Computer Application Chapter One

1. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER
Eng Awil A. Mohamed

2. What is Computer
• Computer is an electronic device that can accept data (input),
process the data and produce information (output) and store
it for future use.

3. Modern Computers

4. Computer Components
o Any kind of computer contains Hardware and
Software.

5. Hardware
o Collection of physical elements that constitutes a
computer. Examples of hardware are: Mouse,
Keyboard, display, Speaker motherboard,
Processor, Hard-disk, Ram, Rom, Cards.

6. Hardware Components

7. 1. Input Devices
o Input Divice is a peripheral device that transelates
data. (Mouse, keyboard, Scanner)

8. 2. Output Devices
o Output Devise is an electronic device that
converts the electronically generated
information into human readable form.

9. 3. Central Processing Unit
o CPU is the brain of the computer and
responsible for all functions and processes.
 Parts of the CPU
o Arithmetic Logic Unit: Executes all
arithmetic and logical operations.
o Control Unit: controls and co-ordinates
computer components.
o Registers: Stores the data that is to be
executed next, "very fast storage area".

10. Central Processing Unit

11. 4. Computer Memories / Storage
o Computer memories are classified into
Primary and Secondery.
 Primary Memories
o Random Access Memory(RAM) and Read
Only Memory (ROM) .
o Ram: is a memory that stores data on a
temporary basis. It is Volatile in nature.
o Rom: is a permanent memory of storage.
Non volatile in nature and the data cannot
be modified.

12.  Secondery Memories
o Stores data and programs permanently.
o Its retained after the power is turned off.
o Hard drive(HD): stores and provides
relatively quick access to large amounts of
data on an electromagnetically charged
surface or set of surfaces.

13. o Optical Disk: is a disk drive that uses laser
light as part of the process of reading or
writing data to or from optical discs. (CD,
DVD and Blue Ray)
o Flash Drive: A storage module made of flash
memory chips.
o The disk storage structure is emulated.

14. Comparison Between Secondery and Primary

15. Software
o Software is a generic term for organized
collections of computer data and
instructions, often broken into two :
System software and Application software.

16.  System Software:
o is responsible for controlling, integrating,
and managing the individual hardware
components of a computer system so that
other softwares and the users of the system
see it as a functional unit.

17.  Application Software
o is used to accomplish specific tasks other
than just running the computer system.
o It may contain a single program, collection
of programs (package), larger collection
programs (suite) or software system
(Database Management System

18. Computer Languages
o Python
o JavaScript
o Java
o C#
o C
o C++
o PHP
o Dart
o Perl
o Kotlin
o Scala
o Swift

19. Units of Measurement
 Storage Measurement
o The basic unit used in computer data
storage is called a bit (binary digit).
Computers use these little bits, which are
composed of ones and zeros, to do things
and talk to other computers.

20. Units of Measurement…
 Speed Measurement
o The speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU)
is measured by Hertz (Hz), Which represent
a CPU cycle. The speed of CPU is known as
Computer Speed.
o 1Hz = 1cycle per second
o 1MHz = 1000 KHz (1M Cycle/Second)
o 1GHz = 1000 MHz (1B Cycle/Second)

21. Computer Classifications
o Computers can be generally classified by
size and power as follows, though there is
Considerable overlap.
 Personal Computer
o A small, single-user computer based on a
microprocessor.
o Which has a keyboard, monitor and display.

22.  Personal Computer
o A small, single-user computer based on a
microprocessor.
o Which has a keyboard, monitor and display.

23.  Workstation
o A powerful, single-user computer.
o A workstation is like a personal computer,
but it has a more powerful microprocessor
and a higher-quality monitor.

24.  Mini Computer
 A multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.

25.  Mainframe Computer
 A powerful multi-user computer capable of
supporting many hundreds or thousands of
users simultaneously.

26.  Super Computer
o An extremely fast computer that can
perform hundreds of millions of instructions
per second.

27. Laptop and Smartphone Computers
 Laptops
o is a battery or AC-powered personal computer that
can be easily carried and used in a variety of locations.
 Smartphones
o A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is
designed to run a variety of applications in addition to
phone service.
o Used for web browsing, watching, reading e-books,
playing games and more.

28. Data, Information and Knowledge
 Data
o Facts and figures which relay something
specific, but which are not organized in any
way and which provide no further
information regarding patterns, context,
etc.
 Information
o Data become information when it is
contextualized, categorized, calculated and
condensed.

29. o Essentially information is found "in answers to
questions that begin with such words as who,
what, where, when, and how many".
 Knowledge
o Knowledge is closely linked to doing and
implies know-how and understanding.
o The knowledge possessed by each individual is
a product of his experience.

30. Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom

31. Characteristics of Computer
 Speed
o The computer can process data very fast, at
the rate of millions of instructions per
second.
 Accuracy
o Computer provides a high degree of
accuracy
 Diligence
o When used for a longer period of time, the
computer does not get tired or fatigued.

32. Characteristics of Computer…
 Storage Capability
o Large volumes of data and information can
be stored in the computer and also
retrieved whenever required
 Versatility
o Computer is versatile in nature.
o It can perform different types of tasks with
the same ease.

33. Computer Problems
 Computer is Not Starting
o A computer that suddenly shuts off or has
difficulty starting up could have a failing
power supply.
 Accuracy
o If you are having troubles booting Windows,
then you may have to reinstall it with the
Windows recovery disk or another
Windows.

34. Computer Problems…
 Screen is Frozen
o When you computer freezes, you may have
no other option than to reboot and risk
losing any unsaved work
 Computer is Slow
o If your computer is slower than normal, you
can often fix the problem simply by cleaning
the hard disk of unwanted files.

35. Computer Problems…
 Noisy Computer
o A lot of noise coming from your computer is
generally a sign of either hardware
malfunction or a noisy fan.
 Overheating
o If it lacks a sufficient cooling system, then
the computer’s components may start to
generate excess heat during operation.
o turn it off and let it rest.

36. Malicious Software
o Malicious Software always known as
Malware is any software that causes damage
or harm to computers.
o It can be a Virus, Worms, Trojan Horse,
Spyware.
 Computer Virus
o A virus is a malicious software which self-
replicates and attaches itself to other
files/programs.

37. Malicious Software…
 Worms
o Worms spread over a network and are
capable of launching a cumbersome and
destructive attack within a short period.
 Trojan Horse
o Is a type of Malware that looks legitimate
but when you install can damage or control
your computer.

38. Malicious Software…
 Spyware/Adware
o Spyware secretly records information about
a user and forwards it to third parties.
o Adware as the name interprets displays
advertising banners while a program is
running.
 Rootkit
o Is a Malicious that hidden inside a PC and
allow hackers to take control of your PC.

39. Real Trojan Horse

40. Avoiding Malicious Problems
o Install antivirus software.
o Regularly update the software.
o Regularly Scan your computer and other
attached drives such as flash disks.
o Don’t click on suspicious links or download
attachment from unknown sources.
o Install firewall or activate the windows
firewall.
o Back up your data regularly.

41. THE END CHAPTER ONE