1MANAGING ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY AND LEADERS’ STRESS THROUGH SPO

1
MANAGING ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY AND LEADERS’
STRESS THROUGH SPORTS & FITNESS: A qualitative single
case study Comment by Eva Philpot: The title should be
expanded to reflect research method/design
Submitted to Northcentral University
Graduate Faculty of the School of Business
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
by
Nedward D’Ondre Neal
La Jolla, CA
2021
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction 3
Statement of the Problem 5
Purpose of the Study 6
Introduction to Theoretical Framework 6
Research question. 9
Hypothesis. 9
Significance of the study 11
Definition of key terms 12
Summary 13

Chapter 1: Introduction
Active duty military personnel are subjected to anxiety avarious
stressor exercises as part of their battle preparedness and work
tasks. Additionally, military women, for instance, may endure
additional pressures due to their gender in a traditionally male -
dominated job environment (Hsieh, & Tsai, 2019). Researchers
haveThe well-documented antraditional association between
stress and success, which demonstrates a link between perceived
job-related stress and poor job performance (Sorbel, 2017).
Many people who experience moderate levels of workplace
tension execute their jobs more successfully, whereas others
who share middle or high levels of workplace stress perform
their assignments less efficiently (Adnan Bataineh, 2019;
Kamardeen & Sunindijo, 2017). Coping is a psychosocial
element hypothesized to regulate or mitigate the relationship
between stress and job performance among the active-duty
military. Numerous physiological, mental, and social variables
have also been examined for their potential moderating effect
on the stress-job performance link; these moderators may work
by boosting or diminishing the resources people may have to
deal with stresses (Glazer & Liu, 2017). Therefore, it is critical
to do a study on the impacts of war and catastrophes on the
mental health of military members. Comment by Eva Lundahl:
Is this about people in general, or military personnel?
Remember to avoid jumping back and forth between general
content and study-specific ditto.
You should always cover the general first (ie, workplace at
large), before discussing specifics (ie, military context) .
Can you please edit one more time to ensure you follow that
structure in the intro (general -> specific)?

However tThroughout the previous quarter-century, most US
military troops have not been involved in a battle or responded
to a significant catastrophe, civilian or military (Kamardeen &
Sunindijo, 2017). Additionally, mMilitary mental health
professionals often assist military patients suffering emotional
discomfort due to occupational stress (Glazer & Liu, 2017). The
more dramatic aspects of wartime activities have been
established as precipitants of psychological stress ( Kamardeen
& Sunindijo, 2017). Kamardeen and Sunindijo demonstrated
that combat , exposure to heavy casualities, deployment of units
in a war zone, and unexpected mobilization s of reserve units
correlate with higher levels of psychological distress tension
that results in stress and mental distress. These results
corroborate prior studies indicating that work stress is a
substantial occupational health hazard in the US
military.However, military-specific stresses were less often
supported than job-related stresses (Kamardeen & Sunindijo,
2017). The research will examine the tensions inside the active-
duty military and how this tension results in stress and mental
distress. These results corroborate prior studies indicating that
work stress is a substantial occupational health hazard in the US
Military. Comment by Eva Lundahl: You cannot start a new
para with “however”. Please rewrite. There are too many filler
words here, including “additionally”
The link between conflict and the mental health of military
members has garnered considerable study inside the military.
Indeed, current textbooks on military psychology place a
premium on the signs of battle stress and how to prevent
developing posttraumatic stress disorder (Glazer & Liu, 2017).
Psychological pressures are the most dramatic aspects of
warfare operations. When tension occurs regularly, but the body
is unprepared to cope with it, the sensation is unpleasant; stress
hormones are generated to make the body more practical for a
bit of duration (Glazer & Liu, 2017). This entails escaping
under perilous conditions. Military troops subjected to severe

burns and navy divers recovering victims from the ocean depths,
for example, have experienced significant mental pain after
commercial plane catastrophes. Comment by Eva Lundahl:
Cite different source
Senior leaders in the The military has long recognized physical
exercise and athletic activities to enhance mission-specific
success and reduce the probability of injury while performing
everyday responsibilities (Sorbel, 2017). They have also been
shown to have a significant impact on stress
management(Sorbel,2017). Physical exercise seems to have a
causal role in lowering acute battle stress reaction
development(Lundberg, 2020). Tension in the workplace has a
significant influence on the working population in the United
States (Lundberg, 2020). Around one-quarter of American
active-duty military workers have a mental disease, making up a
sizable share of the total workforce. In addition, workplace
conflict costs the economy around $150 billion per year in lost
productivity and injury claims (Adams, 2020). Physical exercise
may alleviate stress symptoms associated with severe military
stress, and its effects may be mediated by reducing fitness-
related trait anxiety (Sorbel, 2017). This paper will examine the
frequency and causes of occupational stress in military people,
the relationship between job stress and emotional well -being,
and how the military community may deal with it via sports and
exercise. Comment by Eva Lundahl: Who are “they”?
Comment by Eva Lundahl: These short sentences don’t
flow very well – ask yourself what the key message is?
Statement of the Problem
The problem is that military personnel are more likely to report
an incredible lot or a moderate level of stress in their military
jobs (39%) than in their personal lives (22 percent ). The study
assesses the effectiveness of stress inoculation training by
sports and exercise in reducing attrition within a group of Air
Force trainees at risk of being dismissed from critical military
training (Evans, 2017). Workplace Ttension has a significant
impact on the active duty militaryworking community in the

