balance diet by Rajendra public school, Sirsa Haryana

1. Rajendra Public School, Panjuwana
Topic: Sporting Performance on Food
Submitted By:
Yashpreet
Parshil
Supriya
Class 11 Science

2. AGE
Age affects physical maturity which in turn,
affects performance:
 Flexibility – Decrease with age.
 Strength – Increases till fully grown.
 Oxygen Capacity – Decreases with
age.
 Skill Level – Can improve with age.
 Recovery from injury - Takes longer
as get older.
Age divisions overcome this problem.
PHYSIQUE/BODY TYPE
Somatotype may determine which sport you
may find easier or more difficult:
Endomorph
Wide hips, shoulders and high body fat.
Suitable for Weightlifter. Unsuitable for Weight
bearing exercise such as cross country running
Mesomorph
Broad shoulders with muscular arms and legs.
Suitable for a football player. Sprinter etc.
Ectomorph
Narrow shoulders and hips. Thin lean build
with little body fat. Suitable for Ballet dancer, a
gymnast, long distance runner etc. Unsuitable
for Power/strength sports.
TRAINING
Level of participation
The higher the level, the more training
required
Available Time
Professionals have the most time available
for training because participation is their full
time commitment. Amateurs have to fit in a
high level of training with competing
demands.
Available Funds
The more funds available, the better training
will be, e.g. better facilities and equipment,
GENDER
There are a number of physical differences
between men and women:
 Physique –Women generally smaller and
higher % of fat.
 O2 carrying capacity –Lower for women
due to smaller heart and lungs.
 Strength and Power – Lower for women
due to less muscle mass.
 Hormone Imbalance –Affects women due
to menstruation.
 Metabolic rate –Lower for females due to
higher % body fat and lower muscle mass.
Opportunities for females are increasing
CULTURE
Positive Impact on Participation
Some ethnic groups are interested in certain
sports, which can encourage participation.
Negative Impact on Participation
 Single sex rules
 Strict dress code
 Traditional values followed
Individual
Differences
Disability
Four categories: physical, mental, permanent,
temporary
Facilities legally have to cater for disabled
people:
Access (widened doorways, wheelchair access
and ramps), parking (disabled bays), provision
(disabled toilets, activities).
Sporting adaptations:
All sports can be adapted to cater for specific
needs, e.g. wheelchair basketball and football
for the blind (ball-bearing in ball)
Disability classifications:
Exist for all activities to make competition fair
Opportunities for disabled people are
increasing # 400 took part in 1960 Olympics. In
2012 4,00 athletes took part.
Activity Levels
Competitive or Recreational
Competitive activities require a higher level of
commitment due to training and competition.
Professional competitors focus on their
sport/activity full time.
Performance Level
As the level increases, more commitment is
required.
Individual Factors
May influence the demands placed on them,
e.g. age – younger people tend to have more
time available for participation.
Benefits to the Participant
The level of participation affects the benefits
received, e.g. health benefits of high level
competition are greater than infrequent
recreation.
Risk and Challenge
Some people participate in physical activity for
the element of risk or challenge.
OAA activities such as rock climbing and white
water rafting have challenges and risk.
Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the
level of risk and check there are no potential
dangers
Risk Control: Its important to continue the
activity safely after initial assessment. This is
the responsibility of the participants (correct
clothing, not wearing jewellery), and
Environment
Weather: Affect ability to train
Pollution: High levels of pollution are serious
health risk.
Altitude: Living and training at high altitude can be
advantageous, particularly for endurance events.
Humidity: High levels of humidity and heat make it
difficult to keep the body cool and increase
dehydration

