The document provides an overview of green innovation and frontier technologies. It discusses green windows of opportunity created by public institutions, markets, and R&D. It also examines catch-up trajectories in renewable energy markets and technologies. The document outlines cooperation needed for green innovation between developed and developing countries, including reforming intellectual property rules and increasing funding for technology transfer through organizations like the GEF. Key frontier technologies discussed include blockchain, robotics, drones, gene editing, and green hydrogen. Examples are given of countries leveraging industries like biomass, solar, wind, and electric vehicles.

1. Presentation on
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION REPORT 2023
Junaed Hossain
ID: 19302048
Mittika Nandy Tuly
ID: 19302050
Meherunasa Munni
ID: 19302043
Animesh Chandra Sarkar
ID: 19302048
Tamim Hossain
ID: 19302055
Group name: SHIELD

2. GREEN INNOVATION
 Green innovation has its roots in the idea of a ‘green techno-economic
paradigm’.
 A techno-economic paradigm can be defined as a set of “common-sense
guidelines for technological and investment decisions as pervasive new
technologies mature.
 A sustainable new techno-economic paradigm involves switching to
greener technologies and modes of production.
 Catching up with green innovation
Experimentation
Higher degree of
experimentation
and novelty:
Limited
opportunities for
a path-following
catch-up
Public goods
Driven by
social value
and the
provision of
climate-related
public goods
Directed
development
Social drive
implies
directed
development:
High levels of
policy
Global agendas
Influenced by
global agendas

3. CREATING GREEN WINDOWS
 Green windows are time-bounded opportunities that arise from changes in
public institutions and policy interventions, markets, and technologies.
 Green windows of opportunity arise mainly within countries
Created by public institutions:
Green windows of opportunities are often institutional – promoted by public
actions and related adjustments to the institutional framework conditions (rules,
regulations, policies, etc.)
Created by domestic markets :
Governments have been stimulating local demand for green products, for
example, by feed-in tariffs aimed at creating competitive parity between green
energies and fossil fuels.
Created by research and development
Governments can also invest in public R&D programs. For examples:- the
wind offshore demonstration projects in China

4. CATCH-UP TRAJECTORIES
 Catch-up refers to shifts in the balance of economic power between
incumbents and latecomers, and can be driven by markets or technologies.
Market catch-up:
This can start with government policies that stimulate a domestic market that
can be satisfied by local products.36 In renewable energy this may be
quantified and measured as the share of energy generation capacity (in
megawatts) sold and installed by domestic producers in the domestic and
global markets
Technological catch-up:
To a significant degree, this relies on capabilities based on pre-existing
knowledge and routines and strengthened by user-producer interactions. There
is however a distinction between technology that is new-to-the-country and
world-class technology at the global knowledge frontier

5. FRONTIER TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FAST LANE
 Frontier technologies have experienced tremendous growth in the last
two decades.3 In 2020 their market value was $1.5 trillion and by 2030
could reach $9.5 trillion

6. KNOWLEDGE ON FRONTIER TECHNOLOGIES
 Over the past two decades, frontier technologies have generated
increasing interest amongst academics and innovators. The number of
associated publications and patents has soared

7.  The knowledge landscape is dominated by the United States and China
with a combined 30 per cent share of global publications and almost
70 per cent of patents

9. Opening Green Windows In Developing Countries
1.SOLAR
PV
Chaina
Mexico
South
Africa
India
Vietnam
Kenya
Ethiopia
Iran

10. Opening Green Windows In Developing Countries
2.BIOFUELS
Brazil Ghana Ethiopia
The United
Republic Of
Tanzania
India

11. Opening Green Windows In Developing Countries
3.GREENHYDROGEN
Chile
Brazil
Chin
South
Africa
Namibia
Morocco
Oman
Africa

12. Green Windows Of Opportunity
4.Scenario 4-Windows In The Distance
3.Scenario 3- Windows Within Reach
2.Scenario 2- Windows To Be Open
1.Scenario 1- Windows Open

13. Maturity And Tradability Of Green Technology
1.Technological
Maturity
2.Tradability

14. Requirements For Opening Green Windows
1.Identify And
Switch
2.Assess And
Sustain Sectoral
Systems.

15. V. Pathways to more complex and sustainable production
A. Identifying greener production .
B. Paths to greener production
C. Complexity and greenness
D. Opportunities for greener production
IV. Twin transitions for global value chains – green and
digital
A. The greening of GVCs
1 Environmental upgrading
2. The twin transitions
3. Slow diffusion of digital technologies
in latecomer countries
B. Creating a twin transition

16. A.The greening of GVCs
1 Environmental upgrading

17. 2 The twin transitions
Selected industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing
Industrial robots Cobots 3D printing
Actuators Sensors Artificial intelligence (AI)

18. Smart manufacturing and service
technologies
Data processing technologies
Greener relationships along the
value chain
Supplier squeeze
Voluntary sustainability standards

