Allied design answer bank

1. ALLIED DESIGN UD ANSWER BANK!
Q1) FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE A STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO BANNISTER
FLETCHER?
ANS:
- GEOGRAPHICAL: The civilization of every country has been, largely determined by
its geographical conditions. The characteristic of land in which any race dwells shapes
their mode of life and thus influence their intellectual culture.
- Geography influences architecture because geography is the lay of the land.
- How the land is laid out which will determine what type of architecture will look the best.
- It is about how natural surroundings affect the cultures and societies and how human
beings in turn intact change in the world around them.
- It includes topography based on which a structure can be constructed.
- GEOLOGICAL: In this section though the volume of endeavor will be made to trace
that influence on architecture style which the materials of land in each country had in its
development the natural products of a country such as wood, stone determine to a large
extent its style of art.
- The primary goal of geology is to use measurements of present day rock geometries to
uncover information about the history of deformation in the rocks and ultimately to
understand the stress field resulted in the observed strain and geometries.
- CLIMATE: The climate is equable and of even temperature, snow and frost are wholly
unknown, while storm, fog and even rain are rare, which accounts to a large extent for the
good preservation of the temples.
- The climate was thus of importance in developing the qualities of the architecture,
admitting of simplicity of construction, for though it demanded some protection against
heat.
- RELIGION: A close connection between religion and architecture is everywhere, The
priesthood was powerful possessed of almost unlimited authority and equipped with all
the learning of the age.
- The religious rites were traditional, unchangeable and mysterious.
- A multiciplity of gods was created by personifying natural phenomena such as the sun,
moon, stars, etc. as well as the brute creation.
- SOCIAL AND POLITICAL: A dense population was employed on public works, for
which they received no other pay but food, the state of cheap labor thus produced was
immensely favorable to the execution of great public works.
- HISTORICAL: Traditionally architecture simultaneously reflects and influences culture
in a circle that arches from natural expression through to neighborhoods, workplaces, and
educational establishments.
- A close connection between architecture and religion is everywhere manifest at this
epoch.

2. Q2) EXPLAIN LAND TENURE IN DETAIL?
ANS:
- In common law systems, land tenure is the legal regime in which land is owned by an
individual, who is said to "hold" the land.
- Tenure signifies the relationship between Tenant and the Landlord, and not the relation
between tenant and the land.
- Over history, many different types of land ownership, i.e. ways of owning land have been
established.
- A land owner/land holder is the holder of estate in land with considerable rights of
ownership or owner of land.
- There are two ways to own a land- 1. Ownership- buy/sell, 2. Gift- to someone or gift
from someone. If there is no claim of the land then the land belongs to the government.
- Land tenure is an important part of social, political and economic structures. It is multi-
dimensional, bringing into play social, technical, economic, institutional, legal and
political aspects that are often ignored but must be taken into account. Land tenure
relationships may be well-defined and enforceable in a formal court of law or through
customary structures in a community. Alternatively, they may be relatively poorly
defined with ambiguities open to exploitation.
- Land tenure is often categorized as:
- PRIVATE: the assignment of rights to a private party who may be an individual, a
married couple, a group of people, or a corporate body such as a commercial entity or
non-profit organization.
- COMMUNAL: a right of commons may exist within a community where each member
has a right to use independently the holdings of the community.
- OPEN ACCESS: specific rights are not assigned to anyone and no-one can be excluded.
This typically includes marine tenure where access to the high seas is generally open to
anyone; it may include rangelands, forests, etc.
- STATE: property rights are assigned to some authority in the public sector.
Q3) EXPLAIN THE LEGISLATIVE STRUCTURE OF MMR IN DETAIL?
ANS:
- The Mumbai Metropolitan Region(MMR) is a Metropolitan area in Maharashtra state,
consisting of state capital Mumbai and its Satellite towns.
- The entire area is overseen by the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development
Authority(MMRDA), a Maharashtra State Government Organization in charge of town-
planning, development, transportation and housing in the region.

