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ANALISIS DAN INTRUMEN PEMASARAN
P45_30 Mrt & 6 Apr 2021
Dosen: Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Aminullah Assagaf, SE., MS., MM., M.Ak
HP: 08113543409, Email: assagaf29@yahoo.com
https://www2.slideshare.net/AminullahAssagaf1/aminullah-assagaf-aip45-ai-
pemasaran30-mar-amp-6-apr-2021-245332090
Literatur
Tugas kelompok
RPS - Analisis Instrumen Pemasaran
P1 : Lingkungan pemasaran, Pemasaran dan proses perencanaan, Target pasar, Instrumen atau
tools pemasaran = Ch. 3, 4, 1, 2
P2-3 : Peluang pasar, Riset pemasaran , Perilaku konsumen , Segmentasi pasar = Ch. 6, 7, 9
P4-5 : Produk dan pengadaannya, Distribusi/saluran pemasaran, Retailing, wholesaling, logistic,
Promosi dan periklanan, Strategi penetapan harga = Ch. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19,20, 21
P6-7: Implementasi pemasaran, Pemasaran internasional, Peluang pasar internasional= ch.5, dll
UTS
P8: Formulasi strategi pemasaran multinasional, Competitive analysis , Economic environment=Ch.
12,dll
P9-10 : Pemasaran global, Elemen budaya pasar dunia, Karakteristik pasar regional, Perencanaan
pemasaran global=Ch. 18 dll
P11 : Pemasaran jasa, E-Marketing, Sistem informasi pemasaran= Ch.8, 22
P12 : Kasus pemasaran di Indonesia, Tren, peluang dan masa depan perusahaan menghadapi
persaingan global = 10, 11
P13-14 : Berbagai kasus pemasaran yang komprehensif = ch. 13
P4-5 : Produk dan pengadaannya, Strategi
penetapan harga, Promosi dan periklanan,
Distribusi/saluran pemasaran, Retailing,
wholesaling, logistic,
Dari awal sd akhir
Contoh studi kasus Product: Perandingan Harga Rooftop (India vs Indonesia)
5. Penelitian dan pengembangan produk atau RD
Pengenalan
Pertumbuhan
Kejenuhan
(kedewasaan)
Penurunan
RD
Q
Time
TP1
TP2
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE (PLC)
AIRBUS – A380
AIRBUS - A380
Airbus A380
R & D
Rangkaian tangible sd intengible
Luas atau cakupan kualitas
terpercaya
kesopanan
dirasakan
Ch. 16
Pertimbangan utama
Harga berdasarkan cost
Harga berdasarkan value
Laba dari penjualan
mis: laba 20% x Price $20 =$4, unit cost atau HPP = $16
 0.2 atau 20 laba dari penjualan =$4
 Harga pkk =$16
 Harga jual= $20
 Laba = $4 (20% dari penjualan)
Dampak harga Bid pd profitabilitas
Pricing
• Full Costing : Cost + margin
• Marginal cost pricing
• Contribution margin
• Break even poin
TOTAL COST (TC)
• TC = FC + VCQ
• FC ; biaya terkait dengan waktu atau tidak terkait dengan volume
produksi atau penjualan
• VC ; biaya yang terkait dengan volume produksi atau penjualan
FIX COST
1000 2000
Q
Q
Rp
Rp
FC
AFC
1000 2000
50.000
50
25
0
0
VARIABLE COST
VC
AVC
Q
Q
Rp
Rp
0
0
1000 2000
1000 2000
100
100.000
200.000
A
B
A’ B’
TOTAL COST (TC)
FC
TC
Q
Q
Rp
Rp
0
0
1000 2000
1000 2000
50.000
150.000
250.000
AC
150
125
HUBUNGAN BIAYA, VOLUME & PENDAPATAN
(a) BEP
TC = FC + VCQ
TR = PQ
TR = TC  BEP
PQ = FC + VCQ
(PQ – VCQ) = FC
Q (P-VC) = FC
Q = FC / (P-VC) BEP
Atau :
TR = TC
PQ = FC + VCQ
P = (FC + VCQ) / Q BEP
(b) Marjin Kontribusi (MK)
MK = P - VC
>0 : tiap pertambahan Q akan menambah keuntungan atau mengurangi kerugian
Break Even Point (BEP)
Contoh :
FC =Rp 50.000 perthun
VC = Rp 100 perunit
P = Rp 200 perunit
Q =......? BEP
BEP = FC / (P-VC)
BEP = 50.000 / (200 – 100)
BEP = 50.000 / 100 = 500 unit
BEP
Q = 500
Laba(Rugi)
TR = 500 x 200 = 100.000
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 500 x 100 : 50.000
- Total cost = 100.000
- Laba (Rugi)................. = 0
Q < BEP
Q = 499
Laba(Rugi)
TR = 499 x 200 = 99.800
