1. COMPREHENSION
Group #2
Farzeen Tahir 20011598-061
Ateeqa Kokab 20011598-065
Iman Khalid 20011598-071
Hannan Haider 20011598-086
Zayn Ali 20011598-097
2. COMPREHENSION:
Comprehension is the ability' to understand or grasp meaning from
any type of written material
Comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of what is
read
Comprehension exercises require a student to show understanding
of the information in the given passage
Comprehension is the thinking done during, without hurrying
through it
3. WHAT DO STUDENTS NEED TO DO?
Students may be required to give or recognize
Synonyms for words in the passage
Answer questions about the content
Infer implied meaning, rewrite sentences in a different
construction
Summarize the main ideas, or interpret charts or graphs. This
ability is higher than the simple remembering of material.
4. TIPS FOR COMPREHENSION:
o Read the passage given carefully two or three times if
necessary, till you understand clearly, its subject or themes
and what is said about the subject or main themes.
o Ask yourself, ‘what does the author say about the subject’?
5. READING CAREFULLY
Read the questions one by one carefully, and find out whether
you fully understand them.
Now take up the first question and find out to which part of
the passage it refers to.
Then take up the other question and find out the parts of the
passage they refer to.
6. PRODUCTIVITY & EXAMINATION
o Now write answers to questions in your own words.do not
adopt the language of given passage, the answers should be
brief and to the point. No attempt should be made to show
one’s knowledge by saying things that are not included in the
original passage.
o Revise your answers and examine them carefully to see that
they are clear and complete. If an answer is too long, you
must further compress it by omitting unnecessary details or
by remolding sentences.
7. GRAMMAR & PUNCTUATION
Correct all mistakes in spelling, grammar and idiom and see
that your sentences are properly punctuated
let the answer be simple and direct
The ability to read properly and understand not only the
general sense of a given passage but its particular implications
is becoming more important in modern education.
8. LEVEL OF COMPREHENSION
There are three levels of understanding in reading
comprehension:
Literal meaning
Inferential meaning
Evaluative meaning
9. LITERAL MEANING:
Literal meaning is simply what the text says. It is what actually
happens in the story. This is a very important level of
understanding because it provides the foundation for more
advanced comprehension. Without understanding the
material on this level, you could not go any farther.
Here are examples of the type of information that could be
identified as literal meaning:
The main idea
Stated facts
The sequence of events
Characters in the story
10. INFERENTIAL COMPREHENSION
Inferential meaning involves determining what the text means.
You start with the stated information. This information is then
used to determine deeper meaning that is not explicitly
stated. Determining inferential meaning requires you to think
about the text and draw a conclusion.
Here are examples of the type of information that could be
identified as inferential meaning:
Generalization
Cause & effects relationships
Future Predictions
Unstated main idea
11. EVALUATING MEANING
Evaluative comprehension requires the reader to move
beyond the text to consider what they think and believe in
relation to the message in the text.
Evaluating is a reading strategy that is conducted during and
after reading. This involves encouraging the reader to form
opinions, make judgments, and develop ideas from reading.
Teachers can create evaluative questions that will lead the
student to make generalizations about and critically evaluate a
text.
12. DIFFICULTIES IN COMPREHENSION
Comprehension relies on mastery of decoding; children who
struggle to decode find it difficult to understand and
remember what has been read. Because their efforts to grasp
individual words are so exhausting, they have no resources
left for understanding.
Signs of comprehension difficulty:
confusion about the meaning of words and sentences
inability to connect ideas in a passage
omission of, or glossing over detail
difficulty distinguishing significant information from minor
details
lack of concentration during reading
13. SIX ESSENTIAL SKILLS NEEDED FOR READING
COMPREHENSION
Decoding -Students use this skill to sound out words they’ve
heard before but haven’t seen written out
Fluency - To read fluently, kids need to instantly recognize
words, including words they can’t sound out
Vocabulary -To understand what you’re reading, you need to
understand most of the words in the text
Sentence construction and cohesion -Understanding how
sentences are built might seem like a writing skill
14. CONT.
Reasoning and background knowledge -to have background
or prior knowledge about the word when they read
Working memory and attention - Working memory allows
students to hold on to that information and use it to gain
meaning and build knowledge from what they’re reading.
15. KEY TAKEAWAYS
Decoding, fluency, and vocabulary skills are key to reading
comprehension
Being able to connect ideas within and between sentences
helps kids understand the whole text
Reading aloud and talking about experiences can help kids
build reading skills