3. - The region has an area of 4.355 km square and with a population of 20,748,345. It is
linked to Mumbai through the Mumbai Suburban Railway system and a large network of
roads.
- The MMRDA was formed to address the challenges in planning and development of
integrated infrastructure for the metropolitan region.
- The areas outside Brihan Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) and Navi Mumbai have lacked
organised development. Navi Mumbai, developed as one of the largest planned cities in
the world, was promoted by a Maharashtra Government-owned company, City and
Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO).
- The MMR consists of 8 Municipal Corporations and 8 Municipal councils:
- MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS:
- Municipal corporation of Greater Mumbai.
- Thane Municipal Corporation.
- Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal corporation.
- Ulhasnagar Municipal corporation.
- Mira-Bhayander Municipal corporation.
- Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal corporation.
- Navi-Mumbai Municipal corporation.
- Vasai Virar city Municipal corporation.
- MUNICIPAL COUNCILS:
- Ambarnath council.
- Kalyan Badlapur council.
- Alibaug council.
- Pen council.
- Panvel council.
- Uran council.
- Matheran council.
- Karjat-Khopoli council.
Q5) EXPLAIN GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATION WITH RESPECT TO INDIA?
ANS:
- BRITISH RULE: The history of British raj refers to the period of British rule on the
Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The system of governance was instituted in
1858 when the rule of East india company was transferred to Crown in person of Queen
Victoria. It lasted until 1947, when the British provinces of India were partitioned into
two sovereign dominion states- The Dominion of India and The Dominion of Pakistan,
leaving the princely states to choose between them. The two new Dominions later
became the Republic of India and the Islamic republic of Pakistan.
- INDEPENDENT INDIA, 15TH AUGUST 1947- The Indian Independence Act 1947 is
an act of parliament of UK that partitioned british india into two new dominions of India

4. and Pakistan. The Act received the royal assent on 18 July 1947 and Pakistan came into
being on 15th august at the same time as the Indian Independence. However, due to
Voiceroy Mountbatten’s need to be in New Delhi for the transfer of Power, Pakistan
celebrated its formation day a day ahead of 14th august 1947 to enable him to attend both
the events. The legislation was formulated by the Government of Prime Minister Clement
Attlee and the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten, after representatives of
Indian national congress, the muslim league and the sikh community came to an
agreement with the viceroy of India of what has come to be known as the 3 june plan or
the Mountbatten plan. This plan was the last plan for independence.
- THE ACT’S MOST IMPORTANT PROVISIONS WERE:
- Division of british india into two new and sovereign dominion of India and Pakistan with
effect from 15th august 1947.
- Partition of provinces of Bengal and Punjab between two new countries.
- Establishment of office of Governor General in each of two new countries as
representatives of the Crown.
- Conferral of the complete legislative authority upon the respective constituent assemblies
of the two new countries.
- Termination of british suzerainty over the princely states with effect from 15th august
1947 and recognized the right of states to accede to either dominion.
- Abolition of the use of the title “ emperor of india “ by the british sovereign.
Q6) EXPLAIN THE FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
OUR COUNTRY?
ANS:
- POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT: -Every nook and corner of India is a clear display of
increasing population. Whether you are in a metro station, airport, railway station, road, highway,
bus stop, hospital, shopping mall, market, temple, or even in a social/ religious gathering, we see all
these places are overcrowded at any time of the day. This is a clear indication of overpopulation in
the country.
- The two main common causes leading to over population in India are:
- The birth rate is still higher than the death rate. We have been successful in declining the death rates
but the same cannot be said for birth rates.
- The fertility rate due to the population policies and other measures has been falling but even then it
is much higher compared to other countries.
- Effects of Over Population
- Unemployment: Generating employment for a huge population in a country like India is very
difficult. The number of illiterate persons increases every year. Unemployment rate is thus showing
an increasing trend.
- Manpower utilization: The number of jobless people is on the rise in India due to economic
depression and slow business development and expansion activities.

5. - Pressure on infrastructure: Development of infrastructural facilities is unfortunately not keeping
pace with the growth of population. The result is lack of transportation, communication, housing,
education, healthcare etc. There has been an increase in the number of slums, overcrowded houses,
traffic congestion etc.
- Resource utilization: Land areas, water resources, forests are over exploited. There is also scarcity
of resources.
- Decreasedproduction and increased costs: Food production and distribution have not been able
to catch up with the increasing population and hence the costs of production have increased.
Inflation is the major consequence of over population.
- Inequitable income distribution: In the face of an increasing population, there is an unequal
distribution of income and inequalities within the country widen.
- Development of Transport network –
- SEAPORTS- Linked with early stages of European expansion from 16th to 18th centuries
commonly known as the age of exploration. They supported the early development of
international trade through colonial empires but were constrained by limited inland
access.Later in the industrial revolution many ports became important heavy industrial
platforms with globalization and containerization.
- RIVERS AND CANAL- The first stage of Industrial revolution in the late 18th century
and the early 19th centuries was linked with development of canal systems in Western
Europe and North America, mainly to transport heavy goods.
- RAILWAYS- The second stage of Industrial revolution in the 19th century was liked
with development and implementation of rail systems enabling more flexible and high
capacity inland transportation system. This opened up social and economic opportunities
through the extraction of resources, settlements of regions and growing mobility of
passengers.
- ROADS- The 20th century saw rapid development of comprehension of road
transportation such as national highway system and of automobile manufacturing as a
major economic sector. Individual transportation became widely available to mid income
classes specially after the World War Second.
Q7) EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE FOR EIA?
ANS:
Following are the steps for conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment.
1. Submit an application to the project authority. Send relevant documents to the MoEF or
SEIAAs, depending on the project category.
2. The technical staff of MoEF/SEIAA will examine the application. After this, the
application goes to the Central/state Environmental Appraisal Committee.

