Carnation and tuberose are important cut flowers cultivated globally. Carnation grows best in temperatures between 10-20°C and requires well-draining sandy loam soil with regular fertilizer. Varieties include spray, standard, and sim types. Proper support, pinching, and disbudding are needed for optimal growth. Pests like aphids and diseases like fusarium wilt require preventative spraying. Tuberose grows year-round in warm, humid climates. Bulbs are planted at 15-20cm spacing in loam soil with organic matter. Irrigation every 10-15 days is typical. Flowers are harvested for bouquets when buds show color. Post

1. Carnation
Dianthus barbatus
Caryophyllaceae

2. Introduction
➢ Dianthus meaning Divine flower
➢ Also called Sweet William.
➢ It is native of Southern France.
➢ Most important commercial flower of the world, which ranks
second after rose.
➢ Third important cut flower in Nepal after Gladiolus and Rose
➢ Sim strains of carnations are popular because these strains are
highly prized for their large size of blooms, multicolored, long
keeping quality and strong stem which makes its highly suitable
floral decoration.

3. Varieties
➢ Spray types (numerous miniature
flowers on a single stem)
✓ Exquisite, Scalrlet, Corons, Tomy,
Red baron, Sams Pride, Suer Fold
and may Time.
➢ Standard types (single large flower
on an individual stem)
✓ Scania, White Sim, Lereve,
Calypso
➢ Sim type (hardy in nature, less calyx
splitting and replaced for cut flower
production)
✓ Scany

4. Growing Environment
➢ Carnation is cool crop and requires a temperature range
between 10-200C (2800 masl).
➢ Exposure of plants to 70C forces to produce lots of branches.
➢ It is a long day requiring plant and humidity of 50-60% favor
its growth and flower production.
➢ High temperature, hot and humid weather affects its growth
and flowering and also attack by the fungal disease like
fusarium wilt (Fusarium dianthii) and Alternari dianthii.

5. Soil and other media
➢ Carnation has very shallow and fibrous root system.
➢ It prefers sandy loam soil, porous, loose and friable having
good organic matter and slightly acidic reaction (6-7 pH).
➢ Water logging conditions affect growth, therefore, clayey soils
which are heavy and poor in aeration are not preferred.
➢ Avoid deep planting, water logging and mulching with
manure, which may cause stem or collar rot.

6. Seed
Propagation
✓ It is especially applicable for the breeders
to produce or evolve the new varieties
with superior quality.
Cutting
✓ Generally apical cutting is practiced. Here,
healthy and vigorous plants are used.
Application of 500 ppm NAA helps on
early rooting.
Division
✓ Clumps are separated either by hand or
fork and are replanted.

7. Nursery requirement and fertilizer requirement
➢ Small doses but more frequently for better growth and flower
production
➢ Carnation plants make a good reserve of N at turfing stage,
which is utilized during flowering.
➢ 40:10:10 NPK g/m2 + 5 Kg FYM/m2 is required.
➢ For large and attractive the dose of NPK is increased up to
20:10:60 g/m2.

8. Planting
➢ 10 m long and 1 m width raised bed is ideal
➢ 3 parts of top soil (sandy loam) + 1 part FYM is best
for bed culture.
➢ Planting can be done on April-May in controlled
condition otherwise the best planting time is Sept-
Dec.
➢ Spacing of 20*25, 20*20, 20*15 cm for spray type
and 45*45, 40*40 cm for standard or sim type is
ideal.

9. Management
 Pinching: Terminal bud should be pinched during 6 pair leaf stage. It
can be done up to 3 times. Single pinching is done at 60 days after
planting (DAP) but for double pinching is done at 45 and 70 DAP and
for triple pinching 40, 60 and 80 DAP is practiced.
 Support/staking: The probability of lodging of carnation plant will
be more when plant goes more than 30 cm height. It is provided to
avoid lodging during the increment in height.
 Disbudding: Disbudding is practiced in standard types but is not
necessary for spray or miniature types. Auxiliary and secondary
flower buds are removed.