United States. Around one-quarter of American employees have
a mental illness, accounting for a large portion of the overall
workforce." Workplace tension costs the economy around $150
billion a year in lost efficiency and injury claims (MacLeish,
2019). Emotionally traumatized employees have lower
productivity, higher turnover, higher absenteeism, more
injuries, lower morale, and more interpersonal tension with
coworkers, bosses, and customers (Michalak & Ashkanasy,
2020). StressTension in the workplace has a significant
influence on the working population in the United States.
Employees who have been emotionally traumatized have
reduced productivity, a greater turnover rate, more absenteeism,
more injuries, worse morale, and more interpersonal conflict
with colleagues, superiors, and customers. Comment by Eva
Philpot: “incredible lot” is a strange thing to say here and
sources are missing.
You just have to report that x% of military personnel experience
stress and avoid jumping back to “workplace” at large below.
All implications should refer to military personnel/the
military/other relevant stakeholders (such as spouses)
Comment by Eva Lundahl: Still not addressed – please
update your problem stmt Comment by Eva Philpot: There
should be no references to the purpose in your problem
statement. The problem stands alone, regardless of which study
you conduct. Follow this outline:
Clearly state problem (“the problem is XYZ”), supported by
statistics and recent research findings *)
Explain the negative implications to stakeholders, supported by
statistics and recent research findings
Explain the gap in the literature (what is not known that leads
directly to the purpose of the study) and the consequences of
not doing a study to address the problem.

*) Note it is acceptable – but not necessary - to present both a
general and a specific problem. The specific problem is the one
that will serve as the basis for the study, whereas the general
problem extends to a larger context.
Comment by Eva Lundahl: Still not addressed
The link between conflict and the mental health of military
members has garnered considerable study inside the military.
Indeed, current textbooks on military psychology place a
premium on the signs of battle stress and how to prevent
developing post traumatic stress disorder. Psychological
pressures are the most dramatic aspects of warfare operations.
When tension occurs regularly, but the body is unprepared to
cope with it, the sensation is unpleasant; stress hormones are
generated to make the body more practical for a bit of duration.
It trains for combat or flight. This entails escaping under
perilous conditions. According to Revaiah et al. (2019),
military troops subjected to severe burns and navy divers
recovering victims from the ocean depths.Purpose of the Study
This quantitative research explorese purpose of this single
qualitative case study is to explore the prevalence of
occupational stress in the active-duty military and how the
military leaders address this issue within their comrades
through sporting activities., the relationship between work
stress and emotional well-being, and how the military
population may cope with sports and exercise. The military has
traditionally placed a premium on physical fitness and sports
activities to improve mission-specific performance and lower
the risk of harm to warfighters. However, it is uncertain if
physical fitness contributes to the amelioration of military
stress response or the development of PTSD. The purpose of
this research was to evaluate if physical fitness affects the way
stressful situations in military survival training are perceived. It
seems as if military life is burdened entirely by foreign
deployments, combat exposure, and the threat of physical

damage. The more commonplace features of military life that
might affect a member's mental health include permanent
station transfers, staff stationing overseas, and a lack of control
over service assignments. Comment by Eva Lundahl: Prevalence
of stress should be a known number/percentage – please check
existing research/stats. I also don’t think you can achieve this
goal with your study because you very likely won’t be able to
survey the entire military.
I think we need to talk about your purpose because the latter
half points to a qualitative study
Additionally, military mental health professionals often assist
military patients suffering emotional discomfort due to
occupational stress. However, military-specific stresses were
less often supported than job-related stresses. Additionally, the
research will examine the tensions inside the active-duty
military and how this tension results in stress and mental
distress. These results corroborate prior studies indicating that
Military. Comment by Eva Philpot: Additional purpose which
is also not appropriate for a qual case study, and you introduce
new constructs Comment by Eva Philpot: Please consult the DP
template and ensure you cover everything we ask for in each
section. You are skipping essential content about study site,
data collection etc here Comment by Nedward Neal: It looks
like I was able to capture everything per the DP template. I can
elaborate more over the phone if needed. Comment by Eva
Lundahl: Yes, that would be good – let’s set up a call for
Monday afternoon. You are not covering essential content here
about study participants, data collection and analysis, which
tells me the idea isn’t well thought through.Introduction to
Theoretical Framework
Theories assist us in comprehending the underlying process and,
as a result, selecting an appropriate course of action. A theory