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 499 x 100 : 49.900
- Total cost = 99.900
- Rugi .......................... = (100)
Q > BEP
Q = 501
Laba(Rugi)
TR = 500 x 200 = 100.200
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 501 x 100 : 50.100
- Total cost = 100.100
- Laba .......................... = 100
Break Even Point (BEP) - 1
FC
TC
Q
Rp
0
400 600
50.000
100.000
500
TR
BEP
90.000
120.000
80.000
110.000
Laba
Rugi
Break Even Point (BEP) - 2
FC
TC1
Q
Rp
0
400
50.000
100.000
500
TR
BEP1
Catatan :
BEP = FC / (P – VC)
BEP = 50.000/ (200-75) =400 unit
TR = 400 x Rp 200 = Rp 80.000
TC = 50.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 80.000
TC2
BEP2
80.000
Catatan :
- Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit
- Solusinya , VC ditekan
dari Rp Rp 100 perunit
menjadi Rp Rp 75 per unit
Break Even Point (BEP) - 3
FC1
TC1
Q
Rp
0
400
50.000
100.000
500
TR
BEP1
Catatan :
BEP = FC / (P – VC)
BEP = 40.000/ (200-100) =400 unit
TR = 400 x Rp 200 = Rp 80.000
TC = 40.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 80.000
TC2
BEP2
80.000
Catatan :
- Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit
- Solusinya , FC ditekan
dari Rp Rp 50.000 pertahun
menjadi Rp Rp 40.000 pertahun
FC2
40.000
Break Even Point (BEP) - 4
TC
Q
Rp
0
400
50.000
100.000
500
TR1
BEP1
Catatan :
BEP = FC / (P – VC)
BEP = 50.000/ (225-100) =400 unit
TR = 400 x Rp 225= Rp 90.000
TC = 50.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 90.000
TR2
BEP2
90.000
Catatan :
- Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit
- Solusinya , P dinaikkan
dari Rp Rp 200 perunit
menjadi Rp 225 perunit
FC
BEP (Q dan Rp)
BEP Q =
F
P−VC
=
50.000
200−100
= 500 unit
BEP Rp =
F
P − VC
x P =
50.000
200 − 100
x 200 = 500 x 200 = Rp 100.000
BEP Rp =
F x P
P−VC
=
50.000 x 200
200−100
= 10.000.000 / 100 = Rp 100.000
BEP Rp =
P
P−VC
x F =
200
200−100
x 50.000 = 2 x 50.000 = Rp 100.000
BEP Rp =
F
P−VC
P
=
50.000
200 −100
200
=
50.000
0,5
= 𝑅𝑝 100.000
BEP Rp =
F
P/P − VC/P
=
50.000
200/200 − 100/200
=
50.000
1 − 0,5
=
50.000
0,5
= 𝑅𝑝 100.000
BEP Rp =
F
1−VC/P
=
50.000
1−100/200
= 50.000/ 1 − 0,5 = 50.000/0,5 = 𝑅𝑝 100.000
Q pada Target Laba (Dgn Pajak)
Q =
F+ π / (1−t)
P−VC
Q =
50.000 + 10.000 / (1 − 0,20)
200 − 100
Q =
50.000 + 12.500
100
Q =
62.500
100
= 625 unit
Atau
Q =
F
P−VC
+
π / (1−t)
P−VC
Q = BEP +
π / (1 − t)
P − VC
Q = BEP +
π
1 − t (P − VC)
Q = 500 +
10.000
1 − 0,20 (200 − 100)
Q = 500 +
10.000
80
= 500 + 125 = 625 unit
Q pada Target Laba (Dgn Pajak)
Q =
F+ π / (1−t)
P−VC
Q =
50.000 + 10.000 / (1 − 0,20)
200 − 100
Q =
50.000 + 12.500
100
Q =
62.500
100
= 625
L/R (Q = 625)
TR = 625 x 200 = Rp 125.000
Cost :
- FC = 50.000
- VC = 62.500
TC = Rp 112.500
Laba = Rp 12.500
Tax 20% = Rp 2.500
Laba = Rp 10.000 (Sesuai Target)
Margin Kontribusi (MK)
MARGIN KONTRIBUSI (MK)
MK = P – VC
MK > 0 atau posisitif, tiap pertambahan volume penjualan akan
menambah laba atau mengurangi kerugian
Mis :
Q1 = 1.000, VC = 100, FC = 50.000, P = 200
Tambahan Q2 = 1.000 dengan P = 110
Margin Kontribusi
Laba (Rugi)
Q1 = 1.000 unit
TR = 1.000 x 200 .................. = 200.000
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 1.000 x 100 : 100.000
- Total cost ........................ = 150.000
- Laba .................................. = 50.000
Averga Cost (HPP) = 150.000 / 1000 = Rp 150 perunit
Margin Kontribusi
Laba (Rugi)
Q1 = 1.000 unit (P=Rp 200)
Q2 = 1.000 unit (P=Rp 110)
TR = (1000 x 200) + (1000 x 110) = 310.000
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC ( 2.000 x 100) : 200.000