3. What is fatigue? A state of
extreme tiredness resulting from
extreme exertion; can be physical
or mental
What is stress? The body’s reply
to a change requiring physical,
mental or emotional adjustment
Consequences of Fatigue
• Muscular fatigue can
cause you to have to
stop the activity
completely
• Decline in concentration
levels
• Make mistakes
• Incorrect execution of
techniques
• Can lead to injury if you
don’t stop Who experiences
stress?
More commonly
experienced by
individual performers
due to increased focus
on that person, but
also experienced in
team games.
Negative feedback/Criticism
Participants that are
fatigued may appear to
spectators to not be putting
enough effort in, and are
subject to criticism
Boredom/Tedium
Participants who
get bored during
training or practice
are less likely to
achieve in their
sport
Link between Stress
and Anxiety
Feelings of anxiety
can increase
tension and
agitation
Consequences of Stress
• Aggression
• Increased arousal
• Muscle tightness
(caused by
excitement, suspense
or nervousness)
• Decline in motivation
Fatigue and
Stress
Abide by the Rules
Players should ensure
that they follow the
rules of their sport to
help prevent injury to
others.
There are specific rules
for safety, e.g. no slide
tackling in rugby.
‘Play Safe’ policies in
schools are in place to
ensure activities are
taught in line with
safety legislation.
Lifting and Carrying
It is important to use the
correct technique when
lifting or carrying to avoid
injury.
Bend the knees, keep the
back straight and keep the
object close to your body.
If something is too heavy to
carry on your own, get help
Health,
Safety and
Well-Being
of Others
Footwear
Some sports require
specific footwear to be
worn for safety and
practicality:
Athletics: track runners
must wear spiked shoes
Games: studs need to be
worn on grass to prevent
player slipping
Gymnastics: no footwear
Clothing
Most sports have a kit that must be worn
for competition, but any suitable
clothing can be worn to training.
Some sports have specific requirements,
e.g. loose clothing can not be worn
during trampolining in case it gets
caught, and outdoor adventure activities
may require warm, waterproof clothing
to be worn to prevent getting too cold,
etc.
Equipment
Almost all sports
require safety
equipment to be
worn.
e.g. ice hockey
players must wear a
Rules Relating to Sport
and Equipment
The Demands of Performance
Causes of Injury
• Incorrect execution of technique
can lead to injury to the individual
or their opponent, e.g. going in for
a sliding tackle.
• Overuse injuries caused by over
training, e.g. tennis elbow.
• Sudden injuries caused by
movements such as stretching and
twisting, e.g. damage to ACL
during a netball pivot.
• Foul play from the opponent, e.g.
pulling shirt
• Impact injuries, e.g. with
equipment or playing surface
• Equipment/clothing: faulty
equipment or badly fitting clothing,
e.g. football boots causing blisters.
• Accidents: accidents occur, despite
precautions to try to prevent them.
How can Injury be
prevented?
• Carry out and follow a
risk assessment
• Carry out a warm-up
• Enforce and follow code
of conduct
• Wear the
correct safety
equipment/
clothing
Injur
y

4. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the
heart (always oxygenated
apart from the pulmonary
artery which goes to the
lungs)
• Have thick muscular walls
• Have small passageways for
blood (internal lumen)
• Contain blood under high
pressure
Veins
• Carry blood to the heart
(always de-oxygenated apart
from the pulmonary vein
which goes from the lungs to
the heart)
• Have thin walls
• Have larger internal lumen
• Contain blood under low
pressure
• Have valves to prevent blood
Capillaries
• Found in the muscles and
lungs
• Microscopic – one cell thick
• Very low blood pressure
• Where gas exchange takes
place. Oxygen passes
through the capillary wall
and into the tissues, carbon
dioxide passes from the
tissues into the blood
Functions
• Transports nutrients and waste
• Delivers oxygen to the working
muscles
• Removes heat (temperature
regulation)
• Dilutes/carries away lactic acid
(acidic balance)
Cardiovascular Endurance:
The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory system
to supply oxygen and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate for a
considerable length of time.
Effects of Exercise
• Increase in breathing rate
• Increase in heart rate
• Increase in blood pressure
Testing CV
Endurance
• Resting pulse rate – lower it is
the better your endurance
• Pulse recovery rate – the
quicker HR returns to normal,
resting rate, the higher your
endurance levels are.