19. B. CREATING A TWIN TRANSITION
Aligning digital
and green
strategies
Developing
digital
infrastructure
Building digital
skills
Building
international
partnerships
Setting standards
and regulations
Providing
financial support

20. V. Pathways to more complex and sustainable
production
Identifying
greener
production .
Paths to
greener
production
Complexity
and greenness
Opportunities
for greener
production

21. International collaboration for more sustainable
production
A. Cooperating for green innovation
1. A widening North-South divide
2. ODA for green innovation
3. United Nations support for technology transfer
B. Fostering international cooperation for green innovation
1. Align trade with the Paris Agreement
2. Reform international protection of IPRs for less technologically advanced
countries
3. Partners for green technology
4. Multilateral and open innovation
5. Assessing technologies
6. Regional and South-South STI
7. A multilateral challenge fund “Innovations for Our Common Future

22. COOPERATING FOR GREEN INNOVATION
1. A WIDENING NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE
The gap between developed and developing countries is evident in the
expenditure on research and development (R&D).
R&D expenditure, selected countries
and regions (percentage of GDP)
2013 Latest
Word 1.99 2.63
Lower middle income
countries
0.44 0.53
High-income countries 2.40 2.97
European Union 2.10 2.32
Israel 4.07 5.43
Japan 3.28 3.26
South Africa 0.66 0.62
United States 2.71 3.45
2010 Latest
Word 1279 1592
middle income
countries
650 812 (2018)
High-income countries 3,776 4,671 (2019)
European Union 3,092 4,258 (2020
Japan 5,104 5,455 (2020
South Africa 366 484 (2019)
United States 3,883 4,821 (2019)
Researchers in R&D per million inhabitants

23. 2. ODA for green innovation
Following the Paris Agreement of 2015, most countries have increased their climate-
change-related, green official development assistance (ODA). 12 In 2016/2017, many large
international donors committed at least 40 per cent of their development assistance as
green ODA. Nevertheless, ODA directed to green innovation urgently needs to increase
Green ODA as a percentage of all
ODA in leading donor countries
(2016/2017
country Percentag
e
Canada 41
EU institutions 34
France 67
Japan 48
United
Kingdom
42
United States 7

24. 3. UNITED NATIONS SUPPORT FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
The largest public-sector funding source for transferring environmentally sound
technologies (ESTs) is the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Since 1991,
financial contributions by donor countries to the several GEF-related trust funds
administered by the World Bank have amounted to over $30 billion. The primary
source of GEF grants is the GEF Trust Fund.

25. FOSTERING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR GREEN
INNOVATION
1. ALIGN TRADE WITH THE PARIS AGREEMENT
 Consistent with the Paris agreement on climate change
 Protect infant industries so new green sectors can emerge
 These policies are needed even in more technologically advanced countries
2. REFORM INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF IPRS FOR LESS
TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED COUNTRIES
 protection of Intellectual property rights (IPRs) reduces the opportunity for firms
 Selected elements of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS)
I. Flexibility and compulsory licenses
II. Transitional periods
III. Technology transfer
IV. Technical and financial cooperation

26. 3. Partners for green technology
4. Multilateral and open innovation
Examples of multilateral modes of research and research cooperation
 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
 Global Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Institute
 International Energy Agency (IEA) Implementing Agreements
nearly all governments have approved the Paris Agreement and
SDGs,72 this should also be a guiding principle for public promotion
of green innovations.
successful examples of collective research whose results belong to
all participating countries, particularly in natural sciences, including
the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and the
Square Kilometre Array (SKAO) project

27. 5. Assessing technologies
 UNEP, for example, through the Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN) conducted a Technology
Needs Assessment in Brazil on the use of Industry 4.0 technologies, particularly on how they can help create
a circular economy.94 UNCTAD is currently carrying out pilot projects involving three African countries to
build capacity for technology assessment. It could also consider how developing countries can be
systematically supported to use such technologies.
6. Regional and South-South STI
7. A multilateral challenge fund “Innovations for Our Common
Future
 Successful innovation systems create multiple incentives for companies and entrepreneurs to
develop their own ideas and transfer them to practice.

29. Frontier Technology Trends
Block chain

30. Frontier Technology Trends
Robotics Drones
Gene Editing

31. Frontier Technology Trends
Nanotechnology
Concentrated Solar Power
Solar PV

32. Frontier Technology Trends
Biofuels
Biogas and Biomass
Wind energy

33. Frontier Technology Trends
Green Hydrogen Electric
Vehicles

34. Examples of Countries Using Green Industries
Biogas and Biomass
 China
 Vietnam
 Thailand
 Bangladesh
 Pakistan
 African Countries
 Mexico
Concentrated Solar
Power
 Morocco
 China

35. Examples of Countries Using Green Industries
Wind Power
China
South Africa
Kenya
Ethiopia
Electric Vehicles
 China
 India
 South Africa
 Brazil