6. 3. Appraisal Committees test the impact of the project on the surrounding environment.
Both short and long term effects form part of the test. Appraisal committees also go for
site visits if necessary.
4. After this test, Appraisal Committees recommend for accepting or rejecting the proposal.
MoEF processes these recommendations and makes the final decision.
5. Site-specific projects need two types of clearance. Projects like Mining, River Valley,
Ports and Harbours are site-specific. Project units must obtain site clearance before
applying for environmental clearance. This is to protect areas that are fragile and
sensitive in respect of ecology and environment. For example, coastal zones and
protected forests.
Q8) EXPLAIN CRZ AND ITS CLASSIFICATION IN DETAIL?
ANS:
- Under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 of India, notification was issued in February
1991, for regulation of activities in the coastal area by the Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF). As per the notification, the coastal land up to 500m from the High Tide
Line (HTL) and a stage of 100m along banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers
subject to tidal fluctuations, is called the Coastal Regulation Zone(CRZ).
- CRZ along the country has been placed in four categories.
- Category I (CRZ -I):
a) Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as national parks/marine
parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wild habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs, area close
to breeding and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life, areas of outstanding
natural beauty, historical and heritage areas, areas rich in genetic biodiversity, areas
likely to be inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and such

7. areas as may be declared by the authorities.
b) Areas between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line
- Regulations:
No new constructions shall be permitted within 500m of the HTL.
- Category II (CRZ -II):
- The area that have already been developed up to or the shoreline. For this purpose, '
DevelopedArea' is referred to as that area within the municipal limits or in other legally
designated urban areas which is already substantially built up and which has been
provided with drainage and approach roads and other infrastructural facilities, such as
water supply and sewerage mains.
Regulations:
-Reconstruction of the authorized building to be permitted subject to the existing
FSI/FAR norms and without change in the existing use.
-The design and construction of buildings shall be consistent with the surrounding
landscape and architectural style.
- Category III (CRZ -III):
- Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those which do not belong to either Category I
or II. These will include coastal zone in the areas (developed and undeveloped) and also
areas within Municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which are not
substantially built up.
Regulations:
- Development of vacant plots between 200 and 500m of High Tide Line in designated
areas of CRZ-III with prior approval of Ministry of Environment and forests permitted for
construction of hotels/beach resorts for temporary occupation of tourists / visitors.
- Category IV (CRZ-IV):
- Coastal stretches in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakhadweep and small islands,
except those designated as CRZ I, CRZ II and CRZ III.
Q9) SHORT NOTES:
Q1. LIST OF PROJECTS THAT REQUIRE ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE?
ANS: An EIA concentrates on problems, conflicts and natural resources constraints which might
affect the viability of projects. It also predicts how the project could harm people their homeland,
their livelihood and other nearby development activities.
PROJECTS UNDER EIA:
- Nuclear power and related projects.
- River valley projects.
- Petroleum refineries.
- Ports, harbors and airports.
- Chemical fertilizer plants.

8. - Pesticides.
- Petrochemical complexes.
- Bulk drug and pharmaceuticals.
- Exploration for oil, gas and their production.
- Synthetic rubber.
- Asbestos and their products.
- Elastic and furnaces, mini steel plants.
- Primary metallurgical industries.
- Alkali industry.
Q2. LAND TENANCY SYSTEM IN PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD?
ANS: Under the british rule there were four main types of land tenure system in India:
1. Rayatwari system.
2. Mahalwari system.
3. Zamindari system.
4. Jagirdari system.
- RAYATWARI SYSTEM:
- It was introduced by Sir Thomas Munro first in Madras state and then in Bombay State.
- In this system, there was a direct relationship between Government and the tenant or
Rayat i.e. individual land holder.
- Every registered holder was recognised as its proprietor and he could sell or transfer the
land.
- He was assured of permanent tenure as long as he paid the land revenue.
- It was a better system as compared to Zamindari or Mahalwari and similar other forms of
tenure.
- MAHALWARI SYSTEM:
- Under this system, the village lands were held jointly by the village communities, the
members of which were jointly and severally responsible for the payment of land
revenue.
- Land revenue was fixed for the whole village and the village headman (Lumberdar)
collected it for which he received 5 per cent as commission.
- ZAMINDARI SYSTEM:
- Under this system, the lands of a village or few villages was held by one person or few
joint owners who were responsible for payment of land revenue to the Government.
- It is said that the British introduced Zamindari system to achieve two objectives. First, it
helped in regular collection of land revenue from a few persons i.e. Zamindars. Secondly,
it created a class of people who would remain loyal to the British ruler in the country.
- JAGIRDARI SYSTEM:
- A jahagirdar is powered to control the unproductive masses of village by engaging them
in Agricultural activities.