is a cohesive set of assumptions proposed to explain the
connection between two or more observed facts. Valid theories
allow us to forecast what will happen in certain circumstances.
It is a truth that no matter how well we understand a concept,
the history and theories of any subject aid us in applying it to
real-life situations. The theories of stimulus-based,
interactional, personenvironment fit, role overload, and role
theory are all important in studying occupational stress and its
impact on work performance (Mitchell et al., 2016). The stress -
related questions were divided into four categories based on
their conceptual classification. The results of questions on a
certain kind of stress were added together and normalized to
zero and standard deviations. This grouping of items on these
questions was confirmed using component analysis and varimax
rotation. The dynamic construct of stress is subject to a broad
range of definitions and ideas. Ghadially and Kumar (1987)
proposed that there were at least three unique orientations to the
notion of stress, which were (a) stimulus-based, (b) response-
based, and (c) response-based. Literature supports the
assumption that there are three different theoretical approaches
to the concept of stress. A four-factor rotating solution revealed
significant family and work-related stress (Wastell et al., 2016).
While the third component was less significant, it did have a
role in stress linked to health. Finally, although having lower
loadings than the other three, the fourth component was
interpreted as a financial-stress component; it had a high
loading for housing stress but a low loading for money
problems. Women often report more severe anxiety and
depression symptoms than men, while men report more drug-
related issues (Bodecka et al., 2021).
For example, to provide anticipated service, human service
organizations in most Western countries have experienced
significant reorganization and redefinitions of professional
norms during the past decade. One of the fundamental principles
of the role theory is that different occupational roles that people
participate in may be stressful independent of their actual

profession, implying that stress in different work roles can be
unpleasant for everyone (Ajayi, 2018). First and foremost,
participating in sports is beneficial to one's health. We feel
calmer when we participate in sports. Sporting activities, such
as going to the gym, enable us to meet new individuals.
Relationships with people, in my view, are an effective way to
combat stress. Physical exercise of any kind increases the
production of endorphins, a "feel-good" hormone that reduces
pain and aids in the relief of stress, sadness, and anxiety
symptoms. Furthermore, since stress is a mental component,
sports, and regular exercise enhance physical and mental skills.
Participating in sports may help boost self-esteem and
confidence, which can be a strong stress-relieving technique.
Playing sports allows us to divert our attention away from
whatever is bothering us. We may distract ourselves by doing
something physically active such as dancing, running, or biking.
We may also channel our rage into a game, such as striking a
ball or playing with greater vigor and aggression. Exercises, on
the other hand, improve physiological control. We may acquire
control of our bodies by sticking to a regular workout routine.
Regular exercisers tend to be calmer, less nervous, and less sad.
Regular exercise improves one's emotional well-being. Active
people say they have less stress in their life (MouraRamos et
al., 2016). The data indicates, for example, that the relationship
between gender and depression is influenced more by key life
events experienced by men and women than by the overall
number of options. It's debatable whether women experience
more stress than men. This may be related to variations in stress
assessment and coping between men and women, women's
higher willingness to disclose stress and disease symptoms, or
more exposure to stressful life events or chronic stressors.
However, there has been little research on gender variations in
the connection between job stress and cognitive impairment,
and even less research on gender differences in the stress-work
relationship in the military (Michailidis & Banks, 2016). Data
are needed to provide an empirical foundation for influencing

crucial public and military policy choices on how to organize
men and women in the armed services' training working
relationships as the media and government discuss problems of
gender and justice in the military. One aspect of this issue, the
connection between job performance and stress among men and
women in the military, is addressed in this study
Coping is one of numerous psychosocial elements suggested to
operate as a moderator or mediator of the link between stress
and work performance (Chung, 2018). Unfortunately, over the
last two decades, most of the research on stress and coping has
been influenced by conceptual models that regard coping as a
deliberate attempt to handle uncomfortable issues and feelings.
For instance, research suggests that avoidance tactics are strong
indicators of alcohol misuse, but the relationship between
approach coping methods and alcohol use is unknown (Mitchell
et al., 2016). The questions assessing causes of stress were
conceptually classified into the four groups mentioned before.
The scores for questions on a particular kind of stress were
summed and standardized to zero and standard deviations.
Component analysis and varimax rotation were used to
corroborate this grouping of items on these questions. A
revolving four-factor solution indicated a high degree of family
and work-related stress (Wastell et al., 2016). While the third
factor was less important, it did contribute to health-related
stress. Finally, the fourth component was read as a financial -
stress component, despite having lower loadings than the other
three; it had a high loading for housing stress but a low loading
for money troubles. Women regularly report more significant
anxiety and depressive symptoms than males, whereas males
report more problems connected with drug usage (Bodecka et
al., 2021).
For example, females suffer from depression at a rate that is at
least double that of males. In terms of workplace efficiency,
suicidal thoughts are connected with poor performance
regardless of whether the stress results from interpersonal
relationships with colleagues or others or occupational stress

