the
child’s emotions.
ii. Connect: Recognizing emotional times (situations) as
opportunities for intimacy and teaching
iii. Accept and Listen: Practice empathy. Listen Empathically
and Validate child’s feelings. Put yourself in the child’s
shoes

iv. Reflect: Once everyone is calm…..Reflect on what
happened and why it happened & Help child
verbally label emotions;
v. End with Problem Solving/Choices/Setting
Limits: Whenever possible, try to end the situation
by guiding or involving the child in problem-
solving
Note: for practical activity see activity & activity sheet by Ackerman,
2019 on https://positivepsychology.com/attachment-theory/
Dr. John Gottman (as cited in Ackerman, 2019)

Playfulness:
Acceptance
Curiosity: reflect upon the reasons
for their behavior
Empathy
(Harris, n.d.)

McConnell, D., & Bolton, J. (n.d.).

“The Teacher’s
Introduction to
Attachment: Practical
Essentials for School
Support Staff
(1st Edition)
by Nicola Marshall
available on
amazon.com

References

 Ackerman, C. E. (2019, Nov 11). What is Attachment Theory? Bowlby’s 4 Stages explained. Retrieved from October 29, 2019,
from https://positivepsychology.com/attachment-theory/
 American Psychological Association. (2018). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved on October 18, 2019, from
https://dictionary.apa.org/
 A2 Revision 101. (n.d.). Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. Retrieved on January 3, 2020, from
https://nclmoodle.org.uk/pluginfile.php/47072/mod_resource/content/0/Bowlbys-attachment-theory.pdf
 Ayad, A. (2015, Aug 12). Attachment Theory [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved on December 28, 2019 from
https://www.slideshare.net/yhia2294/attachment-theory-51542537
 Bath & North East Smerset Counsil Bath Spa University. (2014). An Introduction to Attachment. and the implications for Learning
and Behaviour. Retrieved on December 1, 2019, from https://www.bathspa.ac.uk/media/bathspaacuk/education-/research/digital-
literacy/education-resource-introduction-to-attatchment.pdf
 Bergin, C.C., & Bergin, D. A. (2015). Child and Adolescent Development in Your Classroom (2nd ed.). Australia: Cengage
Learning.
 Bergin, C., & Bergin, D. (2009, May). Attachment in the Classroom. Educ Psychol Rev, 21:141–170 DOI 10.1007/s10648-009-
9104-0. Retrieved on November 27, 2019, from https://edsource.org/wp-content/uploads/old/ClassroomAttachment.pdf
 Bhatracharya, J., Balan, P., Soni, S., & Choudhury, S. (2013, July 3). Theory of Attachment-John Bowlby [PowerPoint Slides].
Retrieved on November 1, 2019, from https://www.slideshare.net/preethibalan9/bowlbys-theory-of-attachment
 Camryn, G. (n.d.). Attachment Theory: Today, we will ask and answer 4 questions [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved on January 4,
2020, from https://www.slideserve.com/giles/attachment-theory-today-we-will-ask-and-answer-4-questions
 Currigan, S. (2019, June 24). A (simple) explanation of the 4 attachment styles. Retrieved on January 4, 2020, from
https://beaconschoolsupport.co.uk/newsletters/understanding-the-four-attachment-styles
References ..continued…..

 Cherry, K. (2019, October 18). Different Types of Attachment Styles. Retrieved on November 8, 2019, from
https://www.verywellmind.com/attachment-styles-2795344
 Cherry, K. (2019, July 17). Bowlby & Ainsworth: What Is Attachment Theory? The Importance of Early Emotional Bonds.
Retrieved on October 19, 2019 from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337
 DynaMed. (2018 Nov 30).Reactive Attachment Disorder. Retrieved on January 2, 2020, from from
https://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T913215.
 Flicker Hive Mind. (n.d.). Infants, Woods [digital Image]. Retrieved on January 4, 2020, from
https://hiveminer.com/Tags/infant,woods
 Game Smarts. (n.d.). Imprinting [digital image]. Retrieved on January 4, 2020, from
https://gamesmartz.com/definitions?definition=6300&imprinting
 Harado, M. (n.d.). Harry Harlow Attachment Theory [PowerPoint PPT Presentation]. Retrieved on Jan 1, 2020 from
https://www.slideserve.com/makoto/harry-harlow
 Harris, G. (n.d.). Attachment based classroom strategies [PowerPoint Slide]. Retrieved on December 1, 2019, From
https://www.therapeuticcommunities.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Dr-George-Harris-Attachment-classroom-strategies-
workshop.pdf
 Kagen, J. (n.d.). The One Thing that’s Missing from Attachment Theory Challenging a Therapeutic Cornerstone. Retrieved from
January 2, 2020, from https://www.psychotherapynetworker.org/blog/details/617/the-one-thing-thats-missing-from-attachment-
theory
 Kennedy, J. H., & Kennedy, C. E. (2004, Feb.). Attachment Theory: Implications for School Psychology. Psychology in the
Schools 41(2):247 – 259. Retrieved on November 29, 2019, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227662689_Attachment_theory_Implications_for_school_psychology
 Lee, E. J. (2003). The Attachment System Throughout the Life Course: Review and Criticisms of Attachment Theory. Retrieved
on October 29, 2019, from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/lee.html
 McConnell, D., & Bolton, J. (n.d.). Attachment Theory: Implications for the classroom [PowerPoint PPT Presentation]. Retrieved
on December 3, 2019, from https://www.slideserve.com/elijah-erickson/attachment-theory-implications-for-the-classroom
 McLeod, S. A. (2017, Feb 05a). Attachment theory. Simply Psychology. Retrieved on October 20, 2019, from
https://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html

