Enzymatic Degumming

1. ‘ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING’
Guided by- Dr. Jyotsna Waghmare.
-From
ANIKET D. SHISHUPAL
M.Tech (OILS)

2. OIL REFINING AND IT’S OBJECTIVES
1. Removal of undesired products from crude oils
•free fatty acids (FFA)
•phospholipids (gums)
•oxidised products
•metal ions
•colour pigments
•other impurities
2.Preservation of valuable vitamínes.
(vitamin E or tocopherol–natural anti-oxidants)
3.Minimize oil losses
4.Protection of the oil against degradation

3. 1) Degumming is used for removal of phosphatides
2)Neutralization is used for removal of free fatty
acids
3)Bleaching is used for for removal of color
4)Deodorization is used for removal of distill
odors and flavors

4. TYPES OF GUMS NEED TO REMOVED :
Two main types
 Hydratable Phosphatides- easy to remove
 Non-Hydratable Phosphatides(NHP) -hard to remove from oil
•some NHP removed with hydratables in
water degumming
•requires the use of an acid to convert to
hydratable for complete removal

6. ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING FUNDAMENTALS

7. ABOUT ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING
Enzymatic degumming was first introduced by the German Lurgi
Company as the »Enzy Max process« .The EnzyMax process can
be divided into four different steps:
1. The adjustment of the optimal conditions for the enzyme
reaction, i.e. optimal pH with a citrate buffer and the
optimal temperature;
2. The addition of the enzyme solution;
3. The enzyme reaction;
4. The separation of lysophosphatide from the oil at
about 75 °C.
Enzymes for enzymatic degumming;
 Lecitase® 10L (pancreatic phospholipase A2)
 Lecitase® Novo (microbial lipase)
 Lecitase® Ultra (microbial lipase)

8. ENZYMES –LECITASE (10 L, NOVO & ULTRA)
1)Most of the phospholipids in crude oil (feed stocks) are hydratable and can be
removed by water degumming NHPL are not hydratable with water, can not
swell and form gels or precipitate from oil. Removal of NHPL requires more
complex process like enzymatic degumming.
2)Nowadays, two kinds of enzymes, such as Lecitase 10L (pancreatic
phospholipase A2) and Lecitase Novo (microbial lipase), are used for oil
degumming in the industry .
3)Advantage of Lecitase ultra EnzymeLecitase® Ultra is a new microbial lipase
developed by Novozymes, and it is a protein-engineered carboxylic ester
hydrolase from Thermomyces lanuginosus/Fusarium oxysporum produced by
submerged fermentation of a genetically modified Aspergillus oryzae & most
importantly it is able to identify only the phospholipids as substrate and did not
hydrolyze the triglyceride in enzymatic oil degumming system.

9. ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING DIAGRAM

10. STEPS IN ENZYMATIC DEGUMMING:-
1)The enzyme solution (Aqueous solution of citric acid, caustic soda and
enzymes) is dispersed into filtered oil at mild temperature.
2)A high speed rotating mixer used for effective mixing of enzyme and oil.
3)The conversion of non-hydratable phospholipids (NHPs) into hydratable
phospholipase (HPs) is attained by the effect of enzyme.
4)The enzyme treated oil is sent to mechanical separation
5)The degummed oil received is dried under vacuum and suitable for further
process.

11. PLA & PLC ENZYMES
1)For instance, phospholipase enzymes such as Purifine PLC specifically react with phospholipid
impurities in oil, leaving bulk oil untouched , phospholipases breaks the phospholipids into water
soluble and oil soluble fragments minimizing the formation of emulsion and there by less yield
loss.
2)Several commercially available degumming enzymes are available, most of which has a
common mode of action.
3) Phospholipase A(PLA) enzymes removes fatty acid from phospholipid forming
lysophospholipids that are poor emulsifier in low water environment of oil processing.
4)Degumming with PLA enzymes results in the significant oil reduction in entrained oil.
5) Enzymatic degumming using Purifine PLC can easily be integrated into most existing plant
designs. The basic equipment required to carry out the process is an ultra-high shear mixer and
a reaction tank.
6) Enzymatic degumming produces minimal wastewater because only 1-2% water needs to be
added for efficient degumming.

12. 7)The wastewater actually contains lysophospholipids that can be recycled by
mixing degumming water with oil seed meals or recovered by evaporation.
8)In this way, enzymatic degumming becomes a refining process without waste
products.
9)A low dosage of enzyme Lecitase ultra is added only 30g enzyme per ton oil.
Enzymatic degumming is mainly focus on the development of new enzyme and
optimal process for the reduction of phosphorus content
10)Compared with the conventional chemical refining process, physical refining is
becoming more and more popular. Enzymatic degumming with Lecitase Ultra is a
special type of physical degumming that is proving to give good performance and
higher oil yields.
11) The enzyme process can optimized by controlling oil temperature, water dose,
and enzyme dose. The result is a robust and uniform process where the enzyme
is simply allowed to do its work, without adjusting process parameters according
to the quality of the incoming oil.

13. .

14. COMPARISON OF REFINING TECHNOLOGIES

15. TABLE ILLUSTRATING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLA &
PLC

16. THINGS TO BE NOTICED :-
1)Use of enzymatic degumming reduces the total oil loss in degumming
process
2) No soap stock
3)No wash water
4)Reduced process time
5)Reduction in chemicals
6)Zero phosphorous content
7)It is robust.
8)But reduction in oil losses must be pay for the enzyme cost and additional
energy (power & heat)

17. THANK YOU