5. WORK-UP
• CBC, RFT, LFT
• Urine cytology and cystoscopy
• CT/MRI of abdomen and pelvis, ideally prior to biopsy.
• Perform Transurethral resection of bladder tumor
(TURBT) and EUA.
• Image of upper urinary tract (CT/MRI urography, intravenous
pyelogram, renal US, retrograde pyelogram or ureteroscopy) if
biopsy proven malignancy .
• Chest X-ray
BIOPSY SPECIMEN SHOULD CONTAIN MUSCLE FOR PROPER STAGING
OF TUMOR.
6. CYSTOSCOPY
• It provides direct visualization of the bladder
and facilitates biopsy of the bladder.
• The number, size,shape, and location of
tumors as well as appearance of the
surrounding mucosa, urethra and ureteral
orifice are documented.
Urinary cytology
•Gold standard for non invasive screening of
bladder cancer.
• Sensitivity: 40-60%
• Specificity: 98%
7. INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY
Traditionally it was modality of
choice in evaluating the disease
Largely replaced by CT Urography
Only 60% bladder cancer are
detected by IVP.
Tumors appear as sessile or
pedunculated filling defect
8. ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Focal or hypoechoic or mixed
echogenicity non mobile mass
projecting into bladder lumen
No posterior shadowing
Focal bladder wall thickening
Color Doppler shows increase
vascularity
9. CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
• It is not sensitive in describing the
depth of invasion or lymph node
involvement but it can be helpful in
determining extravesical extension
and planning in subsequent
treatment.
10. MRI IMAGING
• Gadolinium – enhanced MRI
studies may prove useful in
distinguishing superficial from
invasive disease intravesical
from extra vesical tumors
• MRI might be particularly useful
in detecting early nodal
metastasis.
13. TURBT- NMIBC scoring
• LOW RISK
– Tumor <3 cm
– Grade 1 disease
– T1a with e/o CIS
– 15% chance of Recu.
– 0.2 % risk of progression
• HIGH RISK
– Stage Ta or T1
– Grade III
– CIS
– 61% recurrence risk
– 17% progression risk.
• INTERMEDIATE RISK
• Multiple grade 1 tumours
• Multiple grade II tumours,
stage Ta
• Single grade II, stage T1
• 38% chance of
recurrence
• 5% risk of progression
14. • Observation :
• Completely resected
• Ta
• Grade 1
• No abnormal cytology in urine cytology
• Indications of Adjuvant therapy
• CIS associated with Ta or T1 tumours
• Any grade G3 tumour
• Multifocal tumours
• Rapidly recurring after TURBT
• Urothelial carcinoma involving the prostatic
mucosa or ducts
15. • BCG : live attenuated strain of mycobacterium
– MOA: triggers inflammatory cascade, inducing
neutrophil and Th1 chemotaxis
– Reconstituted with 50 ml of saline and
administered through urethral catheter
– Treatment begin 2-4 wks after tumour resection
– After instillation the patient should retain the solution
for 2 hours.
16. • Schedule
– Induction
• Weekly for 6 wks intravesically
• Cystoscopy with urine cytology and possible biopsy should be done to
confirm the recurrence or progression at 3 months
– Maintenance
• SWOG regimen of 3 weekly instillations at 3, 6 and every 6 months
for 3 years
• All guidelines and meta analysis recommend at least one year
of BCG maintenance therapy
• Complete remission is obtained in up to 70 % of cases
• If cytology and biopsiesremain positive, another cycle may produce an
additional 15% complete remission.
17.
18. OTHER AGENTS (INTRAVESICAL)
Chemotherapeutic Agent MOA
Mitomycin C Antibiotic; inhibits DNA synthesis
Thiotepa Alkylating agent; cross links nucleic acids
Doxorubicin/ Valrubicin Topoisomerase inhibitors; intercalating agents;
inhibit DNA synthesis
Immunotherapy MOA
BCG T-helper type 1 immune response
Interferon (With BCG) Activates T-helper type 1 immune response
19.
20. • Cystectomy in NMIBC
– Ta Low or intermediate risk disease– if bladder sparing
modalities have failed
– In a high risk patient with multiple recurrent tumours or
T1 tumours with associated CIS, LVI, or variant
histologies
– In a high risk patient with persistent or recurrent
disease with one year following treatment with two
induction cycles of BCG or BCG maintenance.
• NO ROLE OF RT IN NMIBC
22. SURGERY- Radical Cystectomy
• Indication:
• Muscle invasive or locally advanced disease T2-T4a
• Non muscle invasive bladder cancer
T1G3 with high risk features ( multiple, recurrent ,large ,CIS)
Refractory or failure to cystoscopy resection and intravesical
chemotherapy or immunotherapy
Non compliance to intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy
Extensive disease not amenable to cystoscopy resection .