10. Pinching
Support/staking

11. Support Material
Carnation crop has the tendency to bend unless supported
properly. Hence the crop needs support while growing. Good support
material is metallic wire woven with nylon mesh. At every two meters
the wire should be supported with poles. The poles at both the ends of
bed should be strong. Metallic wire is tied around the bed along the
length with the support from supporting poles. Across the bed, nylon
wires are woven like net. For an optimum support, an increasing width
of the meshes can be used. Bottom net can be of 10x10cm, then two
nets of 12.5x12.5cm and the upper most can be 15x15cm.

12. Application of growth regulator
✓ GA4 is generally used for earliness on flowering time.
Water requirement
✓ Being shallow root system, soil needs to be kept moist throughout
the cropping period.
✓ Sandy soils require 2 irrigations per week in Aug-Oct and once
till Feb.
Hoeing and Weeding
✓ Keep the field free and good aeration is essential for root system
of carnations.

13. Harvesting
➢ It takes 16-20 weeks for single pinched plants to yield of cut
blooms.
➢ For local market ¾ anthesis stage is optimum time for harvest.
➢ For long distant market bud stage when petal shows color or outer
petals had flared horizontally over the calyx.
➢ Deep cut end soon after harvest at ½ to 2/3 length of the stem in
water.
➢ Remove the foliage at the bottom half.
➢ Precondition the stem at 10% sucrose, 50 ppm STS, Silver Nitrate
+ 200 ppm 8-HQC or HQS over night increase the vase life.

14. Grading
✓ Grading is done according to stem length.
✓ Fancy- 55 cm, Standard- 43 cm, and Short- 30 cm.
Packing
✓ Maintain cold chain after precooling at 00C got 2 hours.
✓ Keep 25 stems per bunch and 25 bunch per box.
✓ Use corrugated and ventilated cardboard box.
✓ Maintain 95% relative humidity before transport.

15. Disease
Fusarium rot: Spray 1 g Benlate per 10 liter of water.
Rhizoctonia and Alternari leaf spot: Spray Dithane M-
45 @ 1000 ppm.
Insects
Aphid is common insect of carnation. Spray malathion 1
ml/liter of water.
Bud Borer caterpillar infect the leaves and flower bud,
holes are clearly visible on buds. Spray bacillus
thuringiensis 2 gm/ltr

16. Physiological disorder
 Calyx Splitting
✓ Sever problem of carnation.
✓ The cause of the disorder is due to genetic, environmental factor (high
day temperature with low night temperature), nutritional factor
(excess dose of N and deficiency of K) and high density planting.
 Curly Tip
✓ Affects the growing tip which curl and become distorted
✓ Poor light and other adverse condition causes the disorder
✓ Water stress and potassium deficiency are suspected cause and results
to die back of carnation of flowers

18. Précision production techniques for carnation

19. Tuberose

20. ✓S.N: Polyanthes tuberosa
✓Family: Agavaceae
✓Native to Mexico
✓Bulbous, perennial
✓It is one of the important cut flowers used
decoration and bouquets
for vase
✓The flowers stalk is 75 to 100 cm long bearing 10-20
flowers (florets) of white color
✓The spikes of tuberose are used as a cut flowers due to its
delightful appearance, sweet fragrance and good keeping
quality
✓The individual florets are used for making Garlands
✓Besides the floral decoration it is suitable for pots, beds and
for extraction of oil
Tuberose

21. Cultivars
➢ Single Flowered- one row of corolla segments.
➢Semi Double: two or three row of corolla segments
➢Double: more than 3 row of corolla segments
➢Single flowered varieties are more fragrant than double flowered and
usually preferred for Gajara and Garlands.
➢Single Varieties: Calcuttia single, Coimbatore single, Banglore single,
Mexican single etc.
➢While doubles are preferably used for Vase decoration
➢Double Varieties: Calcuttia double, Rajat Rekha, Swarna Rekha, Pearl
➢Often florets of double fail to open completely
➢Semi-Double Varieties: Mexico Hybrid, latent