- Total cost ............................. = 250.000
- Laba ....................................... = 60.000
Averga Cost (HPP) = 250.000 / 2000 = Rp 120 perunit
Q
A
Rp
0 1000 2000
AC
150
125
Margin Kontribusi
B
P = Rp 130
100
AVC
Laba
Rugi
SASARAN
1. Maximum profit
 Syarat : MR = MC
2. Minimum cost
 Syarat : MC = AC
3. Maximum total revenue (TR)
 Syarat : MR = 0
Maximum Profit (MR=MC)
Contoh:
P=100
TR=PQ = 100Q
TC = 200 + 2Q2
Maka:
• Syarat Max Profit  MR=MC
• TR=100Q  MR=100
• MC = 4Q
• MR=MC  100 = 4 Q  Q = 25
Max Profit (MR=MC)
• Max Profit (π) Q = 25
• π = TR - TC
• π = 100Q – (200+ 2Q2 )
Q=25
• π = 100 (25) – 200 - 2(252 )
• π = 2500 – 200 – 1250 = 1050 (Max profit)
Q=24
• π = 100 (24) – 200 - 2(242 )
• π = 2400 – 200 – 1152= 1048
Q=26
• π = 100 (26) – 100 - 2(262 )
• π = 2600 – 200 – 1352= 1048
Min Loss (MR=MC)
• Max Profit (π) Q = 25
• π = TR - TC
• π = 100Q – (2000 + 2Q2 )
Q=25
• π = 100 (25) – 2000 - 2(252 )
• π = 2500 – 2000 – 1250 = - 750 (Minimum loss)
Q=24
• π = 100 (24) – 2000 - 2(242 )
• π = 2400 – 2000 – 1152= - 752
Q=26
• π = 100 (26) – 2000 - 2(262 )
• π = 2600 – 2000 – 1352= - 752
Q
Rp
0
1050
1048
24 25 26
π
Max profit
A
Minimum loss
π
B
-752
- 750
Max Profit dan Min Loss
Minimum Cost (MR=AC)
• TC = 200 + 2Q2
• MC = 4Q
• AC = 200/Q + 2Q
MC=AC
• 4Q = 200/Q + 2Q
• 2Q = 200/Q
• 2Q2 = 200
• Q2 = 100
• Q = 10
Minimimum Average Cost (MC=AC)
• AC = 200/Q + 2Q
Untuk Q=10
AC = 200/10 + 2(10) =40 (Minimum AC)
Untuk Q=12.5
AC = 200/12.5 + 2(12.5) = 16 + 25 = 41
Untuk Q=8
AC = 200/8 + 2(8) = 25 + 16 = 41
1_MAXIMUM PROFIT
MAXIMUM PROFIT
P 2000 2000
C 25000 10Q^2 25000
TR 1000Q
MR 2000
MC 20Q
MR=MC Q=100 100
π 2000Q - (25000+10Q^2)
π 1000Q - 25000-10Q^2
Maximum Profit ==> P= 2000
π 100 = 2000(100) - 25000 - 10(100^2) = 75.000
π 101 = 2000(101) - 25000 - 10(101^2) = 74.990
π 99 = 2000(99) - 25000 - 10(99^2) = 74.990
Rp
MC
2020
2000 2000 MR
1980
99 100 101 Q
Rp
75000 Maximum Profit
74990
Profit
Q
-25000 Minimum Loss
-26010
Loss
MINIMUM LOSS ==> P = 1000
π 100 = 1000(100) - 25000 - 10(100^2) = 25.000
-
π 101 = 1000(101) - 25000 - 10(101^2) = 26.010
-
π 99 = 1000(99) - 25000 - 10(99^2) = 26.010
-
2_MINIMUM COST
MINIMUM COST
C = 25000 + 10Q^2
AC = 25000/Q + 10Q
MC = 20Q
MC=AC 20Q = 25000/Q + 10Q
10Q = 25000/Q
10Q^2 = 25000
Q^2 = 25000/10
Q^2=2500
Q =50
AC = 25000/Q + 10Q
AC500 = 25000/50 + 10(50) = 1000.00
AC501 = 25000/51 + 10(51) = 1000.20
AC499 = 25000/49 + 10(49) = 1000.20
Rp
AC
1000,20
1000,00
499 500 501 Q
3_MAXIMUM TR
MAXIMUM TR
Dasar P
MR = 0 Dasar Q
Q= 500-10P 10P = 500-Q
TR = PQ P=50-0,1Q
TR=500P - 10P^2 TR=PQ
MR = 500-20P TR= 50Q - 0,10Q^2
MR = 0 MR= 50-0,2Q
500-20P =0 MR=0
500 = 120P 50-0,2Q=0
P =25 50=0,2Q
Q= 500-10P ==> Q=500-(10*25) = 250 Q=50/0,2
Q=250
TR=500P - 10P^2 P=50-0,1Q ==> P=50-0,10(250) = 25
TR50 = 500(25)-10(25^2) = 6250
TR50 = 500(24)-10(24^2) = 6240 TR= 50Q - 0,10Q^2
TR50 = 500(50)-10(50^2) = 6240 TR250= 50(250)-0,10(250^2) = 6250
TR240= 50(240)-0,10(240^2) = 6240
TR260= 50(260)-0,10(260^2) = 6240
Rp
6250 Maximum TR
6240
TR
240 250 260 Q
Marginal Cost (MC) dan Average Cost (AC)
• TC = 50.000 + 100Q
• MC = dTC / dQ
.TC1 = 150.000 . Q1 = 1000
.TC2 = 250.000 . Q2 = 2000
.dTC = 100.000 . dQ = 1000
MC = 100.000 / 1000 = 100
TC’ = 100 (pangkat x koefisien, pangkat -1, abaikan konstanta)
• AC = TC/Q
• AC1 = TC1/Q1 = 150.000/1000 = 150
• AC2 = TC2/Q2 = 250/2000 = 125
(1) MAXIMUM PROFIT
TC = 100 + Q^2
MC = 2 Q
Qd = 100 - P  P = 100 - Q
TR = 100 Q - Q^2
MR = 100 - 2 Q
Max Profit  MR = MC
100 - 2 Q = 2 Q
100 = 4 Q
Q = 25
Profit = (TR - TC) = (100Q - Q^2) - (100 + Q^2)