caused by unpleasant employment (Ajayi, 2018). Gender
differences in the frequency, nature, and timing of life events
associated with depression have resulted in contradictory results
due to methodological differences and the investigated
outcomes (Moura‐ Ramos et al., 2016). For instance, the
evidence shows that the association between gender and
depression starts more impacted by the critical life events
encountered by men and women than by the total number of
possibilities. It is arguable if women experience more
significant stress than men. This might be due to gender
differences in stress assessment and coping, women's greater
readiness to reveal stress and illness symptoms, or more
exposure to stressful life events or chronic stressors. However,
little empirical study has been conducted on gender differences
in the relationship between stress and cognitive disability at
work, and even less on gender differences in the stress-work
relationship in the military (Michailidis & Banks, 2016). As the
media and government discuss problems of gender and justice in
the military, to rethink gender integration, data are required to
offer an empirical foundation for influencing crucial public and
military policy choices on how to organize men and women in
the armed services' training working relationships. This
research contributes critical facts to one element of this debate:
the link between work performance and stress among men and
women in the military.Research question.
The primary objective of this quantitative study is to determine
how active-duty military personnel deal with and motivate
themselves in the face of mental and physical hardships.
Numerous physiological, psychological, and social variables
have also been examined for their potential moderating effect
on the stress-job performance link; these moderators may work
by boosting or diminishing the resources people may have to
deal with stresses. The following questions must be answered to
address this query:
· RQ1. How sporting and fitness would eliminate physiologi cal

and psychological e stressors encountered by the active-duty
military team leaders? Comment by Eva Philpot: Please
revise RQs once you’ve settled on a focused purpose
· RQ2. How can active duty military team leaders compel their
subordinates to overcome their professional activities' mental
and physical hurdles?
· RQ3. How does an active duty military individual’s view of
leadership affect their his or her capacity to perform at a high
level when coping with stress?Hypothesis. Comment by Eva
Philpot: There are no hypotheses in qual research…
Comment by Nedward Neal: I figured the quantitative
approach was better so I wanted to go ahead and include the
hypothesis. Is this ok or no? Comment by Eva Lundahl: See
above – we need to discuss because you currentl don’t have the
basis for a quan study
The research does not address the nature of this stress or the
underlying variables that lead to it. However, they could result
from unique aspects of military life, the difficulties inherent in
competing in a predominantly male organization, concerns
about sexual harassment or harassment by male peers, the result
of relatively poor coping strategies, or a combination of these or
other factors (Verniers, C. (2020). The findings that job
performance is associated with stress, depression, drug use, and
coping mechanisms are especially noteworthy. Stress from work
or health was associated with worse job functioning in both
women and men in the military, prior corroborating research
linking stress exposure to poor job performance (Smith et al.,
2017). Similarly, depressive symptoms raised both women's and
men's probability of having subpar job performance (Wickwire
et al., 2019). However, while women are more likely to suffer
depressive symptoms than men, there seemed to be no gender
differences in the effect of depressive symptoms on lower job
performance.
Additionally, family-related stress, excessive alcohol
consumption, illicit drug use, and a negative coping style all
raised poor job performance in men (Magnavita & Garbarino,

2017). Indeed, research seems that military women's job
performance is less likely to be impaired than men's by some
types of stress, poor coping, and drug addiction. Stress
associated with separation from family, conflicts between
military and home responsibilities, or significant life changes
such as delivery, divorce, or death did not influence women's
capacity to perform well at work but did on men. Male military
personnel seemed to be less proficient than female military
personnel at handling family-related stresses in a manner that
did not adversely affect their work performance.
Unsurprisingly, family-related stress has little effect on
women's working performance. Given women's dual
responsibilities as family caregivers and labor force members
today, women may be more competent than men juggling home
responsibilities and job productivity (Glazer & Liu, 2017). Due
to men's traditionally restricted involvement in family issues, it
is probable that when men face family-related stress, traditional
social roles combine to limit men's capability to take the time
and seek the support they need to manage this kind of stress.
Taken together, findings suggest that military health providers
may benefit from concentrating their efforts on identifying,
preventing, and treating stress- and depression-related problems
in military personnel, as these problems impair military men
and women's ability to perform their assigned duties (Hegberg
et al., 2019). Naturally, reducing stress and depression is a
worthwhile goal in and of itself since it benefits not just job
performance but also the general quality of life (Glazer & Liu,
2017). While the military is predominantly male, places a high
premium on physical fitness and prowess, and thus may project
an image of a macho organization, military men are just as
likely as women to require therapeutic and preventive
interventions to alleviate the effects of stress and depressive
symptoms (Hegberg et al., 2019). Military men, in particular,
often need guidance in handling and balancing conflicting
career and personal obligations. Despite the military's efforts to
recognize the family's crucial role as an integral part of military