5. Characteristics and Benefits of Leisure and
Recreation
• Leisure time refers to the time left over after eating,
sleeping, school, work, etc. when you can choose what
you would like to do.
• Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy yourself,
and is a good opportunity to do something active and
healthy.
• Physical recreation refers to participating for intrinsic
rather than extrinsic reward. For example, participating
for health benefits.
• Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an element
of challenge, such as climbing, caving and white water
rafting, in which you have to cope with the natural
environment.
• Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on
throughout life, such as swimming, and allow maximum
benefit gained.
• Being active during leisure time helps people to live a
healthy lifestyle.
Leisure and Recreation
In recent years, there has been an increase in opportunities
for leisure time due to:
• Greater unemployment, giving people more free time.
• Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work
earlier and therefore have more time in the evenings.
• Advances in technology, such as labour-saving devices
like washing machines, allowing more time to be spent
on leisure activities rather than household chores.
The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs)
have grown to meet the increased demand for leisure
provision.
Specific ‘user’ groups have been identified and the leisure
industry has targeted their provision at them. For example,
mothers and toddlers, unemployed people and shift
workers.
Fairness and Personal and Social Responsibility
Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the correct way
and following the unwritten rules.
Some examples are:
• Kicking the ball out of play when a player goes down
injured
• Shaking hands with opponents before and after a game
• Bowing to your opponent in certain martial arts
• Respecting the official’s decisions
• Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the game
This allows the games to be played fairly and safely.

6. Maintaining
a balanced
diet
The nutrients that make up a balanced diet
are shown in the ‘eat well’ plate below
Dietary Imbalance
If you do not maintain a balanced diet, it
could lead to dietary imbalance:
• Malnutrition – insufficient nutrient
intake causing physical weakness
• Obesity – overweight caused by
overeating, leading to many health
problems
• Anorexia – self-starvation due to the
fear of gaining weight, usually occurring
in females
Whole-School Food Policy
• Healthy eating is one component of the
National Healthy Schools Programme
• The aim is to give children the
confidence and knowledge to make
healthy food choices for themselves.
• Healthy food and drink must be available
across the school day.
• Works with the School Food Trust to
support schools in delivering this
programme.
• Whole-school approach is required,
including pupils, parents, staff and the
Aerobic respiration
• Occurs in the presence of oxygen
• Glucose + Oxygen-  Energy + Carbon
Dioxide + Water
• Used during sustained exercise
• Constant supply of oxygen to the body is
requiredAnaerobic respiration
• Occurs in the absence of oxygen
• Glucose  Energy + Lactic Acid
• Used during short bursts of exercise
• During anaerobic respiration oxygen is
‘borrowed’, which is then ‘owed’ to the body –
this is called the oxygen debt. It causes a build
up of lactic acid in the muscles which causes
pain. Completing a cool-down allows the lactic
acid to disperse.
The Recovery Period
After exercise:
• We take in extra oxygen to replace the oxygen
debt.
• We expire carbon dioxide and other waste
products.
• We perspire to remove excess sweat and let
heat escape.
• We excrete urine and faeces to remove excess
water and other waste products from lactic
acid.
The Role of the Blood
• Transport oxygen and glucose to working
muscles for respiration.
• Transports water, carbon dioxide and other
waste products away from working muscles.
• Produces antibodies to fight infection.
• Clot to seal open wounds
• Regulate body temperature.
Specific Diets
• Carbohydrate loading – used by
endurance athletes, e.g.
marathon runners. Involves
eating excess starch-rich foods
one week prior to an event to
increase glycogen stores in the
muscles. This helps delay
tiredness by providing a slow
release of energy.
• High-protein diet – used by
bodybuilders to gain muscle and
lose fat. However, eating extra
protein does not directly add
muscle and can be difficult to
digest
School Lunches
Schools have to meet national nutritional standards for
school lunches:
• Regular servings of quality meat and oily fish
• A minimum of two portions of fruit and veg with each
meal
• Bread, cereals and potatoes regularly available
• Maximum of two portions of deep-fried food per week
• No fizzy drinks or confectionaries in meals or vending
machines
Nutrient What is it for? Which foods contain it?
Carbohydrate
s
Main source of energy Simple carbs, e.g.
glucose and sugar
Complex carbs e.g.
pasta, bread and rice.
Fats Major source of
energy
Cheese, cream, meat,
oils, butter
Proteins Important for growth
and repair of tissue
Animal products and
plant foods
Vitamins Essential for good
health
Fruit and veg
Minerals A number of different
functions, required in
small amounts
Vegetables and meat
Water/fluids Lack of water leads to
dehydration
Water
Fibre Aids the digestive
system
Cereals, wholegrain
bread, oats