Histological variants : squamous cell carcinoma , adenocarcinoma and
sarcomatoid or spindle cell carcinoma
Palliation for pain, bleeding or urinary frequency
5 ys OS after RC is 60% for T2 and 40% for T3-T4a
24. • CYSTECTOMY NOT BE DONE :
– LN metastases are unresectable because of bulk or
proximal extent above the common iliac vessels
– There is evidence of extensive peri-ureteral disease
– The bladder is fixed to the pelvic sidewall or
– Tumour is invading the recto sigmoid colon.
• LYMPHADENECTOMY
– Include : obturator , hypogastric, presciatic,
presacral lymph nodes.
– Minimum 15 lymph nodes should be removed
25. NEO ADJUVANT THERAPY
• RADIOTHERAPY
– Preoperative radiotherapy has not shown to improve survival.
– Preoperative radiotherapy for operable MIBC can result in
tumour down staging after 4-6 wks.
• CHEMOTHERAPY
– Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for T2- T4a,
cN0M0 bladder cancer
– Recommended use of three cycles of Cisplatin based
combination chemotherapy. Specifically M-VAC or CMV or
gemcitabine cisplatin
26. • Platinum-based combination
chemotherapy 5% absolute
benefit at 5 years ( overall
survival increased from 45% to
50%).
• This effect was observed
irrespective of the type of local
treatment, and did not vary
between subgroups of patients
27. ADJUVANT THERAPY
• CHEMOTHERAPY
– NCCN recommends adjuvant chemo if Neo-adjuvant chemo was not
given.
– Indications:
• T3 or more
• Node positive
• Positive Margins
• Lymph node positive patients benefit more than lymph node negative in
terms of DFS.
• Beneficial role of Cisplatin based adjuvant chemo in MIBC.
28. • Adjuvant Radiotherapy
– No strong supporting RT in the adjuvant setting.
– May be given in cases of high risk for loco-regional relapse.
• Positive surgical margins
• Tumour spillage
• pLN positive
• Inadequate Lymph node dissection <10
• Post-operative radiation is indicated in the setting of positive
surgical margin after partial cystectomy.
– Rationale: decreases probability of tumor recurrence
following radical cystectomy.
Dose:
Areas at risk for harbouring residual microscopic
disease - 45 to 50.4 Gy EBRT.
29. Bladder Conservation approach
• 2 main concerns about bladder preservation compared with radical cystectomy
• Toxicity of radiation therapy on bladder function
• Field cancerization effect :
• 30-50% of patients experience a local recurrence (~50% invasive and ~50%
superficial), either in the area of tumor or in a different part of bladder
• If bladder preservation is selected, close surveillance is critical
• No trials have till date directly compared Cystectomy and
Bladder-preservation
31. • Partial Cystectomy
• Local recurrence rates range from 38 to 78%
• Rarely performed.
• TURBT alone is usually not sufficient for MIBC.
CONSERVATIVE SURGERY
32. • EBRT
– Factors having significant favourable effect on local
control with radiotherapy
• Early clinical stage (T2 and T3a)
• Absence of ureteral obstruction
• Visibly complete TURBT
• Small tumour size (<5cm) solitary, papillary/ sessile absence of
coexisting carcinoma in situ.
33. EBRT +/- Brachytherapy Boost
• Brachytherapy is another technique to deliver a higher dose of
radiation to a limited area of the bladder within a short period.
• Reserved for patients with solitary bladder tumors
• Part of combined modality therapy with TURBT and EBRT as well
as interstitial radiation therapy.
• EBRT doses of 30 Gy + implant tumour dose of 40 Gy
• Patients with solitary clinical stage T2 to T3a tumors >5 cm, local
control rates at 5 to 10 years range from 72% to 84%.
34. ROLE OF RADIOTHERAPY
• CIS, Ta, T1 - No role for radiotherapy
• T2-T4aN0M0 - Potential role for radiotherapy, combined with
synchronous chemotherapy if patient sufficiently fit
• TanyN1–3M0 or TanyNanyM1 - Radical radiotherapy has no
role . Palliative intent only with systemic chemotherapy.
35. • Trimodality therapy (TURBT+CHEMO+RT)
– Ideal candidate
• Primary T2-T3a tumours that are unifocal
• Tumour size less than 5 cm in maximum diameter
• Tumour not associated with extensive CIS
• No presence of ureteral obstruction or tumour associated
hydroureteronephrosis.
• Good capacity of the bladder
• Visibly complete TURBT
• Adequate renal function to allow Cisplatin to be given
concurrently with irradiation.
37. RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING
• Phase 1-
– The whole pelvis , encompassing the pelvic lymph nodes,
bladder and proximal urethra.
– Elective irradiation of the pelvic lymph nodes.
• Phase 2-
– Then cone down to boost the bladder alone.
PHASE 1:Dose:40-45 GY @ 1.8-2Gy/#
BOOST PHASE: Dose:10-15Gy to entire bladder and upto 66 Gy to
tumor.(aim bladder receive 60 Gy)
OR
treat the bladder+tumor with a 2-cm margin to a total dose of 66 Gy
38. SIMULATION
• CT Simulation preferred
• Patient Position :supine with arms on chest.
• Immobilization :knee and ankle rest
• Bowel preparation: rectum should be empty.
• Bladder preparation: empty bladder prior to scan.