Profit = 100Q - 2Q^2 - 100
Profit 25 = 100(25) - 2(25^2) - 100 = 2500-1250-100 =1.150
Profit 30 = 100(30) - 2(30^2) - 100 = 3000-1800-100= 1.100
Profit 20 = 100(20)-2(20^2)-100 = 2000-800-100 = 1.100
MAXIMUM PROFIT
Q = 25
MC = 2Q = 50
MR = 100 -2Q = 50
Profit = 100Q - 2Q^2 - 100
Profit = 1.150
Q = 30
MC = 60
MR = 40
Profit = 1.100
Q = 20
MC = 40
MR = 60
Profit = 1.1050
20 25 30
20 25 30
1150
1100
50
40
60
MC
MR
Profit
Q
Q
Rp
Rp
MAXIMUM CONDITION
MR = D
Q kWh
MC
AC
Q1 Q2
Rp
0
P
0
Rp
Pofit
Loss
Q kWh
Q3
A
C
B
MR1 = P1
Q kWh
Rp
P1
Q1
AC
0
MC
AVC
MR2 = P2
MR3 = P3
C
B
A
P2
P3
P4
Q2
Q3
D MR4 = P4
E
F
MARGINA COST PRICING
(2) MINIMUM COST (AC)
TC = 100 + Q^2
MC = 2 Q
AC = TC/Q = 100/Q + Q
Min AC  MC = AC
2Q = 100/Q + Q
Q = 100 / Q
Q^2 = 100
Q = 10
AC 10 = 100/10 + 10 = 20
AC 12,5 = 100/12.5 + 12.5 = 20.5
AC 8 = 100/8 + 8 = 20,5
MINIMUM COST (AC)
Q = 10
AC = 100/Q +Q
AC = 100/10 +10 =20
Q = 12.5
AC = 100/12.5 +12.5 =20,5
Q = 8
AC = 100/8 + 8 =20.5
8 10 12.5
20.5
20
AC
Q
Rp
LEARNING CURVE
Q
Cost
Learning
Curve
Decreasing
Increasing
Q1
Penggabungan
Pemisahan
Skala ekonomis Skala disekonomis
QkWh
Rp
Q*
LAC
SAC1
SAC2
SAC3
(3) MAXIMUM TR
• MAX TR  MR = 0
• Qd = 100 - P  P = 100 - Q
• TR = 100Q - Q^2
• MR = 100 - 2Q
• MR = 0  100-2Q =0
• 2Q = 100
• Q = 50
• MAX TR :
- TR50 = 100(50) - 50^2 = 5000 - 2500 = 2.500 (MAX)
- TR40 = 100(40) - 40^2 = 4000 -1600 = 2.400
- TR 60 = 100(60) - 60^2 = 6000 - 3600 = 2400
MAXIMUM TR
Q = 50
TR = 100Q – Q^2
TR = 100(50) – 50^2 = 2.500
Q = 40
TR = 100(40) – 40^2 = 2.400
Q = 60
TR = 100(60) – 60^2 = 2.400
40 50 60
2400
2500
TR
Q
Rp
Fungsi Teori Ekonomi
• Skema model ekonomi sederhana
PERUSAHAAN
BISNIS
RUMAH
TANGGA
PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI
BARANG DAN JASA
SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI
PENDAPATAN BERBENTUK UANG
P
Q
D
S
(2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN
Titik kesimbangan
P
Q
D
S
(2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN
Excess supply
P1
P0
P2
Excess demand
Q0
Kesimbangan D & S
Q1 Q1
Q2 Q2
A
E
F
C
B
P
Q
D1
S
(2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN
D2
D 3
P
Q
D
S1
(2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN
S3
S2
P
Q
D1
S1
(2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN
S3
S2
D3
D2
A
J
I
H
G
E
F
C B
Supply 1
Demand
Q kWh
Price
Q1
P1
P2
Q3
Q2 Q4 Q5
P3
E1
0
Excess demand
Supply 2
E2
SUBSIDI
(3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS
1. Elastisitas harga dari permintaan
• Elatisitas busur (arc elasticity)
• Elastisitas titik (point elasticity)
2. Elastisitas titik dan pengeluaran total
3. Elastisitas pendapatan dari permintaan
4. Elastisitas silang dari permintaan
5. Elastisitas harga dari penawaran
(3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (2)
1. Elastisitas harga dari permintaan
e = - (dQ/Q) /(dP/P) = -(dQ/dP)(P/Q)
elastis jika e> 1, inelastis jika e<1 dan elastis uniter jika e=1
D
Q
P
B
A
C
2000
1000 3000
7
5
3
-Dari C ke A = - (1000/-2)/(7/1000) = 3,5
-Dari A ke C = -(-1000/2)/(5/2000) = 1,25
-Dari A ke B = -(1000/-2)/(5/2000)= 1,25
-Dari B ke A = -(-1000/2)(3/3000) = 0,5
Utk menghindarkan perbedaan, digunakan rata-rata :
Titik A ke B :
e= -(dQ/dP)x(PA+PB)/(QA+QB)
e= -(1000/-2)x(5+3)/(2000+3000) = 0,8
(3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (3)
(1.1) Elastisitas busur (arc elaticity), koefisien elastisitas antara dua titik pada suatu kurva
permintaan seperti contoh diatas. Elastisitas ini hanya sebagai perkiraan, dan semakin tepat
bila busur itu semakin kecil dan mendekati suatu titik.