7. Balanced
Healthy
Lifestyle
Fitness
The ability of the body to
meet the demands that are
placed upon it on a daily
basis, without stress
Exercise
Any form
of
physical
activity
Health
Mental,
Social,
Physical
Healthy
Active
Lifestyle
It’s easy to incorporate good exercise habits
in everyday life!
Here are some examples:
• Walk or cycle short distances instead of
driving.
• Get off the bus one stop early.
• Take the stairs instead of the lift or
escalator.
There are a number of factors which affect
how much physical activity different people
do!
Type of job is a major factor. Jobs involving
manual labour or being on your feet all day
will incorporate a lot more physical activity
compared to a SEDENTARY office job

8. Strength Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an object.
There are three types:
1. Dynamic strength – strength required to support weight or exert force against an object ( kicking a football)
2. Explosive strength – strength required for a short burst of movement (Sprinting , long jump take off or pushing a shot putt)
3. Static strength – strength applied to a static object (holding a position on gymnastic rings)
Speed Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible.
It is the combination of reaction time and movement time.
It is affected by strength and the percentage of fast twitch fibres.
Power Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible.
Strength training increases power.
Cardiovascular
Endurance
This is the ability of the heart and lungs to function efficiently during endurance exercise.
Training can improve cardiovascular endurance.
Flexibility Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint.
It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury and improve posture
Agility Agility is the ability to move at speed, changing direction and speed
Balance Balance is the ability to distribute weight evenly and remain in a steady and upright position
It is important for most sports, but more so in sports such as gymnastics.
It is linked to agility.
Coordination Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together.
Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any sport that requires catching.
Reaction Time Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to occur after a stimulus.
It consists of a simple reaction time (reacting to something as it happens) and choice reaction time (deciding when to react after
analysing a situation).
Muscular
Endurance/ Stamina
This is the ability of a muscle to do sustained, continuous work.
Timing Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factors
It is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination.

9. Functions of Skeletal System:
• Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the
brain and vital organs in the chest.
• Shape - gives shape to the body and makes
you tall or short.
• Support - holds your vital organs in place
when playing sport. The vertebral column
holds the body upright.
• Movement - muscle are attached to bones,
which are jointed. When the muscles contract
the bones move.
• Blood production - red blood cells (to carry
oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect
against infection) are produced in the bone
marrow of some bones.Synovial joints and Connective Tissue
Functions:
• Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock
absorber.
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
• Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.
• Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling
movement.
• Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the
joint
Movement Description
Abduction
Movement away from the mid-line of the
body
Adduction
Movement towards the mid-line of the
body
Extension Straightening limbs at a joint
Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint.
Rotation A circular movement around a fixed point
Type of
bone
Example Function in sport
Long
Femur,
humerus
Movement - to generate strength
and speed
Short
Carpals,
tarsal
Shock absorption - spreading load
Flat (Plate)
Ribs,
cranium
Protection of vital organs,
attachment of muscles to help
movement
Irregular
Vertebrae,
face
Provide shape, protection
Name of
muscle
Function Example in sport
Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin
Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow
Pull-up, drawing a bow in
archery
Deltoids
Move the arm in all directions at the
shoulder
Bowling a cricket ball
Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis
Trapezius
Hold the shoulders in place, move
head back and sideways
Holding head up in rugby scrum
Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips
Pulling back leg before kicking
a ball
Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards
Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee
Bending knee before kicking a
ball
Gastrocnemius
Pointing the toes, help to flex the
knee
Running
Latissimus dorsi
Adduct and extend the arm at the
shoulder
Butterfly stroke in swimming
Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach
Pulling the body down when
hurdling
Muscles and Movement:
Muscles only provide one type of movement as
they can only pull and not push. All muscles
work in pairs, with one muscle pulling while
the other relaxes, and then vice versa. These
are called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.
The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a
movement. It is also known as the ‘agonist’.
The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow
movement to take place.
Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the
fixed bone.
Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to
the bone that moves.
Muscle Contractions
Muscles contract when they work. If
a muscle contracts to create
movement, it is called an isotonic
contraction.
An isotonic contraction can be
concentric, which is where the
muscle shortens as the fibres
contract or eccentric, where the
fibres contract as the muscle
lengthens.
When a muscle contracts with no

