History of Pakistan 1947 sy 2023 tak

1. This article is about the history of formation of the modern Pakistan and as a country after 1947. For
the history of historical Pakistan, see History of Pakistan.
Part of a series on the
History of modern Pakistan
Pre-independence
Battle of Miani 1843
Battle of Hyderabad 1843
Battle of Ramnagar 1848
Siege of Multan 1848-1849
Battle of Chillianwala 1849
Battle of Gujrat 1849
War of Independence 1857–1858
British Raj 1858–1947
Aligarh Movement 1859
Urdu Movement 1867
Muslim League Foundation 1906
Fourteen Points of Jinnah 1929
Pakistan Declaration 1933
Lahore Resolution 1940
Independence 1947
Post-independence
Dominion of Pakistan 1947-1956
Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1956-present
See also
 History of Pakistan
 Economic history of Pakistan
Pakistan portal
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The story of history of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan began on 14 August 1947 when the
country came into being in the form of Dominion of Pakistan within the British Commonwealth as the
result of Pakistan Movement and the partition of India. While the history of the Pakistani
Nation according to the Pakistan government's official chronology started with the Islamic rule over
Indian subcontinent by Muhammad bin Qasim[1]
which reached its zenith during Mughal Era. In 1947,
Pakistan consisted of West Pakistan (today's Pakistan), East Pakistan (today's Bangladesh) and
Hyderabad (now in India) The President of All-India Muslim League and later the Pakistan Muslim

2. League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah became Governor-General while the secretary general of the Muslim
League, Liaquat Ali Khan became Prime Minister. The constitution of 1956 made Pakistan
an Islamic democratic country.
Pakistan faced a civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulting in the secession of East
Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The country has also unresolved territorial
disputes with India, resulting in four conflicts. Pakistan was closely tied to the United States in Cold
War. In the Afghan-Soviet War, it supported the Sunni Mujahideens and played a vital role in the
defeat of Soviet Forces and forced them to withdraw from Afghanistan. The country continues to
face challenging problems including terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, corruption and political instability.
Terrorism due to War of Afghanistan damaged the country's economy and infrastructure to a great
extent from 2001 to 2009 but Pakistan is once again developing.
Pakistan is a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear-weapon state, having conducted six
nuclear tests in response to five nuclear tests of their rival Republic of India in May 1998. The first
five tests were conducted on 28 May and the sixth one on 30 May. With this status, Pakistan is
seventh in world, second in South Asia and the only country in the Islamic World. Pakistan also has
the sixth-largest standing armed forces in the world and is spending a major amount of its
budget on defense. Pakistan is the founding member of the OIC, the SAARC and the Islamic Military
Counter Terrorism Coalition as well as a member of many international organisations including
the UN, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Commonwealth of Nations, the ARF,
the Economic Cooperation Organization and many more.
Pakistan is a regional and middle power which is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading
economies of the world and is backed by one of the world's largest and fastest-growing middle class.
It has a semi-industrialized economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. It is one of the Next
Eleven, a group of eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a high potential to become the
world's largest economies in the 21st century. Many economists and think tanks suggested that until
2030 Pakistan become Asian Tiger and CPEC will play an important role in it. Geographically,
Pakistan is also an important country and a source of contact between Middle East, Central
Asia, South Asia and East Asia.
Pakistan Movement
Main articles: Pakistan Movement and Indian independence movement
Further information: Two Nation Theory
Important leaders in the Muslim League highlighted that Pakistan would be a "New Madinah", in
other words the second Islamic state established after the Prophet Muhammad's creation of
an Islamic state of Madinah which was later developed into Rashidun Caliphate. Pakistan was
popularly envisaged as an Islamic utopia, a successor to the defunct Islamic Caliphate and a leader
and protector of the entire Islamic world. Islamic scholars debated over whether it was possible for
the proposed Pakistan to truly become an Islamic state.[2][3]
Another motive and reason behind the Pakistan Movement and Two Nation Theory is the ideology of
pre-partition Muslims and leaders of Muslim League including Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama
Iqbal is that, to re-establish the Muslim rule in South Asia. Once Jinnah said in his speech:
The Pakistan Movement started when the first Muslim (Muhammad bin Qasim) put his foot on the
soil of Sindh, the gateway of Islam in India.[4][5]
— Muhammad Ali Jinnah
That is why Jinnah is considered the "great Muslim ruler" in the Indian
subcontinent after Emperor Aurangzeb by Pakistanis.[6]
This is also the reason that the Pakistani
government's official chronology declares that the foundation of Pakistan was laid in 712 AD[1]
by