(1.2) Elastisitas titik (point elasticity), secara geometrik diperoleh :
N
0 M
D
C
Garis singgung
P
Q
e= -(dQ/dp)(P/Q)
e=(NM/NC)(NC/ON) = (NM)/(ON)
e= 4000/2000 =2
6000
2000
D
N M
0
P
Q
8000
4000
A =1
2000 5000
B =3000/5000 = 0,6 atau < 1
C =6000/2000 =3 atau > 1
(3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (4)
2. Elastisitas titik dan pengeluaran total
C
A
B
Q
P
5
4
3
5000
4000
3000
A=pengeluaran 5x3000=15000
B=pengeluaran 4x4000=16000
C=pengeluaran 3x5000=15000
Elastisitas diatas titik tengan e>1,
dibawah titik tengan e<
Titik A, e=(8000-3000)/3000=5/3
Titik B, e=(8000-4000)/4000=1
Titik C, e=(8000-5000)/5000=3/5
8000
e>1
e=1
e<1
(3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (5)
3. Elastisitas pendapatan dari permintaan
eM = (dQ/Q)/(dM/M) =(dQ/dM)(M/Q)
eM negatif, barang bermutu rendah (inferior)
eM positif, barang normal atau kebutuhan pokok (necessity)
eM > 1, barang mewah (luxury)
Contoh :
1) Pendapatan Rp 8000 menjadi 12000 (naik 50%), permintaan 5 unit menjadi 10 unit
(100%)
eM = (5/4000)/(8000/5) = 2 atau
eM =100% / 50% = 2 (barang lux)
2) Pendapatan Rp 16000 menjadi 20000(naik 25%), permintaan 15 unit menjadi 18
unit (naik 20%)
eM = 20% / 25% =0,8 (kebutuhan pokok)
-3) Pendapatan Rp 24000 menjadi Rp 28000 (naik 16,67%), permintaan
20 unit menjadi 19 unit (turun 5%)
eM = -5% / 16,67 % = - 0,3 (bermutu rendah)
(3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (6)
4. Elastisitas silang dari permintaan (cross elasticity of demand)
exy = (dQx/Qx)/(dPy/Py) = (dQx/dPy)(Py/Qx)
exy positif, X dan Y barang subtitusi
exy negatif, X dan Y barang komplementer
exy=0, X dan Y tidak berhubungan
Contoh :
1) Harga Y, Rp 40 menjadi Rp 60 (naik Rp 20), permintaan X 40 unit menjadi 50 unit (naik 10)
exy = (10/20)(40/40) = + 0,5 (subtitusi)
2) Harga Z, Rp 10 menjadi Rp 20 (naik Rp10), permintaan X 40 unit manjadi 35 unit (turun 5 unit)
exz = (5/10)(10/40) = - 0,125 (komplementer)
(3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (7)
5. Elastisitas harga dari penawaran
Elastis bila e >1, inelastis bila e<1, elastis uniter bila e=1
e = (dq/Q)/(dP/P) = (dQ/dP)(P/Q)
S
P
Q
E
F
4000
6
4
8000
Titik E ke F
e=(4000/2)(4/4000)= 2
Titik F ke E
e=(4000/2)(6/8000)= 1,5
ELASTISITAS P TERHADAP Q
• Inelastis sempurna:
• Elastis sempurna :
e = - (dQ/dP) (P/Q)
e = - (0/10)(10/100) = kecil
P
Q
P
Q
D
D
100
10
20
e = - (dQ/dP) (P/Q)
e = - (50/0)(10/100) = ∞
100 150
10
Suka, gemar
Keyakinan, perasaan
Tahu, sadar
kecewa
mendodorong
Menarik, menggerakkan kearah lain
Massa, masyarakat umum
bosan
apatis, tdk menghiraukan
menolak
menyadari
Tdk menyadari
bosan
memilih
berminat
mengulangi
mencoba
Sales Promotion dan Personal selling
 Sales promotion atau promosi penjualan adalah salah satu tipe marketing yang biasanya digunakan untuk
memperkenalkan produk baru, menghabiskan produk lama, dan tentu saja menaikkan angka penjualan.
Umumnya, sales promotion berlangsung sementara, ditujukan untuk menaikkan minat pembeli terhadap
produk dan dilakukan oleh perusahaan saat momen-momen tertentu saja.
