5. What do enzymes do?
• Enzymes act as
_________ in
cellular reactions.
• Q: What does a
catalyst do?
Images: Activation energy graph, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
6. • Enzymes are proteins that are used as
catalysts in biochemical reactions.
• A catalyst is a factor that controls the rate
of a reaction without itself being used up.
• In biological systems, enzymes are used
in all metabolic reactions to speed up the
rate of a reaction and decrease the
amount of energy necessary for the
reaction to take place (activation energy).
7. How do enzymes work?
Enzymes catalyze
reactions by
weakening chemical
bonds, which
________ activation
energy.
Image: Activation energy graph, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
8. How do enzymes work?
• Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape, including a surface groove called
an ______ _____.
• The enzyme works by binding a specific chemical reactant (_________)
to its active site, causing the substrate to become unstable and react.
• The resulting __________ (s) is then released from the active site.
Image: Enzymatic reaction, Jerry Crimson Manni
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
9. • Each enzyme has an area called the
active site to which a specific substrate
will bond temporarily while the reaction is
taking place.
10. When an enzyme is interacting with
it’s substrate, during the chemical
reaction, together they are referred
to as the …
Image: Enzyme –substrate complex, UC Davis
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
11. • are ________ for
what they will
catalyze.
• fit with substrate
like a ____ and
____.
Enzymes…
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
12. …are _______.
They are not
consumed (used up)
in the reactions
they catalyze.
Enzymes…
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
13. • Enzymes are specific for
each reaction and are
reusable.
14. The more cans (substrate), the more $ (product).
The more recycling machines (enzymes), the faster the cans turn into $.
Enzymes are like tiny machines within living things.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
15. Enzymes…
• Have names that
usually end in -_____.
-Sucrase
-Lactase
-Maltase
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
16. Why Are Enzymes So Important?
Why are we devoting
one whole lecture topic
to a protein molecule?
Nearly all chemical
reactions in
biological cells need
enzymes to make
the reaction occur
fast enough to
support life.
Image: Jumping rope, Meagan E. Klein
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
17. Formats for writing a enzymatic
reaction.
( ________ )
_______ + ________ -----------> _________
( ________ )
__________ -----------> ________ ________
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
18. “ToothpickASE”
• In this activity, “Toothpickase” is a fictitious
DIGESTIVE ENZYME which breaks down
toothpicks into two units.
• The toothpicks represent the substrate
and your thumbs and index fingers
represent the enzyme, Toothpickase.
• When you break a toothpick, the place
where the toothpick fits between your
fingers represents the active site of the
enzyme
19. 1. Count out 30 unbroken toothpicks into a
box on your desk.
2. Assign team roles: one teammate is the
time keeper, one is the recorder, & one will
be the enzyme Toothpickase. (Be sure to
switch roles for each activity so everyone
gets a job.)
20. • 3. The Toothpickase person (the enzyme)
will break toothpicks without looking at the
bowl and all of its products (broken
toothpicks). All broken toothpicks must
remain in the bowl along with the
unbroken toothpicks because the products
and reactants mix together in metabolic
reactions. You cannot re break a broken
toothpick- it has already been acted upon!
4. WITHOUT LOOKING AT THE BOWL,
break as many toothpicks as you can in 10
seconds and record this on Data table 1.
21. • Remember: DO NOT BREAK
TOOTHPICKS ALREADY BROKEN!
When counting, two halves equal a whole
broken toothpick. After counting, leave the
broken toothpicks in the bowl.
22. 5. Do another 10 seconds of breaking (20
seconds total now), then count and record
the number of toothpicks broken
6. Continue breaking toothpicks for these
total time intervals (60, 120, and 180
seconds). REMEMBER TO ALWAYS
THROW BROKEN TOOTHPICKS BACK IN
THE PILE (because products & reactants
stay mixed in reactions), BUT DON’T RE-
BREAK THEM (the enzyme has already
acted on the substrate).
23. Effect of Substrate
Concentration on Reaction Rate
• Remove the broken toothpicks from the
bowl. Place 10 paperclips in the empty
bowl. The paper clips represent a “solvent”
in which the toothpicks are “dissolved.”
Different concentrations are simulated by
mixing different numbers of toothpicks with
the paper clips.
24. • For the first trial, place 10 toothpicks in the
box with the paper clips and mix them up.
The enzyme has 10 seconds to react
(break as many toothpicks as possible).
Remember, the enzyme breaks the
toothpicks without looking at the bowl and
all of the products (broken toothpicks)
must remain in the bowl. The toothpicks
can only be digested once- do not break
toothpicks already broken! Record the
number broken at a concentration of 10.
25. Questions to answer:
1. What happens to the reaction rate as the supply of
toothpicks runs out?
2. What would happen to the reaction rate if the toothpicks
were spread out so that the "breaker" has to reach for
them?