22. Selection of site
➢For harvesting of good yield and quality of flowers it is
preferable to select a plot having plenty of sunlight
➢If there is much shade the plants grow tall and lanky and the
flowering is adversely affected
➢Very sensitive for water logging even for short period of water
stagnation
➢It damages the root system and affects the growth and
flowering

23. Climate
➢It is a tropical flowering plant and grows well throughout the
year
➢The commercial cultivation of tuberose mainly confined in
warm humid areas
➢Average temperature range from 18-32ºC
➢The ideal temperature for growth of plant ranged 26-30ºC to
accumulate photosynthesis for bumper production
➢Long day exposure promotes vegetative growth as well as
emergence of first flower spike

24. Soil
➢Tuberose can be successfully grown in a wide range of soils even in
the soil affected by acidity or salinity or alkalinity to some extent
➢Loam and sandy loam soil having pH range form 6.5-7.5 with
proper aeration and drainage is essential for better harvest
➢The soil should be rich in organic matter and retain sufficient
moisture for proper growth
➢The soil moisture should be maintained after planting of bulbs
before monsoon

25. Propagation
➢Is commonly propagated asexually through bulbs
➢The bulbs 1.5 – 2.5 cm diameter are considered as best
size
➢Division of bulb is also practice
➢Seed: only in single type, germination starts after 10-15
days of sowing, temp: 26-27ºC, It is used only for breeding
purpose.
➢Micropropagation

26. Planting and bulb selection
➢The best time of tuberose planting is second week of March in
terai and in case of hills April
➢Planting depth of bulb also influenced the growth and
production of early flower and yield as well
➢It may vary 4-7 cm depending upon size of bulb and type of
soil
➢Deep planting of bulb delay the shoot emergence and
flowering

27. Planting distance
➢Plant population affects the yield and quality of flowers and bulbs
obtained per unit area
➢The higher plant density has been found to produce greater yield of
spikes flowers and bulbs
➢Planting of bulbs at a distance of 15*20 cm give highest yield of
spikes, and bulbs
➢Tuberose crop can stand well for 3 years in the same field
➢Replanting after 3 years is necessary practice otherwise it invites
pests and diseases with reduction in crop yield and quality

28. Manuring and fertilization
➢Application of organic matter is essential for promoting growth and
higher production of spikes and flowers of good quality tuberose.
➢FYM at least 20 tones per hectare has been recommended.
➢Requirement of NPK through inorganic sources varies on soil and
climatic condition.
➢Requirement of plant nutrients is more in wet climate and light soil.
➢The rate of nutrient application ovaries markedly based on soil fertility,
organic manure application and climate.
➢10-20 gm Nitrogen, 20-40 gm Phosphorous and 20-40 gm
Potassium per square meter is recommended.

29. Irrigation
➢The field is to be irrigated before planting to enhance sprouting of the
bulbs.
➢Too much moisture in the soil at the time of sprouting results in rotting
of the bulbs and similar condition during flowering adversely affects
the development of spikes and flowers.
➢The frequency of irrigation depends upon the soil type, stage of growth
and weather condition.
➢Light soil and dry weather need more irrigation.
➢On an average, the tuberose fields should be irrigated at an interval of
10-15 days depending on these factors.
Weed control
➢Timely weed control should be done with hand weeding or chemical
weeding or chemical weedicide Atrazine 3 kg/ha pre-plant application.