life and provide periodic additional time for military members
to attend to family obligations throughout the average
workweek, these efforts alone are inadequate. Further measures,
maybe via specific training programs or other treatments, are
essential to foster the development of required awareness and
coping capacities (Glazer & Liu, 2017). For example, courses
on stress management and coping skills may combine work and
family life within the military context. Additionally,
commanders' reminders and encouragements may underscore the
need to balance family and job demands and
responsibilities.Significance of the study
Because anxietyPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms
are considered to manifest in up to 15% to 20% of those
exposed to conflict, such as Active Duty Military, anxietyPTSD
is a severe public health and military concern. However, the
time trajectory of anxietyPTSD growth is challenging to count
in an investigational scenery. The influence of traumatic
experiences on persons exposed to acute circumstances, such as
avoidance intrusion and increased arousal, is a significant early
predictor of anxietyPTSD progression. Therefore, researchers
have focused on characteristics that may operate as defenses
against acute stress responses and accompanying anxietyPTSD
development (Hegberg et al., 2019). One such aspect is
resilience, often known as psychological toughness (Glazer &
Liu, 2017). These structures are sometimes interpreted as the
urge to "recover" after unpleasant or traumatic events.
According to studies, psychological toughness seems to buffer
the symptoms of work-related strain among health care staff,
athletes, casualty aid staff, and Persian Gulf War soldiers.
Depression, fear, social reinforcement, and intelligence are all
possible factors in stress reactions and anxiety PTSD
development. Neurochemical, neuropeptide and hormonal
predictors include benzodiazepine receptors, dopamine,
dehydroepiandrosterone, cortisol, and neuropeptide Y (Glazer &
Liu, 2017). Finally, and it has been hypothesized that many
incentives and motivational neural pathways, and adaptive

social behaviors serve defensive purposes.Definition of key
terms
Active Duty Military
Active duty refers to full-time military service, including
Reserve Component personnel on full-time working out the
task. This does not include the National Guard service on a full-
time basis. Active duty is comparable to having a full -time job.
Mental health
Mental health is a catch-all term that encompasses cognitive,
behavioral, and emotional well-being. It is entirely dependent
on how individuals think, feel, and act. Occasionally, the word
"mental health" refers to the absence of mental disease.
Stress
Stress is our body's natural reaction to strain. Numerous
scenarios or life experiences might result in stress. It is often
activated when we encounter something novel, unexpected, or
threatening to our sense of self or when people feel powerless
over a situation.
Physical Fitness
Physical fitness pertains to your body's capacity to function
correctly to maintain your health and conduct everyday tasks.
Being efficient entails doing simple tasks with the least amount
of effort feasible. For example, a fit individual can complete
schooling, attend to household obligations, and yet have the
energy to participate in sports and other recreational
activities.Summary
This study aims to determine if physical exercise affects
traumatic events encountered while serving in the military.
Physical exercise and leisure activities have long been seen as
necessary by the military to enhance mission accomplishment
and reduce the probability of injury among warfighters
(Hegberg et al., 2019). However, physical exercise does not

seem to have a causal role in lowering acute battle stress
reactions or posttraumatic stress disorder development (Koenen
et al., 2017). The majority of stress and coping research over
the past two decades has been inspired by conceptual
frameworks that define coping as a purposeful endeavor to deal
with upsetting events and emotions (Koenen et al., 2017).
Multiple bodies, mental, and social variables have also been
examined for their potential moderating effect on the stress-job
performance link; these moderators may work by boosting or
diminishing the resources people may have to deal with
stresses. Because PTSD symptoms are considered to manifest in
up to 15% to 20% of those exposed to conflict, such as Active
Duty Military, PTSD is a severe public health and military
concern.
Additionally, this study will examine the prevalence and causes
of occupational stress in military people, the relationship
between job stress and emotional well-being, and how to
manage it via sports and exercise in the military community
(Hegberg et al., 2019). Military mental health professionals
often deal with military patients who are suffering emotional
discomfort due to occupational stress. However, military-
specific stresses were less often supported than job-related
stresses. Additionally, the research will examine the tensions
that exist at work for active-duty military personnel and how
this tension results in stress and mental distress (Koenen et al.,
2017). These results corroborate prior studies indicating that
Military.
References
Adams, J. M. (2020). Good for Health, Good for Business: The
Business Case for Reducing Tobacco Use. Public Health
Reports, 135(1), 3-5.
Ajayi, S. (2018). Effect of stress on employee performance and
job satisfaction: A case study of the Nigerian banking industry.
Available at SSRN 3160620.