 Personal Selling atau Penjualan Perorangan adalah sebuah komunikasi langsung (tatap muka) antara penjual
dan calon pembeli.
 Sales management adalah proses menyusun sebuah tim sales, mengoordinasi operasi penjualan, dan
mengimplementasi teknik sales agar bisnis bisa terus mencapai target dan bahkan melampauinya. Sales
management atau manajemen penjualan adalah bagian dari marketing mix yang memiliki peran penting
dalam persaingan perusahaan, penurunan biaya, serta peningkatan keuntungan. Saat ini, manajemen
penjualan merupakan salah satu fungsi yang tidak bisa dianggap remeh oleh bisnis manapun.
Kekuatan, pasukan, tenaga, team
Sebelum pendekatan
Penanganan keberatan
kebiasaan
berbagai sbr tenaga, cangkokan
penggambaran
Aminullah assagaf aip45 ai pemasaran_30 mrt &amp; 6 apr 2021
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Aminullah assagaf aip45 ai pemasaran_30 mrt &amp; 6 apr 2021

  • 5. RPS - Analisis Instrumen Pemasaran P1 : Lingkungan pemasaran, Pemasaran dan proses perencanaan, Target pasar, Instrumen atau tools pemasaran = Ch. 3, 4, 1, 2 P2-3 : Peluang pasar, Riset pemasaran , Perilaku konsumen , Segmentasi pasar = Ch. 6, 7, 9 P4-5 : Produk dan pengadaannya, Distribusi/saluran pemasaran, Retailing, wholesaling, logistic, Promosi dan periklanan, Strategi penetapan harga = Ch. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19,20, 21 P6-7: Implementasi pemasaran, Pemasaran internasional, Peluang pasar internasional= ch.5, dll UTS P8: Formulasi strategi pemasaran multinasional, Competitive analysis , Economic environment=Ch. 12,dll P9-10 : Pemasaran global, Elemen budaya pasar dunia, Karakteristik pasar regional, Perencanaan pemasaran global=Ch. 18 dll P11 : Pemasaran jasa, E-Marketing, Sistem informasi pemasaran= Ch.8, 22 P12 : Kasus pemasaran di Indonesia, Tren, peluang dan masa depan perusahaan menghadapi persaingan global = 10, 11 P13-14 : Berbagai kasus pemasaran yang komprehensif = ch. 13
  • 6. P4-5 : Produk dan pengadaannya, Strategi penetapan harga, Promosi dan periklanan, Distribusi/saluran pemasaran, Retailing, wholesaling, logistic,
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Dari awal sd akhir
  • 12.
  • 13. Contoh studi kasus Product: Perandingan Harga Rooftop (India vs Indonesia)
  • 14.
  • 15. 5. Penelitian dan pengembangan produk atau RD Pengenalan Pertumbuhan Kejenuhan (kedewasaan) Penurunan RD Q Time TP1 TP2 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE (PLC)
  • 19. R & D
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28. Rangkaian tangible sd intengible
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31. Luas atau cakupan kualitas terpercaya kesopanan dirasakan
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41. Harga berdasarkan cost Harga berdasarkan value
  • 42.
  • 43. Laba dari penjualan mis: laba 20% x Price $20 =$4, unit cost atau HPP = $16  0.2 atau 20 laba dari penjualan =$4  Harga pkk =$16  Harga jual= $20  Laba = $4 (20% dari penjualan)
  • 44.
  • 45. Dampak harga Bid pd profitabilitas
  • 46. Pricing • Full Costing : Cost + margin • Marginal cost pricing • Contribution margin • Break even poin
  • 47. TOTAL COST (TC) • TC = FC + VCQ • FC ; biaya terkait dengan waktu atau tidak terkait dengan volume produksi atau penjualan • VC ; biaya yang terkait dengan volume produksi atau penjualan
  • 49. VARIABLE COST VC AVC Q Q Rp Rp 0 0 1000 2000 1000 2000 100 100.000 200.000 A B A’ B’
  • 50. TOTAL COST (TC) FC TC Q Q Rp Rp 0 0 1000 2000 1000 2000 50.000 150.000 250.000 AC 150 125