10. Skill
Using knowledge or expertise to succeed efficiently
and effectively in achieving a particular objective
and ability, which has been acquired by training.
Basic skills
• Often fairly simple and straight forward
activities, e.g. throwing, catching, running,
jumping, hitting an object
• Must be able to perform basic skills easily before
attempting higher level tasks.
Complex skills
• Take quite a long time to learn as they involve
high levels of coordination and control.
• Higher level skills will be sport-specific due to
the uniqueness of that activity, e.g. performing
the pole vault requires a coordinated
combination of several complex skills.
Types of Skill
Open Skills
• Occur in situations that are constantly changing,
such as any invasion game activity where the
environment around the performer is constantly
changing.
• Skills may have to be adapted according to the
demands of the game. For example a football pass
will be affected by your position, the position of
your opponents and your team mates as well as
playing conditions e.g. wind/wet pitch, etc.
Closed skills
• These occur in situations that are constant and
unchanging so they are not affected by the sporting
environment.
• An example is performing a trampolining routine or
a dance routine.
Types of Guidance
In order to acquire skill, performers often need
addition guidance
Visual
• Seeing a demonstration, example or even
watching their own performance played back
Verbal
• Being told what needs to be done, what went
well or what needs improvement through
constructive criticism.
Manual
• Being physically guided through something, such
as being helped with a hand stand
Types of Feedback
A performer finds out how good their
performance was through:
Knowledge of results
• This is a form of terminal feedback at the end
of a performance and could be as simple as
winning or losing.
Knowledge of Performance
• This relates to how well the performance was
carried out rather than just the end result
The most common ways of feedback are:
Intrinsic: this is sensed or felt by the performer
while they are actually performing
Extrinsic: this comes from sources other than the
performer themselves, such as sounds or things
they can see.
Types of Practice
These are the ways a performer tries to
gain skills they have particularly
identified.
Whole: a complete performance is carried
out with all aspects of performance
covered, e.g. the high jump technique.
Part: complex skills are broken down into
parts and each part is practised.
Fixed: a set session or aspect is
concentrated upon.
Variable: a combination of all of the above
Skill
Acquisition

11. Altitude Training
Carrying out aerobic exercise at high altitude
Oxygen levels are lower at high altitude
It increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Warm Weather Training
British weather is unpredictable
And, therefore, athletes often train
Abroad in warm weather where
Training will not need to be cancelled.
Key Term Definition
FITT
Frequency – how often we train
Intensity – how hard we train
Time – the length of time we train
Type – the method of training chosen
The requirements of a certain activity are
Matched with training
Specificity Matching training to the requirements of your
sport
Progression Making training gradually harder the fitter you
are
Overload Overloading your body by increasing the
frequency, intensity or duration of exercise
Reversibility Physical benefits gained from training will be
reversed when you stop
Rest Recovery time
Recovery Allowing body tissues to recover and repair
following training or competition
Individual
Differences/Nee
ds
Take into account a person’s body build /
level of fitness, the sport (and position
played) and their particular aims
Repetitions In weightlifting, the number of times you
move the weights
Sets In weightlifting, the number of times a weight
activity is carried out, e.g. a set of repetitions
Thresholds The minimum heart rate that must be
achieved in order to improve fitness
Maximum Heart rate (MHR) = 220 - Age
Training
Zone
The heart rate zone in which a training effect
will occur
Training
Session
Training session is split into phases: Warm-
up, Fitness phase, skill phase and a warm-
down.
Types of
Training
Interval training involves a short
intense work period followed by a
rest period.
Advantage: good for game players
because you can mix aerobic and
anaerobic exercise.
Disadvantage: can become boring.
Fartlek means ‘speed play’ and
involves fast and slow running over a
variety of terrain or hills. Its useful
for individual sports, e.g. athletics
and team sports, e.g. football.
Advantage: can be easily adapted for
different sports and fitness levels.
Disadvantage: difficult to see how
much effort is being exerted.
Circuit training involves a
number of exercises set up at
stations. It may incorporate
skills. It can be useful to team
sports, e.g. football, racquet
sports, e.g. tennis and individual
sports e.g. running. Advantage:
varied, so doesn’t get boring.
Disadvantage: requires a lot of
equipment and time to set up.
Weight training uses resistance
either by weight lifted or the
number of repetitions the exercise
is performed. It is useful for sports
which require strength, e.g. long
jump and rugby. Advantage:
improves muscular strength and
tone. Disadvantage: muscles can be
sore after.
Continuous training is slow and
steady training. It is useful to
improve aerobic fitness in, for
example, cycling, running, and also
for a sedentary adult who has not
trained for a period of time.
Advantage: doesn’t require much
equipment. Disadvantage: not
useful for game players because it
doesn’t improve anaerobic fitness.

