2. Climatology is the study of the long-
term state of the atmosphere, or climate.
WHAT IS CLIMATOLOGY?
The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a
variety of interacting elements.
In the winter,
when the northern hemisphere
is pointed away from the sun
slightly, the sun's rays come in
at an angle and have less of an
impact.
Why is winter cold?
India is divided into 5 major climate zones:-
• Hot and dry climate
• Warm and humid climate
• Composite climate
• Moderate climate
• Cold and dry climate
3. ELEMENT of climate
• Solar radiation:- The sun's rays are far more slanted during the shorter days of the
winter months.
• Precipitation:- is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere
and falls to Earth.
• Temperature:- In common usage, cold is often a subjective perception. A
lower bound to temperature is absolute zero, defined as 0.00 K on the
Kelvin scale
• Wind:- Cold winds are local dust-laden winds that cause a cold wave because
their temperature is below the freezing point
• Humidity:-is the concentration of water vapour present in the air.
Sky condition:- A *cold front is the leading edge of a cooler
mass of air at ground level that replaces a warmer mass of air
and lies within a pronounced surface trough of low pressure.
4. Introduction
Regions that lies on the cold climate zone are situated at high
altitude.
State such as a jammu and Kashmir,himachal pardesh,Uttarakhand
,Sikkim, southern part of tamil nadu ,northern part of up have a cold
climate.
The temperature ramges between 20-30 C in summers,while in
winter ranges from -3to -8 C,making it quite chilly.
The cold climate can be further divided two categories:
Cold and suuny Cold and cloudy
5. Cold and sunny
• The cold and sunny type of climate is
experienced in leh(Ladakh).the
region is mountainous,has little
vegetation,and is considered to be a
cold desert.
• The solar radiation is generally
intense with a very low percentage of
diffuse radiation.
• In summer, the temperature
reaches 17-24C during the day and 4-
11C at night.
Cold and cloudy
• Shimla,Shillong,Srinagar and
mahabaleshwar are examples of
places belonging to this climatic
zone.these are generally highland
regions having abundant vegetation
in summer.
• The intensity of solar radiation is low
in wintner with a high percentage of
diffuse radiation.
• In summer,the maximum ambient
temperature is in the ranges of 20-
30C during the day and 17-27C at
night,making summer quite pleasant.
6. Common challenges of cold climate
• Snow accumulation
Managing and preventing ice and
snow buildup on roofs , walkways and
roads.
• Extreme temperature
fluctuations
Designing structures that can withstand extreme
cold and heat changes
• Moisture control
Preventing moisture buildup and
condensation that can lead to
structural damage and indoor air
quality issues
• Limited sunlight
Requires careful consideration of
windows and façade placement
• Insulation
It’s crucial to prevent heat loss and maintain comfortable indoor temperature
• Wind damage
Building houses which can
withstand high winds and blizzard
7. Strategies for designing buildings in cold climate
Design the building to take advantage of
solar gain by orienting it to face south or
within 30degree of south
This will help to max solar gain and reduce heating cost
Ensure adequate insulation is installed
throughout the building, including
walls,roof and foundation.
This can help to reduce heat loss and improve energy efficiency
Choose a heating system that is
appropriate , such as high efficiency
furnace or heat pump
Small window size and low ceiling
size height to prevent heat loses
and keep the interior warm
8.
9. Does cold affect altitude?
• High-altitude locations are usually
much colder than areas closer to sea
level
This is due to the low air pressure. Air
expands as it rises, and the fewer gas
molecules.
The human body struggles in high altitudes
Himachal Pradesh located in high altitude
with a area 55673sqm.
10. Building orientation
High angle
North-facing walls and windows receive
more solar radiation in winter than in summer because the
sun is lower in the sky.
Low angle
Climate impact, the structure 2 storey
bulinding with attic.
Low height rooms (2.1 -2.4m) which
result in low surface to volume ratio
reducing heat from surface.
Major occupation- agriculture.hence it
have many store room.
Don’t have a boundary wall.
