The lymph node examination is performed with circular motion, identifying pain, and swollen ganglia or induration. For the anterior cervical lymph node exam, palpate the lymph nodes in the neck using circular motion over the underlying tissues in each area.
2. Anatomy of neck
The neck consists of seven
cervical vertebrae, supporting
structures like muscles, blood
vessels, and nerves. Key
components include the
trachea, esophagus,
and thyroid gland.
3. I. Submental and submandibular
nodes.
II. Upper third sternocleidomastoid
(SCM) muscle.
III. Middle third SCM (between hyoid
and cricoid.
IV. Lower third SCM (between cricoid
and clavicle).
V. Posterior to SCM (posterior
triangle).
VI. Midline from hyoid to
manubrium.
Cervical lymph node levels
8. Examination of neck
Intro (WIIPPPPEE)
Wash your hands
Introduce yourself
Identity of patient – confirm
Permission (consent and explain examination)
Pain?
Position sitting in chair with room behind the chair for the examiner to stand
Privacy
Expose neck and clavicles (patient may need to tie hair back/ remove
necklace)Equipment – have a glass of water to hand
9. Inspection
From front and sides
Lumps/ asymmetry
Scars (thyroidectomy/ parathyroidectomy scars
using a pen torch)
Skin changes, facial plethora (SVC obstruction)
Distended neck veins (SVC obstruction)
If a neck lump is seen: Ask patient to1) swallow (a
thyroid lump or thyroglossal cyst) 2)tongue
protrusion (thyroglossal cyst)
Palpation
Palpate: anterior
Trachea (For tracheal deviation)
Carotid pulse (one side at a time)
Palpate: posterior Explain to the patient that you
will be moving behind them to palpate their neck.
Take this opportunity to inspect the back of the
neck.
Thyroid gland Palpate one lateral lobe at a time
then isthmus (nodules and thrills)Ask the patient
the swallow Anterior and posterior triangles
Parotid glands
Lymph nodes
Percussion
Over sternum for retrosternal goiter)
Auscultation
Carotid bruits
Thyroid bruits
Any other neck lumps (if pulsatile with bruit
suspect carotid artery aneurysm
10. Thyroglossal Cyst
Most common congenital neck mass
50% present before age 20 Midline (75%) or near midline
(25%)
Elevates on swallowing/protrusion of tongue
Surgery
11. Branchial cyst
Cystic mass
Behind the anterior margin of the SCM muscle, below mandible
Remnant of 2nd Branchial clefts
Appear at any age (mostly 15-25)
Painless swelling
Hard, smooth, not very mobile
Full of yellowish golden material, cholesterol crystals Can not be reduced or
compressed May have small sinus tract into tonsillar fossae No associated LAP
12. Branchial fistula (or sinus)
First branchial fistula
Second branchial fistula
Third branchial fistula
Fourth branchial fistula
If its end is closed it is called a sinus.
Ranula
Cystic swelling floor of mouth(ranula little frog)
Mucus extravasations from sublingual salivary gland
May extend through FOM muscles into neck "plunging ranula"
13. Rare tumor of the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body (chemodectoma)
40-60 years of age
Painless slowly growing pulsating lump
Upper part of the ant triangle
Solid, hard, pulsating spherical or irregular mass
Can move from side to side but not up and down
Carotid body tumor
14. Cystic hygroma (lymphangioma)
Collection of lymphatic sacs which contain clear colorless lymph
Congenital
Present at birth or within the first years of life
Commonly found at the base of the neck, occupying large space
Lobulated and flattened cysts
Smooth and very close to skin and contain clear fluid
transillumination
15. Lymphoma
Site: any cervical lymph node, common in posterior triangle
No tenderness
Solid and rubbery
Smooth, discrete and well defined (not matted)
Mobile