Research Design, Sampling.

1. CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE
RESEARCH DESIGN

2. HOW TO CHOOSE FROM THE DIFFERENT
RESEARCH METHODS
Selecting the correct type from the different
research methods can be a little scary, at first. There
are so many factors to take into account and
evaluate.
The research question, ethics, budget and time are
all major considerations in any design.
This is before looking at the statistics required, and
studying the preferred methods for the individual
scientific discipline.

3. PLANNING THE RESEARCH
DESIGN
After the researcher has formulated the research
problem, the research design must be developed,
which is a kind of Master Plan, specify the methods,
and procedure for collecting and analyzing the
needed information that is the plan of action for the
research project.
Investigator must specify the sources of data and
techniques (because you cannot put the same shoe
on every foot), such as:
Surveys or Experiments

4. Appropriate research design
Four basic methods for descriptive and causal
research:
Surveys
Experiments
Secondary data analysis, and
Observation techniques
Once the appropriate design has been
determined, the researcher moves on to the
next steps: Sampling

5. The process of using a small number of items
or parts of a larger population to make
conclusions about the whole population
Sample: A subset, or some part of a larger
population
Population: A complete group of entities
sharing some common set of characteristics
Sampling

6. Sampling
Following steps must follow to conduct fieldwork:
Define the target population: Who is to be
sampled?
The sampling frame: How big should the sample
be? List of elements from which the sample may be
drawn?
How the sample units are to be selected?
Plan and procedure for selecting sampling units.
Determine sample size
Select actual sampling units
Conduct field work

7. Determine sampling procedure
Sampling procedure must outlined in the research
design. A brief sample designs is as follows:
Deliberate sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Quota sampling
Cluster sampling and area sampling
Multi-stage sampling
Sequential sampling

8. Different types of research designs have
different advantages and disadvantages
The design is the structure of any scientific work. It
gives direction and systematizes the research.
The method you choose will affect your results and
how you conclude the findings. Most scientists are
interested in getting reliable observations that can
help the understanding of a phenomenon.
There are two main approaches to a research
problem:
1. Quantitative Research
2. Qualitative Research

9. 1. Descriptive Statistics
Used to describe data such as mean, median and
standard deviation are the main descriptive
statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
Sample statistics to the population parameters
3. Test Statistics
Mathematical methods for describing and
analyzing the psychometric properties of tests and
other instruments
Types of Statistical Analysis

10. Preparing the research design
The function of research design is to provide for the
collection of relevant evidence with minimal
expenditure of effort, time and money. But how all
these can be achieved depends mainly on the
research purpose. Research purposes may be
grouped into four categories:
(i) Exploration,
(ii) Description,
(iii) Diagnosis, and
(iv) Experimentation….

11. The preparation of the research design, appropriate
for a particular research problem, involves usually
the consideration of the following:
(i) the means of obtaining the information;
(ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and
his staff (if any);
(iii) explanation of the way in which selected means
of obtaining information will be organized and the
reasoning leading to the selection;
(iv) the time available for research; and
(v) the cost factor relating to research, i.e., the
finance available for the purpose.