3. What would happen to the reaction rate if more
toothpicks (substrate) were added?
4. What would happen to the reaction rate if there were
two "breakers" (more enzymes)?
5. What happens if the breaker wears bulky gloves (active
site affected) when picking up toothpicks?
26.
27. different catalysts function the same
amino acids
• Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words in
the box below.
1. Enzymes are biological ……………… that speed up chemical
reactions in
living organisms.
2. Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made up of long chains of
………...……….
3. The sequence and type of amino acids are …………… in each
protein, so they produce enzymes with many different shapes and
functions.
4. The shape of an enzyme is very important to its ……………….
28. How do you stop
an enzyme?
Irreversible egg
protein
denaturation
caused by high
temperature
(while cooking it).
__________ _____!
• Alteration of a protein shape through
some form of external stress
• Example, by applying heat or changing pH.
• Denatured protein can’t carry out its
cellular function .
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
29. Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Inhibitors
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
30. Temperature & pH
• Think about what kind of cell or
organism an enzyme may work in…
• Temperatures far above the normal
range _________ enzymes. (This is why
very high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook the
body’s proteins.)
• Most enzymes work best near
__________ pH (6 to 8).
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki
32. Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Inhibitors
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
33. Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Non-protein substances (zinc,
iron, copper, vitamins) are sometimes
need for proper enzymatic
activity.
• Coenzyme vs Cofactor: What’s
the difference?
_________ more general
term. Includes inorganic and
organic molecules.
_________ type of cofactor,
but specifically organic
molecules. Ex. Vit B12
Image: Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki. Ribbon-diagram showing carbonic
anhydrase II. The grey sphere is the zinc cofactor in the active site.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
34. Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Inhibitors
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
35. Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors
1. ________
________
Chemicals that resemble
an enzyme’s normal
substrate and
compete with it for
the active site.
Reversible depending on
concentration of
inhibitor and
substrate.
Image: Competitive inhibition of enzyme, Jerry Crimson Mann
EXAMPLE: The drug Antabuse is used to help alcoholics
quit drinking. Antabuse inhibits aldehyde oxidase, resulting
in the accumulation of acetaldehyde (say a-si-’tell-de-hide)
during the metabolism of alcohol. Elevated acetaldehyde
levels cause symptoms of nausea and vomiting.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
36. Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors
2. ____________
____________
Do not enter active
site, but bind to
another part of the
enzyme, causing the
enzyme & active site to
change shape.
Usually reversible,
depending on
concentration of
inhibitor & substrate.
EXAMPLE: You may know that compounds containing
heavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper or silver
are poisonous. This is because ions of these metals
are non-competitive inhibitors for several enzymes.
Image: Pouring liquid mercury, Bionerd
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
37. Enzyme Inhibitors
Blocking an enzyme's activity
can kill a pathogen or correct a
metabolic imbalance.
Many _____ are enzyme
inhibitors.
Enzyme inhibitors are
also used as _________
and __________.
Images: Prescription bottle, T. Port; Dead cockroach, Wiki
EXAMPLE:
•Another example of
competitive inhibition is
protease inhibitors.
•They are a class of anti-
retroviral drugs used to
treat HIV.
•The structure of the drug
ritonavir (say ri-TAHN-a-veer)
resembles the substrate of
HIV protease, an enzyme
required for HIV to be made.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
38. Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase
• Catecholase is present in most ______ and __________.
• It is the enzyme that facilitates the ________ of cut or bruised fruits
and vegetables by catalyzing the following reaction:
(catecholase)
Catechol + oxygen ----------------- polyphenol
colorless substrate brown product
Image: Bananas T. Port
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
39. Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase
_________ juice and other acids are used to preserve
color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the ____
and removing the copper (cofactor) necessary for the
enzyme to function.
Reaction:
catecholase
catechol + O2 ---------- polyphenol
colorless substrate brown product
Images: Apples, T. Port; Lemons, André Karwath; Enzyme
with Cofactor, Wiki; pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
40. Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain
• Pineapple contains enzyme bromelain,
which can _______ _________.
• Jell-O® is made of gelatin, a
processed version of a structural
protein called _________ found in
many animals, including humans.
• Collagen = big, fibrous molecule makes
skin, bones, and tendons both strong
and elastic.
• Gelatin you eat in Jell-O ® comes from
the collagen in cow or pig bones,
hooves, and connective tissues.
(Yummie!)
Image: Pineapple, Whaldener Endo
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
41. Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain
(bromelain)
collagen protein + H20 -------------- amino acids
substrate products
Bromelain is a ______
enzyme that facilitates
hydrolysis of protein.
Remember, hydrolysis cuts
molecule by adding water…the
reverse of the hydration
synthesis pictured to the left.
FYI: Bromelain is used as a meat tenderizer. Breaks down
the collagen in meat. So what do you think could happen to
your tongue when you eat fresh pineapple?
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