12. Range of
Physical
Activities
Give three
examples for
each.
Roles of
Participant
s
Games
Outwitting opponents to
succeed in competition
e.g. Football, netball,
hockey
Gymnastics
Accurately
repeating
movements,
which can be put
together to form a
routine
e.g. handspring,
somersault,
cartwheel
Dance
Communicating ideas and
emotions through
choreographed routines to
an audience
e.g. Ballet, ball room, street
dance
Fitness and Health Activities
Exercising safely to improve
health, fitness and well-
being
e.g. Aqua aerobics, yoga,
Zumba
Outdoor and Adventurous
Activities
Overcoming adventurous
challenges through problem
solving
e.g. rock climbing, canoeing,
rafting
Athletics
A variety of track and
field events whereby
athletes compete in
terms of speed, height,
distance, strength or
accuracy
e.g. hurdles, pole vault,
discus
Player/Performer
Aims to improve
performance in a
particular sport or
activity by
developing good
knowledge, skills,
tactics, positioning,
technique and
movement
Organiser
Responsible for
bringing everything
together at the right
time and place.
Needs to have good
managerial and
organisational skills
Has a range of
duties including
booking facilities
and managing funds
Leader/Coach
Specialises in a
particular activity or
sport
Helps the
player/performer to
improve their
performance
through appropriate
training.
Influences
achievement of
goals and behaviour
in sport.
Official
Responsible for controlling a sport
or activity, based on the rules and
regulations of the game
Ensures that the activity is played
or performed safely and fairly
e.g. referee, umpire, judge,
marshal, timekeeper

13. Influences
on Physical
Activity
Participatio
n
School Influences
National Curriculum
• Teaching PE is a legal requirement.
• Aims to improve health and fitness, provide a balance with other
subjects by offering a practical element, prepare pupils for physical
activity post-school, provide qualifications and teach the value of
physical activity and sport in society.
• Opportunities for PE in school: timetabled lessons, extra curricular
activities, clubs, sports performance awards, links with local clubs and
outside visits.
• Cross curricular links between PE and other subjects, e.g. Science, ICT
and Maths.
• Consists of a variety of categories, such as games activities, dance and
outdoor adventurous activities.
National Healthy school Programme
• Long term initiative
• Aim: to help young people be able to make informed health and life
choices
• Whole-school approach: everyone needs to be involved in order to
successfully achieve the aim, e.g. pupils, parents, staff and the
community
• Four core themes:
1. Personal, social and health education (PSHE) – sex, relationship and
drug education
2. Healthy eating – teaching healthy food choices and providing
nutritious food and drink
Organisations that provide increased opportunities for physical activity
participation
Sport England
Sport England is a government agency
which aims to help people to ‘start, stay
and succeed’ in sport, particularly
focusing on priority groups. Its main role
is to provide funding a facilities, and
measure participation.
National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
NGBs are responsible for their particular
sport. They provide funding to support
the development of talented athletes and
competition at different levels. They also
provide support to coaches and officials
in sport.
E.g. The FA (football), England Netball
(netball)
Youth Sport Trust (YST)
YST aims to increase the participation of
young people in PE and school sport. It
is responsible for managing national
school sport competitions, as well as
leadership and volunteering
programmes.
Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy
Aims to inspire young people to
participate and mentor them, using elite
sport role models.
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Peers
• Support your views and participation
• Encouragement, e.g. watch you play
• Listen to advice, e.g. your friend tells you its
important
• Admire/follow their example
• Join in with them
• Go along with negative views of physical activity, PE lessons, etc.
• Choosing not to be active because your friends aren’t
• Not going to training when your friend doesn’t go
Family
• Role model: set a good example by being
active
• Financial support, e.g. buying new equipment
• Provide transport for training and matches
• Encouragement and motivation
• Poor role model: set a bad example by leading an inactive
lifestyle
• Lack of financial support
• Lack of social support/ encouragement
• Pressure to focus on academic work
Gender
• Less of an issue than previous years
• More opportunities for women to play same
sports as men
• More opportunities for female roles within
sport
• Some gender differences do still exist, e.g. professional male
football players get paid more than professional female football
players.
Ethnicit
y
• Role models: there has been
an increase in ethnic minority
participation in elite sport
• Traditional views don’t always support participation, e.g. some
religions don’t encourage females to take part in PE due to
clothing issues
• Influenced by visibility of role models of a similar racial
background, e.g. there are few black people in sports such as
tennis and golf compared to football.
• Incidences of racial abuse in sport