Bodecka, M., Nowakowska, I., Zajenkowska, A., Rajchert, J.,
Kaźmierczak, I., & Jelonkiewicz, I. (2021). Gender as a
moderator between Present-Hedonistic time perspective and
depressive symptoms or stress during COVID-19 lock-down.
Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110395.
Chung, Y. W. (2018). Workplace ostracism and workplace
behaviors: A moderated mediation model of perceived stress
and psychological empowerment. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping,
31(3), 304-317.
Glazer, S., & Liu, C. (2017). Work, stress, coping, and stress
management. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology.
Hegberg, N. J., Hayes, J. P., & Hayes, S. M. (2019). Exercise
intervention in PTSD: A narrative review and rationale for
implementation. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 133.
Hsieh, C. M., & Tsai, B. K. (2019). Effects of social support on
the stress-health relationship: Gender comparison among
military personnel. International Journal of Environmental
research and public health, 16(8), 1317.
Kamardeen, I., & Sunindijo, R. Y. (2017). Personal
characteristics moderate work stress in construction
professionals—Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, 143(10), 04017072.
Koenen, K. C., Sumner, J. A., Gilsanz, P., Glymour, M. M.,
Ratanatharathorn, A., Rimm, E. B., ... & Kubzansky, L. D.
(2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic
disease: improving causal inference to inform practice.
Psychological Medicine, 47(2), 209-225.
Magnavita, N., & Garbarino, S. (2017). Sleep, health, and
wellness at work: a scoping review—international journal of
environmental research and public health, 14(11), 1347.
Michailidis, E., & Banks, A. P. (2016). The relationship
between burnout and risk-taking in workplace decision-making
and decision-making style. Work & Stress, 30(3), 278-292.
Mitchell, J. M., Arcuni, P. A., Weinstein, D., & Woolley, J. D.
(2016). Intranasal oxytocin selectively modulates social

perception, craving, and approach behavior in subjects with
alcohol use disorder. Journal of addiction medicine, 10(3), 182-
189.
Moura‐ Ramos, M., Gameiro, S., Canavarro, M. C., Soares, I.,
& Almeida‐ Santos, T. (2016). Does infertility history affect the
emotional adjustment of couples undergoing assisted
reproduction? The mediating role of the importance of
parenthood. British journal of health psychology, 21(2), 302-
317.
Revaiah, R. G., Kotresh, T. M., & Kandasubramanian, B.
(2019). Technical textiles for military applications. The Journal
of the Textile Institute.
Smith, B. N., Taverna, E. C., Fox, A. B., Schnurr, P. P., Matteo,
R. A., & Vogt, D. (2017). The role of PTSD, depression, and
alcohol misuse symptom severity in linking deployment stressor
exposure and post-military work and family outcomes in male
and female veterans. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(4), 664-
682.
Sorbel, A. (2017). Psychological risks for the military to
civilian reintegration (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant
International University).
Verniers, C. (2020). Behind the maternal wall: The hidden
backlash toward childfree working women. Journal of
Theoretical Social Psychology, 4(3), 107-124.
Wastell, S., Skirrow, P., & Hare, D. J. (2016). Factors
influencing the use of psychotropic medication for challenging
behavior in the United Kingdom: AQ method investigation.
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(4),
295-304.
Wickwire, E. M., Tom, S. E., Scharf, S. M., Vadlamani, A.,
Bulatao, I. G., & Albrecht, J. S. (2019). Untreated insomnia
increases all-cause health care utilization and costs among
Medicare beneficiaries. Sleep, 42(4), zsz007.
Research Report Research Report / Individual Project ( 400
points)
Write a scholarly research report on a topic related to Software

Engineering (see Appropriate Topics). Please see Important
Notes and Document Details for detailed specifications.
Appropriate Topics:
The Research Report should consist of a comparative analysis
of two programming languages of your choice.
Additional information from professor: “Here are the topics that
you can use for your research paper:”
1) Formal Syntax
2) Operational Semantics
3) High-level programming languages
4) Functional Programming
5) Object-Oriented Programming
6) Logic-Programming
Important Student Notes:
· Each student submission should be checked for plagiarism.
Students should be warned that Turnitin has a very good
historical memory and is capable of accessing reports from both
internal and external resources (i.e. Universities, Governments,
etc.) including those originally written in non-English written
languages. Plagiarism will result in a grade of zero (non-
negotiable) for the assignment and may results in other
university actions. The department chairperson will be notified
of the violation.
· Only one submission attempt is permitted – AS THE
STUDENT TO BE SURE BEFORE DEPRESSING ENTER.
· The research paper must be at least 2,500 words supported by
evidence (citations from peer-reviewed sources).
· A minimum of five (5) peer-reviewed journal citations are
required.
· Formatting should be double-spaced, one-inch boarders, no
extra space for headings, no extra white space, no more than
two levels of heading, page numbers, front and back matter).

