This document discusses life essentials and health in Nepal. It covers the basics of cells and how they multiply and differentiate to form organisms. It describes the three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - and what types of tissues each forms. Examples covered include the pulmonary system, skin, hair, nails and teeth. Health threats like air pollution and tobacco smoking are also discussed. The effects of smoking include increased risk of lung cancer, bronchitis and emphysema. First aid techniques for foreign objects, bleeding and CPR are presented.

1. LIFE
ESSENTIALS
Happy
and Healthy
in Nepal
Aune Greggas

2. LIFE ESSENTIALS
• Life is unique
• Cell
• Skin
• Pulmonary system
• Health threats
AuneGreggas

3. LIFE IS UNIQUE
Life is unique and a great mystery from
the smallest unit of the living organism, a cell.
Living organisms are:
• Human beings
• Animals
• Plants
• Microorganisms
AuneGreggas

4. Microorganisms
Microorganisms can be made of only one cell.
Already they have all what is needed for life.
To them belong:
• Bacteria
• Virus
Many of them are harmful.
However there are also
many beneficial microorganisms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg

5. Plants
Also plants are living organisms although
they cannot move from
one place to another.
To plants belong:
• Algae, mosses, ferns
• Fungi (mushrooms etc.))
• Seed plants (grains,
flowers, trees etc.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote

6. Human beings and animals
The cells of the human beings and the animals
are quite similar to plant cells but not identical.
Organelles are labeled as follows:
1. Nucleolus
2. Nucleus
3. Ribosome
4. Vesicle
5. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
6. Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
7. Cytoskeleton
8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
9. Mitochondrion
10. Vacuole
11. Cytosol
12. Lysosome
13. Centriole
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

7. CELL
• Every cell is a miracle.
• A cell includes all the
needed elements for
sustaining life: all the
functions to produce, to
store or to use energy.
• In every cell (not in the
blood cells) can all the
genetic material be found.
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8. Cell division
• Every living being has its beginning in one cell.
• Mitosis is a name for a cell division to two
similar cells.
• Meiosis is a name for a cell division to four
different cells, so called gametes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis

9. Cell multiplication
• When the gametes from the mother and
from the father meet, the new cell they now
form begins to divide and makes:
• 2 – 4 – 8 –16 – cells
• Morula
• Early blastocyst
• Expanded blastocyst
http://thecaterpillardiaries.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/embryodevelopment.jpg

10. Cell differentiation
Very soon the cells
begin to differentiate.
The innermost cells
become lungs, glands
and intestines, the
middle cells to
skeleton and muscles,
the outmost cells to
skin and nerves etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis

11. Embryogenesis
• The differentiation of the cells to different
kinds of functions in the living organism is
called embryogenesis.
In embryogenesis:
• The inner cells are called the endoderm
• The middle cells the mesoderm
• The outer cells the ectoderm

12. Endoderm (inner)
• Lungs
• Glands
• Digestion
Hideo Ithiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system

13. Mesoderm (middle)
• Muscles
• Heart, veins, kidneys
• Skeleton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system
http://www.foxriverwatch.c
om/kidney_works.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton

14. Ectoderm (outer)
• Brains and nerves
• Skin and pigment cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system
http://en.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/Human_brain
AuneGreggas

15. SKIN
Skin includes
• Epidermis, dermis
and subcutis
• Hair follicles, hair
shafts and Sebaceous
follicles
• Nails
• Teeth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland

16. Hair
• Hair is mainly composed of keratin.
• Keratin assembles in ropelike filaments.
• The structure of filaments makes hair strong.
http://www.mbcosmetics.fi/kuvat/particles.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair

17. Goose pumps
• Beside every hair
shaft there is a
muscle.
• When the human
being feels cold
or is afraid the
skin gets goose
pumps.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_bumps

18. Eyelashes
• Eyelashes and
eyebrows help to
protect the eyes
from dust, dirt, and
sweating.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair

19. Nails
• Nails protect finger tips
and toe tips and make
them more sensitive.
Besides fingernails can
be used as tools.
• This injured fingertip
with a broken nail will
be healed in about two
months.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)

20. Teeth
• Also the teeth are made of the outer layer, the
ectoderm.
• However functionally they belong to the
digestive system, because they are used to
grind the food.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_(human)

