2. Biopsy - Histologic confirmation
• The majority - the glans penis, coronal sulcus, or inner preputial skin
• It is important to include some adjacent normal tissue with the specimen
to allow optimal evaluation of the depth of invasion of the cancer.
• the form of a punch biopsy, excisional biopsy of a relatively small tumor
of the glans or foreskin, or incisional biopsy of a larger lesion that cannot
be completely excised.
• Dorsal slit - to gain adequate exposure of the preputial cavity.
• If a lesion involves the urethral meatus, urethroscopy is indicated to
evaluate the urethra, and directed biopsies are performed.
2
3. 3
Ca. Penis
Management of Primary
Organ Conservation
Standard Surgical Procedures
Partial penectomy
Total penectomy
Emasculation
5. Options
• Surgical amputation – the oldest
• Is the gold standard
• radical surgical approach provides excellent local
control
• it is often mutilating and is associated with urinary and
sexual dysfunction as well as dramatic psychological
morbidity
5
6. Organ preserving procedure
• 80% - distal, involving the glans and/or prepuce
• stagesTis,Ta,T1; grades 1 and 2 are at low risk for local
progression and/or distant metastatic spread;
• the traditional 2 cm excision margin has been challenged
as unnecessary for patients under- going partial
penectomy.
• Conservative techniques with surgical margins of less than
10 mm appear to offer excellent oncological control
6
7. 7
Organ Conserving Surgical Approach
• Laser Therapy
• Mohs Micrographic Surgery
• Conservative Local Surgical Excision
– Circumcision
– Local excision
– Partial / Total glansectomy
8. Conservative Surgery
• Low stage –Tis,Ta,T1 Gr I&II
• N0 (no nodes)
• Glanular sensory preservation
• Void while standing
• SI
8
9. 9
Laser Therapy - Hofstetter and Frank
• Lasers used CO2; Nd:YAG; KTP
• Circumcision – recommended
• Drawbacks
– Healing time - 5 to 8 weeks for CO2 laser
– (8 to 12 weeks for the Nd : YAG and KTP lasers)
– carbonisation
– local recurrence rate - 20% (for Ca. in situ and T1 lesion)
– difficulty in determining the exact depth of laser coagulation
– inability to treat larger lesions
– careful long-term surveillance
– Better for tumors < 4mm invasion [ Tis>T1]
10. 10
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
• removal of cancer by excision of tissue in thin
layers
• Local control rate - 94%
• Best suited in- Ca. in situ, small T1
11. Circumcision
• acquired phimosis secondary to preputial tumors
• symptomatic treatment of painful or haemorrhagic tumors
• before radiotherapy as it allows better targeting and definition of the tumor,
simultaneously preventing preputial radiotherapy-related adversereactions
• improves local oncological surveillance.
• circumcision alone - primary curative for small low-stage (Tis,Ta,T1) and low-
grade (grades 1 and 2) disease limited to the distal prepuce.
• proximal and close to the coronal sulcus, the circumcision margin will need to
be extended proximally to the penile shaft to ensure adequate oncological
resection, as recurrence rates may be as high as 50%
11
12. 12
Local excision
• excision of lesion with negative margin
• Reconstruction- primary closure, preputial skin
flap, full-thickness graft of penile skin , SSG
• local recurrence - 8% to 11%
13. Partial glansectomy
1. PG with primary glans
closure;
2. PG with graft
reconstruction of the
glans;
3. PG without grafting.
PG is indicated in
• localized tumors of the
corona or central glans
with no surrounding
carcinoma in situ
• obvious erectile tissue
involvement on MRI.
• for small and isolated
lesions. 13
14. 14
Surgical glans defect covered with outer
preputial flap [ Ubrig et al]
• Superficial glans tumor
• Outer preputial flap
outlined
• Tumor excised and
circumcision performed
• Glans defect filled with
outer preputial flap
16. Total Glansectomy
• Austoni in 1996
• circular incision in the distal shaft skin down to Buck fascia.
• At this level, a plane is developed to separate the glans from corporal tips.
• The urethra and the neurovascular bundle are isolated in their distal extremities.
• The glans is dissected from the corpora cavernosa and the urethra is distally
sectioned.
• The use of multiple frozen sections of the surgical margins is strongly suggested.
• After removing the glans, the urethra is ventrally opened and the neomeatus
fixed to the tip of the corpora cavernosa.
• The neurovascular bundle is fixed to the albuginea proximally to the neoglans
with absorbable sutures. 16
19. 19
Partial Penectomy
• Goals
– Successful local control (at least 1-2 cm proximal
margin)
– preserve voiding in standing position
– possible sexual function
20. 20
Partial Penectomy- Steps
• lesion initially excluded from surgical field by small towel
• skin incised circumferentially at the line of amputation to Buck
fascia
• Buck fascia incised laterally, plane dissected between tunica
albuginea and neurovascular structures
• dorsal penile vessels ligated and divided
• corpora cavernosa sharply divided
• urethra dissected 1.5 cm distally and transected
• corpora closed transversely
• penile skin closed in midline over corporeal ends
• urethrostomy constructed by approximating urethra to the
adjacent penile skin
• indwelling urethral catheter is left in place for 3 to
5 days
27. Complications
• Early – bleeding / infection
• The most common complication of partial and total
penectomy is meatal stenosis.