Settlement pattern- slope area with
ridge and the valley.
Cold climate, preferred the southern slopes,
which maximize penetration of sun ray
.
11. Climate condition
There is huge variation in climate condition due to
the variation in the altitude. Climate varied from.
Hot nd sub humid tropical -: (350-900M) in the
sothern low tract
Warm and temperature -: (900-1800M)
Cold and temperature -: (1900-2400M)
Cold glacier and alpine -:(2400-4800M) in the
northern and eastern high elevation mountain
ranges
The annual average rain is 1469MM
12. Climate influence
Due to the cold climate, The southern slope are preferred,
The orientation of the houses is maximize the penetration of
the sun rays.
The path of sun, control the height of the sun building as the
sun is needed for the dwelling unit.
The structure is the two story building with an attic
The low height of the rooms ( 2.1-2.4 M ) which result in low
surface to volume ratio reducing heat loss from surface
13. Natural hazards
The state experiences the fury of the
nature in various forms like cloudbursts,
droughts, forests, fires etc
Floods are one of the most frequently
natural disaster which the state
experiences every year.
Himanchal Pradesh falls under IV and V
with very high risk earthquakes of
magnitude 8 and greater.
14. Mitigation earthquake
To encounter the seismic force, the
traditional structures usually stand on a
high solid plinth, made up of dry
dressed stone masonry. The huge mass
serve as a dampener pad to earthquake
force and the dry construction allow for
the vibration and hence the faster
dissipation of the energy.
In the higher levels layer of woods and
stone cage are constructed with rubber
in between. It’s is non rigid and allow
the building to flex with seismic waves
and quickly dimidiate destruction
energy of earthquake
16. Kath-khuni architecture
The architectural style which develops
from natural and cultural background
of the place is famously known as Kath
kuni architectural
The origin of the term is explained by
O.C Handa as the combination of the
two local terms KATH and KUNI. The
word Kath means is a dialectal
variation of the two Sanskrit words
kasthhh which means WOOD KUNI is
again a dialectal variation of the
Sanskrit word KONA, that is, an ANGLE
or arm corner
The inherent stability, Flexibility, and
strength of the indigenous kath-kuni
(wood and stone) building make them
inappropriate for this earthquack
prone terrain.
CASE STUDY_1
components
17. Heat insulation
Double
skinned wall
Pent roof
gabel Stepper roof
Slate stone
Deep balconcy
Stone plinth
Longer facade faces south
to max low angle solar
gain during winter
Climate responsive architectural features
26. Druk white lotus school
1) The gently south, sloping site of the school is in
the village of shey (the site of the historic shey
monastery of ), close to the river indus.
2) The school is at the edge of the village on the
main road that’s leads the village to the GOMPA
site
3) Next to the site is another school complex of the
humble quality
4) New buildings are mostly reinforced concrete
structure
5) Architecture varies in religious structures for
different communities, but residential
architecture remain the same
27. Sustainable feature
• Use local availability of materials, which have the least impact on
material
• Exploiting natural ventilation and passive solar heating
• Minimum energy use and emission
• Minimising water use
• Refining and adapting the traditional techniques to provide modern
solution
28. • The water distribution system reuse water for the irrigation and
directed water to planted area
• Ground water from 105 foot (32 Meter )deep water table is
pumped by solar powered by solar powered to a 16,000 galloon
(60,000 litre) to the tank on the surface
• The sloping site has been utilised for water supply for the site by
mean of gravity field solar system solar pump are used to propel
water from the borewell to the water tank situated in the higher
ground
29. • Roof Are Designed For The Light To
Bring Out The Additional Daylight
Through clerestory Window
• Small window are always builds on the
north side
• Façade to provide daylight
• Ladhak is hot in summer and very cold in winter but even in winter, there is often intense
sunlight and teaching spaces heat quickly in 30degree south-east orientation combined with
fully glazed solar façades that gather to the sun’s energy and solar heat in the thermal mass
heat wall.
• The residence are orientated due to south and use Trombe wall, which are coated externally
Passive solar radiation