  • 51. HUBUNGAN BIAYA, VOLUME & PENDAPATAN (a) BEP TC = FC + VCQ TR = PQ TR = TC  BEP PQ = FC + VCQ (PQ – VCQ) = FC Q (P-VC) = FC Q = FC / (P-VC) BEP Atau : TR = TC PQ = FC + VCQ P = (FC + VCQ) / Q BEP (b) Marjin Kontribusi (MK) MK = P - VC >0 : tiap pertambahan Q akan menambah keuntungan atau mengurangi kerugian
  • 52. Break Even Point (BEP) Contoh : FC =Rp 50.000 perthun VC = Rp 100 perunit P = Rp 200 perunit Q =......? BEP BEP = FC / (P-VC) BEP = 50.000 / (200 – 100) BEP = 50.000 / 100 = 500 unit
  • 53. BEP Q = 500 Laba(Rugi) TR = 500 x 200 = 100.000 Cost : - FC : 50.000 - VC , 500 x 100 : 50.000 - Total cost = 100.000 - Laba (Rugi)................. = 0
  • 54. Q < BEP Q = 499 Laba(Rugi) TR = 499 x 200 = 99.800 Cost : - FC : 50.000 - VC , 499 x 100 : 49.900 - Total cost = 99.900 - Rugi .......................... = (100)
  • 55. Q > BEP Q = 501 Laba(Rugi) TR = 500 x 200 = 100.200 Cost : - FC : 50.000 - VC , 501 x 100 : 50.100 - Total cost = 100.100 - Laba .......................... = 100
  • 56. Break Even Point (BEP) - 1 FC TC Q Rp 0 400 600 50.000 100.000 500 TR BEP 90.000 120.000 80.000 110.000 Laba Rugi
  • 57. Break Even Point (BEP) - 2 FC TC1 Q Rp 0 400 50.000 100.000 500 TR BEP1 Catatan : BEP = FC / (P – VC) BEP = 50.000/ (200-75) =400 unit TR = 400 x Rp 200 = Rp 80.000 TC = 50.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 80.000 TC2 BEP2 80.000 Catatan : - Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit - Solusinya , VC ditekan dari Rp Rp 100 perunit menjadi Rp Rp 75 per unit
  • 58. Break Even Point (BEP) - 3 FC1 TC1 Q Rp 0 400 50.000 100.000 500 TR BEP1 Catatan : BEP = FC / (P – VC) BEP = 40.000/ (200-100) =400 unit TR = 400 x Rp 200 = Rp 80.000 TC = 40.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 80.000 TC2 BEP2 80.000 Catatan : - Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit - Solusinya , FC ditekan dari Rp Rp 50.000 pertahun menjadi Rp Rp 40.000 pertahun FC2 40.000
  • 59. Break Even Point (BEP) - 4 TC Q Rp 0 400 50.000 100.000 500 TR1 BEP1 Catatan : BEP = FC / (P – VC) BEP = 50.000/ (225-100) =400 unit TR = 400 x Rp 225= Rp 90.000 TC = 50.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 90.000 TR2 BEP2 90.000 Catatan : - Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit - Solusinya , P dinaikkan dari Rp Rp 200 perunit menjadi Rp 225 perunit FC
  • 60. BEP (Q dan Rp) BEP Q = F P−VC = 50.000 200−100 = 500 unit BEP Rp = F P − VC x P = 50.000 200 − 100 x 200 = 500 x 200 = Rp 100.000 BEP Rp = F x P P−VC = 50.000 x 200 200−100 = 10.000.000 / 100 = Rp 100.000 BEP Rp = P P−VC x F = 200 200−100 x 50.000 = 2 x 50.000 = Rp 100.000 BEP Rp = F P−VC P = 50.000 200 −100 200 = 50.000 0,5 = 𝑅𝑝 100.000 BEP Rp = F P/P − VC/P = 50.000 200/200 − 100/200 = 50.000 1 − 0,5 = 50.000 0,5 = 𝑅𝑝 100.000 BEP Rp = F 1−VC/P = 50.000 1−100/200 = 50.000/ 1 − 0,5 = 50.000/0,5 = 𝑅𝑝 100.000
  • 61. Q pada Target Laba (Dgn Pajak) Q = F+ π / (1−t) P−VC Q = 50.000 + 10.000 / (1 − 0,20) 200 − 100 Q = 50.000 + 12.500 100 Q = 62.500 100 = 625 unit Atau Q = F P−VC + π / (1−t) P−VC Q = BEP + π / (1 − t) P − VC Q = BEP + π 1 − t (P − VC) Q = 500 + 10.000 1 − 0,20 (200 − 100) Q = 500 + 10.000 80 = 500 + 125 = 625 unit
  • 62. Q pada Target Laba (Dgn Pajak) Q = F+ π / (1−t) P−VC Q = 50.000 + 10.000 / (1 − 0,20) 200 − 100 Q = 50.000 + 12.500 100 Q = 62.500 100 = 625 L/R (Q = 625) TR = 625 x 200 = Rp 125.000 Cost : - FC = 50.000 - VC = 62.500 TC = Rp 112.500 Laba = Rp 12.500 Tax 20% = Rp 2.500 Laba = Rp 10.000 (Sesuai Target)
  • 63. Margin Kontribusi (MK) MARGIN KONTRIBUSI (MK) MK = P – VC MK > 0 atau posisitif, tiap pertambahan volume penjualan akan menambah laba atau mengurangi kerugian Mis : Q1 = 1.000, VC = 100, FC = 50.000, P = 200 Tambahan Q2 = 1.000 dengan P = 110