14. Extra -
Curricul
ar
Provisio
ns
Cross-
Curricul
ar Links
Extra -
Curricul
ar
Provisio
ns
Activity Range
Only traditional sports need to
be offered during PE lessons.
Extra curricular activities offer a
wider range of activities.
Activities can be recreational or
competitive.
Facilities
Some schools lack
facilities, while others
are well resourced and
have extra staff and
facilities to offer other
activities.
Outside Visits
Provides more
opportunities
for schools
which lack
facilities, e.g.
dry ski slopes ,
ice rinks, etc..Attitudes of Staff
Attitudes, interests and
abilities affect what activities
they offer.
A negative attitude to helping
out with after-school activities
will reduce the number of
opportunities available to
pupils.
Club Links
Schools can
develop links
with clubs to
offer a wider
range of
extra-
curricular
activities,
e.g. hockey,
basketball,
health clubs
and golf
clubs.
PE Links with number of other subjects:
English: speaking and listening skills and
specialised vocabulary
Mathematics: scoring, measuring distances and
calculating speeds
Science: biology and physiology links
Geography: orienteering, landscapes and weather
Food technology: diet, nutrition and energy
balance
Citizenship: themes and values, such as trust,
responsibility, inclusion, respect, etc.
Vocational Opportunities
Sports performers: professional (sport is their full
time job and they get paid), amateur (they take
part in the sport/activity alongside their job, as a
hobby and don’t get paid), semi-professional
(work but play sport in their spare time for
payment).
Open sports enable amateurs to get paid through
loopholes, e.g. sponsorship, expenses payments
and scholarships.
Careers: many opportunities, e.g. PE teacher,
coach, physiotherapist, manager, personal
trainer, etc.
Different roles that
people can adopt:
Performer, leader/coach,
organiser, or official
Further Qualifications
BTEC, GCSE and GCE
Sports performance awards
(e.g. leadership awards)
Proficiency testing and awards
(available through NGBs and
delivered by schools, e.g.
swimming awards that qualify
people as lifesavers

15. Competitions
Internation
al Sport
and Events
Science and
ICT in Sport
What is it? Advantages Disadvantage
s
Knockout
s
One team
plays
another.
The winner
progresses
to the next
round and
loser drops
out of
competition.
Usually
played in
rounds.
Darts is an
example
Can be
organised
quickly and
easily.
High
numbers can
participate
due to drop
out.
Competition
is over
quickly if you
lose your first
game.
Qualifying
events or
byes may be
required to
get the right
number in
each round.
Ladders Set number
of
players/team
s on the
ladder.
Challenge
people
higher up the
ladder to
games and
take their
place if you
win.
Suited to
racket sports
such as
squash,
badminton
and tennis.
Easy to run
and
administer.
Slow
progress.
Only small
number of
participants
can take part.
Combinatio
n
Combination
of some or
all types.
For example
qualifying
leagues, and
winners’
progress to
Can play as
many games
as you like.
More than
one
opportunity
to qualify.
Its time
consuming.
‘Meaningless’
games may
be played
where teams
have already
qualified for
Examples of high profile events include football and rugby
world cups, cricket test matches, athletics world
championships, formula One world championships, Wimbledon,
Super Bowl and the Olympic Games.
Advantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Likely to make profit through sponsors, media rights
and selling merchandise.
• Facilities are updated / new facilities are built
especially for the event but can be used in the
future.
• Raising the profile/reputation of the host country
worldwide.
Disadvantages of hosting international sporting events:
• Security/risk of terrorist attack
• Political protests or boycotts
• Expensive to provide facilities and security
Developments in sport through the
contribution of science:
• Equipment: e.g. lighter rackets made of
fibreglass, Kevlar and Titanium instead
of wood; stronger pole vault poles made
of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of
bamboo; lighter cricket pads made of
high density compressed foam; and
lighter and aerodynamic bicycles.
• Materials: e.g. Lycra swimsuits which are
more streamlined, artificial pitch
surfaces and footwear made of a
combination of natural and synthetic
material with increased strength and
flexibility.
• Facilities: e.g. purpose-built facilities for
gymnasts, indoor tennis areas to allow
play to continue when its raining,
stadiums with retractable roofs, air
conditioning and humidity control, and
Developments in sport through the
contribution of ICT:
• Storing, analysing and presenting large
data sets using computers.
• Using software and hardware to record
and analyse performance, e.g. Dartfish
allows individuals to review their own
performance through video playback and
ProZone, used by professional football
clubs, allows analysis of an individual
player, such as distance run and passes
made.
• Performance aids, e.g. fitness monitoring
devices such as heart rate monitors,
Hawk-Eye technology used in tennis and
cricket to track the trajectory of the ball,
and video officials used to support
referees’ decisions.
• Interactive games and devices, such as
games consoles, allowing people to play