· Extra white space use to enhance page count will negatively
affect student grade.
· Chapter 1 illustrates the document details of the research
report and constitutes Background/Introduction, Problem
Statement(s), Goal(s), Research Question(s), Relevance and
Significance, Barriers and Issues related to topic chosen.
Chapter 2 should consist of student paraphrasing the cited
research material (i.e. what happened in case study x). Chapter
3 should be the reasoning for doing a basic compare/contrast or
advantages/disadvantage of what was stated in Chapter 2 (do
not state because the professor said so). Chapter 4 is a complete
analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of what was stated in chapter
2. In effect, chapter 3 is a statement of what will be done and
chapter 4 is what was done and what the findings were. Again,
thus far the writing is objective and must not contain student
opinion. Chapter 5 states results, conclusion, and future work
recommendations. Here is where student opinion (or any
researcher) can state their respective opinion as the student has
now “done the work” and are justified in stating results.
· Graduate student are expected to be proficient in the use of the
English language. Errors in grammar, spelling, or syntax will
affect student grade. The Professor, will not provide remedial
help for writing problems. If the student is unable to write
clearly and correctly, the student should be urged to contact the
program office for sources of remedial help.
· IMPORTANT - please refer to the following url for additional
help on writing skills necessary at the graduate level
(https://owl.purdue.edu/site_map.html).
· Only Microsoft Word or Adobe PDF submission is acceptable.
· The research paper must only include materials derived solely
from peer reviewed journals or peer reviewed conference
proceedings. Newspapers, websites (URLs), magazines,
technical journals, hearsay, personal opinions, and white papers
are NOT acceptable citations.
· APA formatted citations are required for the final submission.
IMPORTANT - please refer to the following url for help with

APA:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa
_style_introduction.html. Please reach out to our librarians for
additional citation management and APA help.
· All images, tables, figures are to be included in the appendices
and IS NOT included in the 10 page requirement. This means
appendices are not included in the 10 page requirement.
· Long quotations (i.e. paragraphs) are NOT permitted. Only
one quoted short sentence (less than 14 words) is permitted per
page.
· Footnotes are NOT permitted.
Document Details
This area provides additional details about the content of
each of the needed Research Report Chapters (5). For those
instructing in Hybrid format, the instructor may want to
consider having the instantiated teams work on: 1) an outline of
the final research report and 2) a preliminary research report
that includes Chapters 1 and 2. For those instructing in Online
or F2F formats the instructor may want to consider using the
Hybrid format (teams) or single student submission format. The
final submission should include DETAILS of each of following:
1) Chapter 1 – Introduction
2) Chapter 2 – Literature Review
3) Chapter 3 – Methodology Specifics (comparative analysis)
4) Chapter 4 – Findings and Results
5) Chapter 5 – Conclusion and Future Recommendations
6) References - APA
7) Appendices
Chapter 1 Introduction
Background/Introduction
In this section, present enough information about the proposed
work such that the reader understands the general context or
setting. It is also helpful to include a summary of how the rest
of this document is organized.
Problem Statement
In this section, present a concise statement of a research-worthy

problem addressed (i.e., why the work should be undertaken –
don’t say required for the class). Follow the statement of the
problem with a well-supported discussion of its scope and
nature. The discussion of the problem should include: what the
problem is, why it is a problem, how the problem evolved or
developed, and the issues and events leading to the problem.
Goal
Next, include a concise definition of the goal of the work (i.e.,
what the work will accomplish). Aim to define a goal that is
measurable.
Research Questions
Research questions are developed to help guide the authors
through the literature for a given problem area. What were the
open-ended questions asked and why did the student find (or not
find) them adequate.
Relevance and Significance
The student should consider the following questions as they
read through an article stating how the author(s) supported, or
left unsupported the evidence, relevance, and significance of
their research literature:
Why is there a problem? What groups or individuals are
affected?
How far-ranging is the problem and how great is its impact?
What’s the benefit of solving the problem?
What has been tried without success to correct the situation?
Why weren’t those attempts successful? What are the
consequences of not solving the problem?
How does the goal of the study address the research problem
and how will the proposed study offer promise as a resolution to
the problem?
How will the research add to the knowledge base?
What is the potential for generaliza tion of the results?
What is the potential for original work?
Barriers and Issues
In these paragraphs, identify how the problem is inherently
difficult to solve. How did the solution the author(s) propose