21. PULMONARY SYSTEM
• Pulmonary system is
called also respiratory
system.
• It includes nasal cavity,
pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi,
bronchiolis and lungs.
• It secures that the
organism gets oxygen. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_system

22. Alveoli
• Lungs have thousands
of alveoli.
• They are air sacks full
of blood veins.
• In them carbon dioxide
is changed to oxygen.
• If opened, their area
will be about 2 ropani.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveoli

23. Respiration
• Respiration has two
phases:
• Inhalation
• Expiration
• The diaphragm and
rib muscles are used
in both and the rib
cage follows. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/499530/human-respiration

24. Oxygen circulation
• Oxygen is needed when
the energy required in
the body is produced.
• Oxygen is released
when chloroplasts use
light energy to make
sugars etc. of carbon
dioxide and water in
the plant. http://readerfeedback.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

25. HEALTH THREATS
• Air can be filthy
(exhaust fumes,
smoke from
fireplaces or
forest fires or
tobacco smoke).
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26. Tobacco Smoke
• Tobacco smoke is worst:
• several thousand
poisonous
substances, for
example tar.
• Tar can cause cancer.
• Which lungs would you
like to have?
HideoIchiki,D.D.S.,Smokingspoilshealth
HideoIchiki,D.D.S.,Smokingspoilshealth
Non-smoker Smoker

27. Smoking
• One of the largest health threats.
• 3.000.000 deaths in a year in the world.
• 16.000 deaths in a year in Nepal.
STATUTORY
DIRECTIVE:
SMOKING IS
INJURIOUS
TO HEALTH
Aune Greggas / Lalitpur 2009

28. Effects of tobacco smoking
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Myocardial
infarction
• Brain bleeding
based on
atherosclerosis
• Cancers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking

29. Smoking and lung cancer
• There is a clear statistical connection
between tobacco smoking and lung cancer.
• It is not seen straight away.
• It takes about 20 years
to get lung cancer.
• When smoking decreases
there are less cancers.
• It is always worth to stop smoking.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer

30. Make a
promise:
”I will
never
smoke”
• Help Nepal to become a tobacco free nation.
• If you still smoke, it is worth to stop smoking.
• Do it now, your body can repair itself.
HETIP

31. Learn to take care of scars
• Wash your hands.
• Disinfect the scar.
• Pick up all the foreign things from the scar.
• Take the patient to the doctor, if … it needs to
be sewed (it has to happen in 6—10 hours).
• In larger scars ask
Tetanus vaccine
to prevent lock-jaw.

32. Learn how to bind
http://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/xmedia/spr/Kuva7.10.jpg
Keep high,
keep cold
and
keep tight.
Hand
Arm
Feet
Ankle
Support
bandage
Chin
//
http://images.coronaria.fi/8095345.jpg
http://www.oulunomahoito.fi/?page=5226444&id=spr00008
http://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/xmedia/spr/K
uva6.6.jpghttp://www.redcross.fi/ensiapu/e
nsiapuohjeet/fi_FI/index/
http://ohjelma.partio.fi/im
ages/7/7b/Tapaturmat.gif

33. A foreign thing in the throat
• Bend down and
beat on the back
between the
shoulder blades.
• If it does not help,
take with both
hands around the
waist and squeeze
quickly.
• Continue until the
piece of food etc.
flows away.
http://www.redcross.fi/ensiapu/ensiapuohjeet/fi_FI/vierasesine/

34. Learn to give first help
Try to wake up Open the airways Is he breathing? If not:
30 x push
(strong)
30 x push
(strong)
2 x blow (secure that the
blow goes in the lungs)
http://turvaopas.pelastustoimi.fi/lyhyt-ensiapuopas.html
Continue until help comes.

35. Life is a great miracle.
It is invaluable.
It is worth to save.
Choose always what is best for life!
Aune Greggas

36. We thank
• The Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland
• ADRA Finland, ETRA Association, Finlands
Svenska Adventkyrka, Aune Greggas, Finland
• Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Kavre, Sundar
Thapa, Uma Thapa, Pratigya Ranjit, UPPP team
• Wikipedia, Wikimedia, Red Cross (Finland),
Encyclopedia Britannica, nbcosmetics.fi, NCBI,
Catepillar diaries, Terveyskirjasto, Partio, Hideo
Ichiki