16. Television
• One of the most powerful forms of
media
• Increase in the amount of televised
sport when digital transmission
was introduced
• Large numbers of channels
dedicated to sport are now
available
• The government set rules
regarding events shown on TV,
e.g. ‘listed events’ such as the FA
Cup Final cannot be shown
exclusively on ‘pay per view’ or
satellite/ cable channels.
Radio
• Increase in the number of radio
stations broadcasting sport since
the introduction of DAB
• There are now a number of
stations dedicated to sport
• Cheaper to broadcast via radio
than TV, and cheaper and more
accessible/portable for listeners
Information Technology
• Lots of information available on
CD-ROMS and the Internet
• Increasing number of sites on the
Internet broadcasting TV and radio
Magazines
• Often
contain
sport stories
• Increasing
number of
specialised
magazines
in specific
sports
Newspapers
• Have
dedicated
sports section
at the back
Books
• E.g.
textbooks,
autobiographi
es, novels
How Can The Media Influence Performance and
Participation?
• High standards of performance are shown – gives
and example of people to follow
• Slow motion replays allow good points to be
emphasised and the viewer can learn from it
• Promotion of physical activity and its health benefits
Edited Coverage
• Writers or directors can edit coverage so that an
inaccurate representation of the action is seen by the
viewer
Different Types of Output
• Informative – sports news
• Educational – documentaries
• Instructional – coaching DVD
• Entertainment – live matches
Role Models
Role models are people that others aspire to be like, and
should therefore set a good example.
How can role models shape attitudes?
• The way in which they play, e.g. fairly, abiding
by rules or playing unfairly against the rules.
• Setting trends
• The way in which they conduct themselves in both
their sporting and private life.
How can role models influence participation?
• By being an inspiration
• By being successful through good performances
• By representing a group, e.g. ethnic group, gender
group or disability
SponsorshipRange and Scope of
Sponsorship
• Individuals: individual
sponsorship deals
whereby the athlete gets
given money to endorse
a good, e.g. wearing a
specific brand of
footwear.
• Teams and clubs:
payments made to the
team, and used for
equipment, kit etc.
• Sports: major
sponsorship associated
with the sport to
promote leagues or
competitions.
Unacceptable
Sponsorship
• Anything
associated with
poor health, e.g.
smoking and
alcohol
Effects of Sponsorship
• Provision of
equipment, clothing
accessories, facilities,
transport/travel
• Entry fees and
expenses paid, e.g.
hotel bills
Advantages of
Sponsorship
• Financial
support for the
athlete
• Promotion of
the sport
• Raise profile
and image of
sport
• Increased
revenue for the
sponsor, and
gives them a
good image
Disadvantages of
Sponsorship
• Sponsors may
start to dictate
changes, e.g. to
the rules,
clothing,
timings etc.
• Sponsors can
withdraw if the
image of the
sport is
damaged
• Difficult for
minority (less
well-known)
sports to get
sponsorship