address the difficulties?
Chapter 2 Literature Review
In this section, it is important to clearly identify the major areas
on which the student will need to focus the student research in
order to build a solid foundation for the study in the existing
body of knowledge. The literature review is the presentation of
quality literature in a particular field that serves as the
foundation and justification for the research problem, research
questions or hypothesis, and methodology. The student will
develop a more comprehensive review of the literature as part
of the research.
Chapter 3 Approach/Methodology
This chapter includes a summary of how the student are going
to proceed with the evaluation of the problem statement and
associated research question(s). Given the short time of this
course, a compare / contrast or advantage / disadvantage
analysis is recommended that
Chapter 4: Findings, Analysis, Synthesis
Include an objective description and analysis of the findings,
results or outcomes of the research. Limit the use of charts,
tables, figures to those that are needed to support the narrative.
Most of these illustrations should be included as part of the
Appendix.
The following topics are intended to serve as a guide:
Data analysis
Findings & discussion
Analysis
Synthesis
Discussion
Chapter 5: Conclusions
Conclusions - Clearly state the conclusions of the study based
on the analysis performed and results achieved. Indicate by the
evidence or logical development the extent to which the
specified objectives have been accomplished. If the research has
been guided by hypotheses, make a statement as to whether the
data supported or rejected these hypotheses. Discuss alternative

explanations for the findings, if appropriate. Delineate
strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the study.
Implications - Discuss the impact of the work on the field of
study and its contributions to knowledge and professional
practice. Discuss implications for future research.
Recommendations - Present recommendations for future
research or for changes in research methods or theoretical
concepts. As appropriate, present recommendations for changes
in academic practice, professional practice, or organizational
procedures, practices, and behavior.
References
Follow the most current version of APA to format the
references. However, each reference should be single-spaced
with a double space in between each entry.
Formatting Details
Margins
The left-hand margin must be 1inches (4 cm.). Margins at the
right, top, and bottom of the page should be 1.0 inch. (See
exception for chapter title pages below.) The Research Report
text may be left-aligned (leaving a ragged right edge) or may be
both left- and right-aligned (justified).
Line Spacing
Double-spacing is required for most of the text in documents
submitted during the Research Report process.
Paragraph Spacing
The text of the document is double-spaced. There should be no
extra spaces between paragraphs in sections; however, indent
the first line of each paragraphs five spaces.
Page Numbering
All pages should have page numbers in Arabic numerals in the
upper right-hand corner.
Type Style
The body text, the student should use 12-point Times New
Roman. Text for the cover page may be larger but should not
exceed 14-point size. Text for the chapter title text should be

14-point size. Be consistent in the use of typefaces throughout
the document. Do not use a compressed typeface or any settings
on the word processor that would decrease the spacing between
letters or words. Sans serif typefaces such as Helvetica or Arial
may be used for relatively short blocks of text such as chapter
headings and captions but should be avoided in long passages of
text as they impede readability.
Title Page
Every document that is submitted must have a title page. The
title page includes the exact title of the research report, date of
submission, the team name, and the name of each team member.
Chapter Title Heading, Subheadings, and Sub-Subheadings
It is required that submitted Research Report use no more than
three levels of headings in the body text. All headings should
have only the first letter of each word capitalized except that
non-major words shorter than four letters have no capital
letters.
Instructions for heading levels follow:
Level 1: Chapter Title Heading
This heading starts two inches from the top of the page, is
centered on the page, and is set in 14point type. The first line
contains the chapter number (e.g., Chapter 4). The second line
is blank. The third line displays the chapter title, is centered on
the page, and is set in 14-point type.
Level 2: Subheading
Start the subheading at the left margin of the page, four spaces
(i.e., two returns when the document is set for double-spacing)
down from the title, set in bold 12-point type. Double-space
(one return) to the subheading body text. Indent the first line of
the body text five spaces.
Level 3: Sub-Subheading
Start the sub–subheading at the left margin of the page, double-
spaced (i.e., one return when the document is set up for double-
spacing) from the subheading, set in 12-point italics. Double-
space (one return) to the sub-subheading body text. Indent the
first line of the body text five spaces.

1MANAGING ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY AND LEADERS’ STRESS THROUGH SPO

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 1MANAGING ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY AND LEADERS’ STRESS THROUGH SPO

Similar to 1MANAGING ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY AND LEADERS’ STRESS THROUGH SPO (20)

More from AnastaciaShadelb

More from AnastaciaShadelb (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

1MANAGING ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY AND LEADERS’ STRESS THROUGH SPO