30. Harvesting
➢Tuberose flowers are harvested for two purposes
✓ As a cut flowers for/vase decoration and
✓As a loose flowers for Garlands.
➢When the flowers are to be harvested for vase decoration, then spikes
are to be cut when the lower most 1-2 florets have opened.
➢Immediately after cutting the spike the base of spikes are immediately
placed in a bucket full of water
➢When the loose flowers are to be harvested, then fully developed but
unopened florets, are plucked
➢Each spike produces 16-20 florets out of this terminal 3-4 pairs of
florets are very small and of no use.
➢Small clasping leaves on the flower should be retained for longer life of
cut flower
➢3-4 months after planting tuberose starts flowering.
➢Summer and rainy seasons are the peak period.
➢Bulb once planted gives the commercial yield upto 3 years.

31. Post Harvest Handling and Packaging of Flowers
➢The flower spikes are graded according to the length of spike, length of
flowering zone and quality of individual flower
➢Bunched in round bundles, each having about 100 spikes.
➢The stem portion of the bundles is wrapped in wet newsprint sheets.
➢To avoid damage to the flowers and buds, the whole bundles should be
wrapped in soft, white tissue paper or polythene.
➢These bundles may be packed in the cardboard boxes and sent for
distant markets.
Vase Life
➢Sucrose and 8-HQC containing preservative solution is used for
improving the opening of flowers and enhancing the vase life.

32. Harvesting and Storage of Bulbs
➢After flowering is over, it is advised to cut down the spike to encourage
more flowering.
➢The bulbs are left undisturbed in the ground for about 2-3 years when
these are separated and replanted.
➢If the bulbs are not uprooted every 2-3 years the spike tends to become
smaller from the third year.
➢The bulbs do not have any prolonged rest period and can be replanted
4-5 weeks after harvesting.

33. Harvesting and Storage of Bulbs
➢Harvesting of tuberose bulbs at proper stage of maturity is important
for storage of bulbs and their future cropping potentiality.
➢The bulbs reach maturity when the flowering is over and plant growth
ceases.
➢At this stage the old leaves become dry and bulbs are almost dormant.
➢Irrigation is withheld and soil is allowed to dry before digging out the
bulbs.
➢The leaves are cut at the ground level and the bulbs are taken out.
➢The soil adhered to the clumps is removed and the offsets are
separated by robbing off.
➢Loose scales and long roots should be removed and bulbs graded into
different groups depending on the diameter of the bulbs.
➢They are stored separately in a cool, dry and shady place in layers 10-
15 cm thick.
➢During storage the bulbs should be stirred every few days to check the
spread of mould and rot.
➢Storage for 2-3 weeks is necessary before planting.

34. Stem rot
Diseases
✓Soil borne disease caused by Sclerotium roltsii
✓Symptoms like appearance of prominent coarse mycelium masses on
leaf surface at or near the soil level.
✓Infected leaves loose green color due to rotting, which extend and
cover whole leaf and detached from plant.
✓Spraying Redomil/Bavistin @ 2 g/l of water as soon as symptoms
appear in any plant.
✓Destroy or burn the infected plant debris to check the further
infection.

35. Flower bud rot
Diseases
✓Bacterial disease caued by Erwinia spp.
✓The disease appears mainly on young flower buds and results in
dry rotting with brown scratched necrotic discoloration of
peduncles.
✓In advance stage buds shrivel and become dry.
✓The disease spread by a pest known as thrips.
✓The segregation of plants and spraying of Rogor 0.1% twice at
weekly interval.
✓Destroy or burn the infected plant debris to check the further
infection.

36. Thrips:
Insect
✓Thrips feed on leaves, flower stalk and flowers.
✓Suck sap from these parts and ultimately damage the whole plant.
✓Sometimes, they are associated with a contagious disease known as
Flower Bud Rot.
✓Thrips can be managed by spraying the plants with 0.1% Rogor twice
at ten days interval.
Grasshoppers: feeds on leaves
Aphids: damage and distortion of spikes
Weevils: active in darkness damage the shoots and feeds on leaves.
Larvae feeds on roots and tunnel inside bulbs. Larvae can be controlled
by dressing soil with BHC before planting

37. For more information related to method growing of carnation flower ,you can
watch this amazing youtube video by clicking the link down below:-
https://ouo.io/vYC0BFG