3. Muhammad bin Qasim after Islamic conquest of Sindh and that these conquests at their zenith
conquered the entire Indian subcontinent during Muslim Mughal Era.
While the Indian National Congress's (Congress) top leadership had been imprisoned following the
1942 Quit India Movement, there was intense debate among Muslims over the creation of a
separate homeland.[3]
The All India Azad Muslim Conference represented nationalist Muslims who, in
April 1940, gathered in Delhi to voice their support for a united India.[7]
Its members included several
Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates.[8][9]
The Deobandis and
their ulema, who were led by Husain Ahmad Madani, were opposed to the creation of Pakistan and
the two-nation theory, instead promulgating composite nationalism and Hindu-Muslim unity.
According to them Muslims and Hindus could be one nation and Muslims were only a nation of
themselves in the religious sense and not in the territorial sense.[10][11][12]
Some Deobandis such
as Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Mufti Muhammad Shafi and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani dissented from the
position of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and were supportive of the Muslim League's demand to create a
separate homeland for Muslims.[13][14]
Many Barelvis and their ulema,[15]
though not all Barelvis and
Barelvi ulema,[16]
supported the creation of Pakistan.[17]
The pro-separatist Muslim League
mobilized pirs and Sunni scholars to demonstrate that their view that India's Muslim masses wanted
a separate country was in the majority, in their eyes.[14]
Those Barelvis who supported the creation of
a separate Muslim homeland in colonial India believed that any co-operation with Hindus would be
counter productive.[18]
Muslims who were living in provinces where they were demographically a minority, such as
the United Provinces where the Muslim League enjoyed popular support,[19]
were assured by Jinnah
that they could remain in India, migrate to Pakistan or continue living in India but as Pakistani
citizens. The Muslim League had also proposed the hostage population theory. According to this
theory the safety of India's Muslim minority would be ensured by turning the Hindu minority in the
proposed Pakistan into a 'hostage' population who would be visited by retributive violence if Muslims
in India were harmed.[3][20]
The Pakistani demand resulted in the Muslim League becoming pitted against both the Congress
and the British.[21]
In the Constituent Assembly elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of
496 seats reserved for Muslims, polling 89.2% of the total votes.[22]
Congress had hitherto refused to
acknowledge the Muslim League's claim of being the representative of Indian Muslims but finally
recognised to the League's claim after the results of this election. The Muslim League's demand for
the creation of Pakistan had received overwhelming popular support from India's Muslims, especially
those Muslims who were living in provinces where they were a minority. The 1946 election in British
India was essentially a plebiscite among Indian Muslims over the creation of Pakistan.[23][24][25]
The British, while not approving of a separate Muslim homeland, appreciated the simplicity of a
single voice to speak on behalf of India's Muslims.[26]
To preserve India's unity the British arranged
the Cabinet Mission Plan.[27]
According to this plan India would be kept united but would be heavily
decentralised with separate groupings of autonomous Hindu and Muslim majority provinces. The
Muslim League accepted this plan as it contained the 'essence' of Pakistan but the Congress
rejected it.[28]
After the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan, Jinnah called for Muslims to
observe Direct Action Day to demand the creation of a separate Pakistan, which morphed into
violent riots between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta. These riots were followed by violence
elsewhere, resulting in large-scale displacement in Noakhali (where Muslims attacked Hindus)
and Bihar (where Hindus attacked Muslims) in October, and in Rawalpindi (where Muslims attacked
and drove out Sikhs and Hindus) in March 1947.[29]
The British Prime Minister Attlee appointed Lord Louis Mountbatten as India's last viceroy, who was
given the task to oversee British India's independence by June 1948, with the emphasis
of preserving a United India, but with adaptational authority to ensure a British withdrawal with
minimal setbacks.[30][31][32][33]
British leaders including Mountbatten did not support the creation of
Pakistan but failed to convince Jinnah.[34][35]
Mountbatten later confessed that he would most probably
have sabotaged the creation of Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis.[36]