9. Q3. DEFINE EIA AND ITS PURPOSE?
ANS: "Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process of assessing the likely
environmental impacts of a proposal and identifying options to minimise environmental
damage. The main purpose of EIA is to inform decision makers of the likely impacts of a
proposal before a decision is made. EIA provides an opportunity to identify key issues and
stakeholders early in the life of a proposal so that potentially adverse impacts can be
addressed before final approval decisions are made."
The purpose and intended use of the Guidelines are:
1. Assist the forestry, environmental and other officials of developing countries who wish to
integrate explicit environmental concerns into forestry planning; the Guidelines call
attention to the regulatory options available, and outline the possible contents of the
various documents used to assess environmental impact; the Guidelines also list potential
impacts of forestry projects as well as sources of environmental information.
2. Assist the authors of forestry project documents who need to decide the scope and nature of
the environmental planning required.
3. Assist forestry planners or host country regulatory agencies who wish to conduct a preliminary
assessment of environmental impact with the aid of a checklist especially designed for forestry
projects.
4. Assist those authors of detailed feasibility studies of forestry projects who have to submit
detailed environmental impact reports in conjunction with cost-benefit analyses and technical
evaluations to host country regulatory agencies or to bi-or multilateral funding agencies.
5. Assist environmental regulatory bodice in those jurisdictions where those bodies assume the
responsibility for preparing detailed environmental impact reports.
6. In general, provide public and private forestry officials with checklists of the potential
consequences of forestry activities, especially large-scale deforestation in the humid tropics.
Q4. LAND USE CLASSIFICATION IN DEVELOPMENT PLAN?
ANS: The use of all lands situated within the municipal limits of greater Mumbai which have
been allocated, designated or reserved for certain purposes in the development plan.
LAND USE ZONE: Uses including Ancillary uses, permitted in different land use zones are as
follows:
1 High intensity Development area?
- General residential zones.

10. - Special residential zones.
- Service industrial zone i1
- General service industrial zone i2.
2 Low intensity Development area?
- Low density residential zone.
- Green zone
- Plantation zone.
- Cattle shed zone.
3 Restricted development zone?
- No development zone.
- Coastal regulation zone.
- Area under heritage structures/sites/precints.
Q5. EXPLAIN CRZ 1 IN DETAIL?
ANS:
Category I (CRZ -I):
a) Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as national parks/marine parks,
sanctuaries, reserve forests, wild habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs, area close to breeding
and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life, areas of outstanding natural beauty,
historical and heritage areas, areas rich in genetic biodiversity, areas likely to be inundated due to
rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and such areas as may be declared by the
authorities.
b) Areas between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line
Regulations:
No new constructions shall be permitted within 500m of the HTL.
Q6. REVERSION OF LAND?
ANS:
- A reversion in property law is a future interest that is retained by the grantor after the
conveyance of an estate of a lesser quantum that he has (such as the owner of a fee simple
granting a life estate or a leasehold estate). Once the lesser estate comes to an end (the
lease expires or the life estate tenant dies), the property automatically reverts (hence
reversion) back to the grantor.

11. - A reversion interest is logically similar, but not legally identical, to the rights retained by
someone who lends his property to another for a limited time. Although the bailee would
have the right to possess the property during the limited duration, these rights are neither
permanent nor exclusive. When the time comes, the property rights of possession will
terminate and return to the holder of the reversion.
- Reversions are commonly created in real property transactions, particularly
during lease arrangements as well as devise (the transfer of real property through a will).
In the context of a will, a testator may devise a simple life estate to a devisee.
The testator may retain the reversion in the estate or give it to another individual. The
owner of the life estate will retain ownership of the property during the devisee's life, and
may freely alienate this interest. However, upon the death of the devisee the life estate
will terminate and ownership of the real-property will fully vest in the holder of the
reversion.