• TheV inlay technique has been used to decrease the
stenosis at the urethral opening
• Patients with partial or total penectomy suffer serious
psychological and physical trauma with major changes in
their quality of life.
27
28. 28
Comparing Surgery & RT
Surgery
local recurrence after
partial or total penectomy -
0% to 8%
rapid tumor control
Meatal stenosis- 6%
• RT
– urethral fistula, stricture,
stenosis, penile necrosis,
pain, edema
– Penile necrosis - 0%
to 23%
– Urethral stenosis - 10% to
45%
– 6 weeks of therapy in EBRT
– several months of
morbidity
– Close follow-up – must
– distinguishing post
irradiation ulcer, scar, and
fibrosis from recurrent
carcinoma - impossible
29. 29
Comparing Surgery & RT
Surgery
Complications of block
dissection
RT
5-year local control -
70% to 87%
(Brachytherapy)
5-year local control -
44% to 69.7% (EBRT)
sexual QOL - not studied
with validated
instruments
30. 30
Treatment of Primary lesion Stage by Stage
• Tis ( options after confirmatory biopsy)
– Lesion prepuce circumcision
– Lesion glans
• Topical 5FU cream
• Laser Excision
• Mohs Micrographic Surgery
• RT
31. 31
Treatment of Primary lesion- Ta
Laser Excision
Mohs Micrographic
Surgery
RT-
contraindicated
32. 32
Treatment of Primary lesion- Options
• T1,T2,T3
– Partial penectomy
– Total penectomy
– Emasculation
34. Sexual function after partial penectomy
• 66.7% sustained the same frequency and level of sexual desire as
before surgery, and 72.2% continued to have ejaculation and
orgasm every time they had sexual stimulation or intercourse.
Only 33.3% maintained their preoperative sexual
intercourse frequency and were satisfied with their
sexual relationship with their partners and their
overall sex life.
*Urology. 2005 Dec;66(6):1292-5. Romero et al
34
35. Pre Radiotherapy
Sexual function
Post Radiotherapy
Sexual function
Erection Normal in **17/18 Unchanged in 15/17 (88%)
Mild dysfunction in 2 (12%)
Sexually Active ***15/18 15/18
Coitus Frequency
(median)
5 per month in 15 sexually
active men (Range 2-15)
Unchanged in13/15 (87%)
Reduced in 2 men
Coital Satisfaction Normal in 15/15 sexually
active men
Unchanged in 13/15 (87%)
Reduced in 2 men
5 patients ( 21.7%) who underwent penectomy for residual / recurrent disease not included
** 1 patient had loss of erectile function before starting Radiotherapy
***2 patients with normal erection were not sexually active (single and advanced age)
Prospective evaluation of Sexual Functions - TMH
Prospective study of PCT using accelerated External RT
1996-2003
23 men with Stage I – II Penile SCC
35
37. 37
Total Penile Reconstruction
• Originally developed for treatment of victims of
war injuries
• micro vascular free-flap reconstruction for
phallic construction
• Forearm flap
39. 39
Appearance of the phallus after it is totally
configured and transposed to the area of the
“penis.”
40. 40
Radiation Therapy for
the Primary Lesion
• Indications
– young patients with small (2- to 4-cm) superficial lesions
of distal penis, not willing for amputation
– patients who refuse surgery
– patients with inoperable cancer
– Patients unsuitable for major surgery.
41. 41
Radiation Therapy for
the Primary Lesion
• EBRT
– direct field method - only for very superficial tumors
(Tis ,T1)
– parallel opposed field method - T2, T3 (penis
irradiated by encasing the lesion in a wax mold)
• Brachytherapy
– Interstitial brachytherapy - placement of
radioactive material within the tumor
– Plesiobrachytherapy- placement of radioactive
material molded around the tumor
46. Points to be well informed to
patients if RT is selected
• Although cosmetically attractive, disadvantages
are
– Useful only in early stage (T1,T2)
– Only 65-80% success rate even in early stage
– Penile necrosis - 0% to 23%
– High chance for stricture urethra
– Penectomy required for recurrence
and necrosis
46
47. 47
Summary
• Definite role for Organ preservation- Tis, Ta, T1a
• RT – only in selected cases ( local recurrence,
complications common)
• 2cm proximal margin, adequate penile stump for upright
micturition - Partial Penectomy
• 2cm proximal margin , if inadequate penile stump for
upright micturition- Total Penectomy