4. Soon after he arrived, Mountbatten concluded that the situation was too volatile for even that short a
wait. Although his advisers favoured a gradual transfer of independence, Mountbatten decided the
only way forward was a quick and orderly transfer of independence before 1947 was out. In his view,
any longer would mean civil war.[37]
The Viceroy also hurried so he could return to his senior
technical Navy courses.[38][39]
In a meeting in June, Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad representing the
Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, B. R. Ambedkar representing
the Untouchable community, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs, agreed to partition India
along religious lines.
Creation of Pakistan
Main articles: Indian Independence Act 1947, Partition of India, and Independence Day of Pakistan
On 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar) Pakistan gained independence.
India gained independence the following day. Two of the provinces of British
India, Punjab and Bengal, were divided along religious lines by the Radcliffe Commission. Lord
Mountbatten is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Commission to draw the lines in India's
favour.[40][41][42]
Punjab's mostly Muslim western part went to Pakistan and its mostly Hindu and
Sikh eastern part went to India, but there were significant Muslim minorities in Punjab's eastern
section and light Hindus and Sikhs minorities living in Punjab's western areas.
There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning.
Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in.
However, an exception was made for Punjab which did not apply to other provinces.[43][44]
Intense
communal rioting in the Punjab forced the governments of India and Pakistan to agree to a forced
population exchange of Muslim and Hindu/Sikh minorities living in Punjab. After this population
exchange only a few thousand low-caste Hindus remained in Pakistani Punjab and only a tiny
Muslim population remained in the town of Malerkotla in India's part of Punjab.[45]
Political scientist
Ishtiaq Ahmed says that although Muslims started the violence in Punjab, by the end of 1947 more
Muslims had been killed by Hindus and Sikhs in East Punjab than the number of Hindus and Sikhs
who had been killed by Muslims in West Punjab.[46][47][48]
Nehru wrote to Gandhi on 22 August that up
to then, twice as many Muslims had been killed in East Punjab than Hindus and Sikhs in West
Punjab.[49]
More than ten million people migrated across the new borders and between 200,000 and
2,000,000[50][51][52][53]
people died in the spate of communal violence in the Punjab in what some
scholars have described as a 'retributive genocide' between the religions.[54]
The Pakistani
government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men
and similarly the Indian government claimed that Muslims abducted and raped 33,000 Hindu and
Sikh women.[55][56][57]
The two governments agreed to repatriate abducted women and thousands of
Hindu, Sikh and Muslim women were repatriated to their families in the 1950s. The dispute over
Kashmir escalated into the first war between India and Pakistan. With the assistance of the United
Nations (UN) the war was ended but it became the Kashmir dispute, unresolved as of 2021.
1947–1958: First democratic era
Main articles: Political history of Pakistan, Dominion of Pakistan, Era of Jinnah, Era of Liaquat Ali
Khan, Era of Khawaja Nazimuddin, and Era of Iskander Mirza
See also: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, 1958 Pakistani coup d'état, and Bengali language movement

5. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first Governor-General of Pakistan.
17:49
1950 documentary about Pakistan
In 1947, the founding fathers of Pakistan agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan as the
country's first prime minister, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as both first governor-
general and speaker of the State Parliament.[58]
Mountbatten had offered to serve as Governor-
general of both India and Pakistan but Jinnah refused this offer.[59]
When Jinnah died of tuberculosis
in 1948,[60]
Islamic scholar Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim
after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember Jinnah's message of "Unity, Faith and Discipline" and work to
fulfil his dream:
to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He
[Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective
check against the aggressive designs of their enemies.[61]
The first formal step to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was taken in March 1949
when Liaquat Ali Khan introduced the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly. The
Objectives Resolution declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty.
Support for the Objectives Resolution and the transformation of Pakistan into an Islamic state was
led by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who occupied the
position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i Islami.[62][63]

6. Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Liaquat Ali Khan meeting President Harry Truman.
Indian Muslims from the United Provinces, Bombay Province, Central Provinces and other areas of
India continued migrating to Pakistan throughout the 1950 and 1960s and settled mainly in
urban Sindh, particularly in the new country's first capital, Karachi.[45]
Prime Minister Ali Khan
established a strong government and had to face challenges soon after gaining the office.[58]
His
Finance Secretary Victor Turner announced the country's first monetary policy by establishing
the State Bank, the Federal Bureau of Statistics and the Federal Board of Revenue to improve
statistical knowledge, finance, taxation, and revenue collection in the country.[64]
There were also
problems because India cut off water supply to Pakistan from two canal headworks in its side
of Punjab on 1 April 1948 and also withheld delivering Pakistan its share of the assets and funds of
United India, which the Indian government released after Gandhi's pressurisation.[65]
Territorial problems arose with neighbouring Afghanistan over the Pakistan–Afghanistan border in
1949, and with India over the Line of Control in Kashmir.[58]
Diplomatic recognition became a problem
when the Soviet Union led by Joseph Stalin did not welcome the partition which established Pakistan
and India. Imperial State of Iran was the first country to recognise Pakistan in 1947.[66]
In 1948, Ben-
Gurion of Israel sent a secret courier to Jinnah to establish the diplomatic relations, but Jinnah did
not give any response to Ben-Gurion.
After gaining Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim
countries[67]
and made a wholehearted bid for leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for
leadership in achieving its unity.[68]
The Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural
leader of the Islamic world, in large part due to its large population and military strength.[69]
A top

7. ranking Muslim League leader, Khaliquzzaman, declared that Pakistan would bring together all
Muslim countries into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity.[70]
The USA, which did not approve of
Pakistan's creation, was against this idea and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced
international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite,
feared to unity of Muslim World.[71]
Since most of the Arab world was undergoing a nationalist
awakening at the time, there was little attraction in Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations.[72]
Some of the
Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim
states.[73]
Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the
world. Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements
of Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Eritrea were significant an