 McLeod, S. A. (2017, Feb 05b). Bowlby’s Attachment theory. Simply Psychology. Retrieved on October 20, 2019, from
https://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html
 Mpape. (2017, Apr 25). Bowlby Maternal Deprivation [PowerPoint PPT slides]. Retrieved on January 4, 2020, from
https://www.slideshare.net/mpape/bowlby-maternal-deprivation
 Mpape. (2011, Sep 11). Bowlby evaluation [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved on January 2, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/mpape/bowlby-
evaluation
 Oxford University Press. (2019). Lexico Online Dictionary. Retrieved on November 5, 20219, from
https://www.lexico.com/?search_filter=dictionary
 Page, J. (2016). The Legacy of John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. In David, T., Goouch, K., & Powell, S. (Ed.), The Routledge International
Handbook of Philosophies and Theories of Early Childhood Education and Care [E-reader version](pp 80-90). Retrieved on October 28, 2019,
from
https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=QuKoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=Bowlby%E2%80%99s+critics+have+strongly+refuted+his
+claims+about+the+centrality+of+the+mother%E2%80%99s+role;&source=bl&ots=m6B2Rfo7sj&sig=ACfU3U2PXsydBl7q1QmrkWmUId7vlF7
L1w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjC7LDkpefmAhWnxIUKHTPGC34Q6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Bowlby%E2%80%99s%20critics%
20have%20strongly%20refuted%20his%20claims%20about%20the%20centrality%20of%20the%20mother%E2%80%99s%20role%3B&f=fals
e
 Page, J. (n.d.). The Legacy of John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. Retrieved from October 28, 2019, from
http://eprints.brighton.ac.uk/18244/1/Chapter%209%20Jools%20Page%20-
%20Bowlby%20%26%20Attachment%20theory%20%28%20Authors%20final%29.pdf
 Papalia, D.E., Olds, S. W., & Feldman, R. D. (2001). Human Development 8th ed.). New York: Mc Graw Hill.
 Smith, M. (n.d.). An Introduction to Attachment-Implications for School Leadership [PowerPoint Slides]. Retreived on December 2, 2019, from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5265321/
 Sudjarwadi, Y. (n.d.). Mary Ainsworth Attachment Theory of Development [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved on December 12, 2019, from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14757609/
 The BoyeFamily Jewels (n.d.). Baby girl gets lost in the woods [digital image]. Retrieved on January 4, 2020, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEXp7csBbUk
 Trimble, D. E. (2017, March 9). Assessment of Adult Attachment and its relationship Attachment to God. Paper presented at the 1st
International Conference on Clinical Psychology and the Developing World: Issues, Challenged and Solutions, UMT, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abstract retrieved on January 5, 2020, from
http://admin.umt.edu.pk/Media/Site/icp1/FileManager/1stInternationalConference/Final%20Abstract%20Book%20from%20ICP.pdf
 Tutor2u. (2018). Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment. Retrieved on November 12, 2019, from
https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/bowlbys-theory-of-attachment

Kew Words (Quick review)
 Attachment  Attachment behavior
 Attachment hierarchy  Attachment theory
 Attachment Figure  Avoidant attachment
 Ambivalent attachment  Bonding
 Caregiver (Primary,
Secondary
 Critical period
 Discriminate Attachment
stage
 Disorganized attachment
 Imprinting  Indiscriminate Attachment stage
 Internal Working Models
(IWMs)
 Maternal Deprecation Hypothesis
 Monotropy  Multiple attachments
 Proximity maintenance  Reactive Attachment Disorder
 Pre-attachment stage  Secure base
 Sensitive responsiveness  Separation anxiety
 Separation Protest  Social releasers
 Strange Situation Procedure
(SSP)
 Stranger anxiety

Any Questions?

Thank You

Attachment Theory, Description & Implications for Schools

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Attachment Theory, Description & Implications for Schools

Similar to Attachment Theory, Description & Implications for Schools (11)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Attachment Theory, Description & Implications for Schools