Basics of programming fundamentals

1. Programming
Fundamentals
Resource Person:Syed Ans Ali

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4. Why are you taking cs?

5. Are these your motivation?
 Because many people take it
 Just a random choice, no particular reasons
 A required course
 I would like to just get a better grade
 I would like to get programming skills and then grades
 More …

6. I believe your REAL motivation is ...
I take it because I
am interested

7. See course outline for : Course Objectives, Outcomes, Weekly
Lecture Plan, Assessment, Grading Scheme, Textbooks etc.

8. Five Tips to Success

9. 9
Try more exercises and more practice

10. 10
Work hard

11. 11
Do the labs and assignments by yourself

12. 12
Be patient with the machine

13. 13
If you really need that, do it quietly ...

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Please don’t go to home with a bundle of
questions in your mind!

15. Learning Philosophy
 · Lectures provide the first pass at course materials.
They provide preliminary understanding and knowledge.
 · Labs provide a more interactive environment in which
help is available to clarify further understanding of the
course materials. This activity also provides first hand
implementation of problems using C.
 · Assignments provide more complicated exercises to
understand the concepts of the course. Implementation
of a problem re-inforces the concepts of writing a
program in C.
 · Quiz and Examinations test your knowledge of the
course materials covered.

16.  This course is for you!
 This course will build your strong foundation
for upcoming courses of the degree
 Without the students the university wouldn’t
exist
 If you have questions, or any suggestions,
please let me know
 You can also always ask me questions via e-ma
At: MadihaTariq777@gmail.com

17. Problem Solving

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Background
Hardware, Operating
System and Application
Software

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 Five main components
 Input devices
 Allows the user to input data for processing
 Output devices
 To display the output to the monitor or
getting printed copy
 Processor CPU
CU ALU
AU LU
 Main memory
 Memory locations containing the running
program
 Secondary memory
 Permanent record of data often on a disk
Background
Computer Systems

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 Processor Typically called the CPU
 Central Processing Unit
 Follows program instructions
 Typical capabilities of CPU include:
add
subtract
multiply
divide
move data from location to location
Background
Computer Systems

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 Data:
 Raw facts and figures provided as input to computer
 Information:
 Data After Processing by computer is called information
Computer
Data Information
Background
Data & Information

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 A computer program is…
 A set of instructions written in a sequence to solve a particular
task.
 Computer software is …
 The collection of programs used by a computer
 Includes:
• Editors
• Translators
• System Managers
• Operating Systems
• Games etc
Background
Computer Program

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 Computer understands Machine Language
 ‘A’ may look like 01000001
 65 may look like 01000001
 An instruction may look like 01000001
 Programming Languages
 Types
 High Level Languages (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Visual Basic,
FORTRAN, COBOL, Lisp, Scheme, Ada)
 Low Level Languages (Assembly Language)
Background
Programming Languages

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 High – Level languages
 Resemble human languages
 Are designed to be easy to read and write
 Must be translated to zeros and ones for the CPU
to execute a program
Background
Programming Languages

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 Low – Level Languages
 An assembly language command such as
ADD X Y Z
might mean add the values found at x and y
in memory, and store the result in location z.
 Assembly language must be translated to
machine language (zeros and ones)
0110 1001 1010 1011
 The CPU can follow machine language
Background
Programming Languages

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 Translate Programming language to
machine language
Code in
Programming
Language
Language Translator
Code in
Machine
Language
Assembler
(Translates low level or assembly language
program into machine code and also check errors)
Compiler
(Translates High level language
program into machine code and also check errors)
Translator Types
Background
Language Translators

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 Translate high-level language to machine language
 Source code
 the original program in a high level language
 Object code
 the translated version in machine language
Source Code
(Code in High Level
Language)
Language Translator
Object Code
(Code in Machine
Language)
Background
Source Code and Object Code

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#include<stdio.h>
Int main()
{
Printf(“Hello”);
Return 0;
}
C
Compile
r
1011110100101
0101010101010
1111000011100
1010101010101
0101010101011
1100110011000
Background
Language Translators

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Computer
Input
Data
Output
Solution
Information
Problem
Algorithm
Problem Solving
Abstraction
Process of extracting
essential information
about a problem is
called abstraction.
An Algorithm is a
finite set of steps
carried out to solve a
problem.
Or
A sequence of precise
instructions which
leads to a solution.
A set of instructions
written in a sequence,
acc. to algorithm, to
solve a problem is called
program.

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 Problem: To develop a software that get two numbers, calculate sum and then displays the result on screen.
 Abstraction
 Algorithm
 1. Start
 2. Input A
 3. Input B
 4. Sum=A+B
 5. Display Sum
 6. En
 Computer Program (Code)
 #include<stdio.h>
 int main()
 {
 int a, b, c;
 printf("Enter two numbers to addn");
 scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
 c = a + b;
 printf("Sum of entered numbers = %dn",c);
 return 0;
 }
For Example
Compile
and Run
Output
Sum=A+B

33. What makes a bad program?
 Writing Code without detailed
analysis and design
 Repeating trial and error without
understanding the problem
 Debugging the program line by
line, statement by statement
 Writing tricky and dirty
programs

34. PROGRAMMER'S
DRINKING SONG!!
100 little bugs in the code,
100 bugs in the code,
fix one bug, compile it again,
101 little bugs in the code.
101 little bugs in the code …
Repeat until BUGS = 0
—The Internet Joke Book

35. Group Discussions are mandatory for
effective learning!