• All planning and treatment should be carried out with the bladder empty
To minimize the risk of geographic miss
To keep the treated volumes as small as possible
• The scan is performed with 3-5 mm slices from the lower border of L5 to
the inferior border of the ischial tuberosities.
39.
40. • BOOST- Bladder + margin 1.5-2 cm
• PHASE 1:Dose:40-45 GY @ 1.8-2Gy/#
BOOST PHASE: Dose:10-15Gy to entire bladder and upto 66 Gy to
tumor.(aim bladder receive 60 Gy)
OR
treat the bladder+tumor with a 2-cm margin to a total dose of 66 Gy
• Dose : 60-66 Gy to bladder
42. • Contouring guidelines
– GTV : primary tumour
– CTV : whole bladder and any extra-vesicle extension
– Men : entire prostate
– Women : the proximal 2 cm of urethra is also
considered s apart of target field
– PTV : 1.5-2 cm around CTV
46. TOXICITY
• Acute effects
– Dysuria
– Urgency
– Frequency
– Diarrhea
• Chronic effects
– Cystitis
– Hemorrhagic cystitis
– Bladder contracture
– Rectal stricture
– Small bowel
obstruction.
79 % of patients have normal bladder function at 10 yrs
47. RT IN RECURRENCE AFTER CYSTECTOMY
• Proximal urethral recurrence with CRT 65- 70Gy.
• For pelvic sidewall recurrences, the dose are limited by the
presence of small bowel in the field.
• Still radiation with concurrent Cisplatin can be given to doses
tolerated by the intestine, ileal loop and stoma, usually 50-
60Gy.
48. PALLIATIVE RT
• Haematuria
• For rapid pain relief.
• Painful bony metastasis
• Dose 30Gy/10#/2wks or 8Gy single # or
20Gy/5#/1wk.
• Palliation to inoperable patients, when not suitable for
chemotherapy.
49. Metastatic Bladder Cancer
• The prognosis of metastatic bladder cancer, is poor, with a median survival
on the order of only 12 months.
• Nevertheless, platinum-containing agents have significant antitumor effect,
there has been great interest in the use of chemotherapy for advanced
disease.
• Gem/cis is prefered over MVAC due to higher toxicity in MVAC group.
For Staging purpose we have to go for further investigation with comprises of
2,5% chances of synchronous malignancy in upper urinary tract also
Bone scan is not mandatory as bone metastasis is rare.
On imaging look for local tumour invasion
Tumour spread to lymph node
LN
Goal: to make diagnosis and remove all visible lesions.
Biopsies of apparently uninvolved urothelium obtained to rule out occult Tis .
Similar efficacy in prolonging time to recurrence.
Different toxicity profile
Mitomycin C may cause skin desquamation and rash
Doxorubicin may cause G.I upset and local reaction causing urinary urgency.
Thiotepa causes myelosuppression
BCG with maintenance was more effective than MMC in both patients previously treated and those not previously treated with chemotherapy.
Neoajuvant Chemotherapy also showed DFS of 9% 5 years.
Benefit for OS and DFS in MIBC patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy after radical cystectomy compared with those who underwent surgery alone.
Now we are approaching for organ preservation approach
Field cancerizarion effect-
It is emerging modality of treatment includes combination of maximum tumour debulking and Concurrent Chemoradiation. Here patient selection is utmost important as complete respose is 70%. Ideal Candidates for Trimodality therapy are…..
These are 2 approaches of Trimodality treatment Continuous course paradigm & Split Course paradiagm.
In split course after maximum TURBT we go for Concurrent chemoradiation 40-45 Gy then we go for cystoscopy response. Then during assessment after 4 weeks if complete responseis achieved which is a negative urine cytology as well as no visible tumour and negative biosy by cystoscopy we go for remaining 15-20Gy consolidation phase of chemoradiotherapy is initiated.
If progressive or unresponsive is found patient proceeds to radical cystectomy.
In RTOG 0906, BC2001 trial they didn’t include cystoscopic reassessment after induction chemoradiotherapy & gave full dose to tumour this is called continuous course paradiagms.
So patient selection is utmost important which is already discussed.
IN Xray based planning Foley catheter inserted shortly after the patient has voided followed by introduction of bladder contrast to define bladder wall.
Another acceptable approach often employed in the United Kingdom is for radiation to be delivered to 55 Gy in 20 fractions
Conformal planning is the standard of care
Mtx 30 mg/m2 D1,15,22
Vinblastine 3mg/m2 D2,15,22
Doxorubicin 20mg/m2 D2
Cisplatin 70 mg/m2 D2
Gemcitabine 1000mg/m2 D1,8,15
Cisplatin 70 mg/m2 D1,2
GC provide similar survival advantage to M-VAC with better safety profile and tolerability.
This was all about NMIBC Now coming to MIBC, As we already discussed the choice of treatment is Trimodality approach.
Clinical criteria helpful in determining whether patients are ideal for bladder preservation include early tumour stage (including high-risk T1 disease, T2 mour stage (including high-risk T1 disease, T2