  • 64. Margin Kontribusi Laba (Rugi) Q1 = 1.000 unit TR = 1.000 x 200 .................. = 200.000 Cost : - FC : 50.000 - VC , 1.000 x 100 : 100.000 - Total cost ........................ = 150.000 - Laba .................................. = 50.000 Averga Cost (HPP) = 150.000 / 1000 = Rp 150 perunit
  • 65. Margin Kontribusi Laba (Rugi) Q1 = 1.000 unit (P=Rp 200) Q2 = 1.000 unit (P=Rp 110) TR = (1000 x 200) + (1000 x 110) = 310.000 Cost : - FC : 50.000 - VC ( 2.000 x 100) : 200.000 - Total cost ............................. = 250.000 - Laba ....................................... = 60.000 Averga Cost (HPP) = 250.000 / 2000 = Rp 120 perunit
  • 66. Q A Rp 0 1000 2000 AC 150 125 Margin Kontribusi B P = Rp 130 100 AVC Laba Rugi
  • 67. SASARAN 1. Maximum profit  Syarat : MR = MC 2. Minimum cost  Syarat : MC = AC 3. Maximum total revenue (TR)  Syarat : MR = 0
  • 68. Maximum Profit (MR=MC) Contoh: P=100 TR=PQ = 100Q TC = 200 + 2Q2 Maka: • Syarat Max Profit  MR=MC • TR=100Q  MR=100 • MC = 4Q • MR=MC  100 = 4 Q  Q = 25
  • 69. Max Profit (MR=MC) • Max Profit (π) Q = 25 • π = TR - TC • π = 100Q – (200+ 2Q2 ) Q=25 • π = 100 (25) – 200 - 2(252 ) • π = 2500 – 200 – 1250 = 1050 (Max profit) Q=24 • π = 100 (24) – 200 - 2(242 ) • π = 2400 – 200 – 1152= 1048 Q=26 • π = 100 (26) – 100 - 2(262 ) • π = 2600 – 200 – 1352= 1048
  • 70. Min Loss (MR=MC) • Max Profit (π) Q = 25 • π = TR - TC • π = 100Q – (2000 + 2Q2 ) Q=25 • π = 100 (25) – 2000 - 2(252 ) • π = 2500 – 2000 – 1250 = - 750 (Minimum loss) Q=24 • π = 100 (24) – 2000 - 2(242 ) • π = 2400 – 2000 – 1152= - 752 Q=26 • π = 100 (26) – 2000 - 2(262 ) • π = 2600 – 2000 – 1352= - 752
  • 71. Q Rp 0 1050 1048 24 25 26 π Max profit A Minimum loss π B -752 - 750 Max Profit dan Min Loss
  • 72. Minimum Cost (MR=AC) • TC = 200 + 2Q2 • MC = 4Q • AC = 200/Q + 2Q MC=AC • 4Q = 200/Q + 2Q • 2Q = 200/Q • 2Q2 = 200 • Q2 = 100 • Q = 10
  • 73. Minimimum Average Cost (MC=AC) • AC = 200/Q + 2Q Untuk Q=10 AC = 200/10 + 2(10) =40 (Minimum AC) Untuk Q=12.5 AC = 200/12.5 + 2(12.5) = 16 + 25 = 41 Untuk Q=8 AC = 200/8 + 2(8) = 25 + 16 = 41
  • 74. 1_MAXIMUM PROFIT MAXIMUM PROFIT P 2000 2000 C 25000 10Q^2 25000 TR 1000Q MR 2000 MC 20Q MR=MC Q=100 100 π 2000Q - (25000+10Q^2) π 1000Q - 25000-10Q^2 Maximum Profit ==> P= 2000 π 100 = 2000(100) - 25000 - 10(100^2) = 75.000 π 101 = 2000(101) - 25000 - 10(101^2) = 74.990 π 99 = 2000(99) - 25000 - 10(99^2) = 74.990 Rp MC 2020 2000 2000 MR 1980 99 100 101 Q Rp 75000 Maximum Profit 74990 Profit Q -25000 Minimum Loss -26010 Loss MINIMUM LOSS ==> P = 1000 π 100 = 1000(100) - 25000 - 10(100^2) = 25.000 - π 101 = 1000(101) - 25000 - 10(101^2) = 26.010 - π 99 = 1000(99) - 25000 - 10(99^2) = 26.010 -
  • 75. 2_MINIMUM COST MINIMUM COST C = 25000 + 10Q^2 AC = 25000/Q + 10Q MC = 20Q MC=AC 20Q = 25000/Q + 10Q 10Q = 25000/Q 10Q^2 = 25000 Q^2 = 25000/10 Q^2=2500 Q =50 AC = 25000/Q + 10Q AC500 = 25000/50 + 10(50) = 1000.00 AC501 = 25000/51 + 10(51) = 1000.20 AC499 = 25000/49 + 10(49) = 1000.20 Rp AC 1000,20 1000,00 499 500 501 Q
  • 76. 3_MAXIMUM TR MAXIMUM TR Dasar P MR = 0 Dasar Q Q= 500-10P 10P = 500-Q TR = PQ P=50-0,1Q TR=500P - 10P^2 TR=PQ MR = 500-20P TR= 50Q - 0,10Q^2 MR = 0 MR= 50-0,2Q 500-20P =0 MR=0 500 = 120P 50-0,2Q=0 P =25 50=0,2Q Q= 500-10P ==> Q=500-(10*25) = 250 Q=50/0,2 Q=250 TR=500P - 10P^2 P=50-0,1Q ==> P=50-0,10(250) = 25 TR50 = 500(25)-10(25^2) = 6250 TR50 = 500(24)-10(24^2) = 6240 TR= 50Q - 0,10Q^2 TR50 = 500(50)-10(50^2) = 6240 TR250= 50(250)-0,10(250^2) = 6250 TR240= 50(240)-0,10(240^2) = 6240 TR260= 50(260)-0,10(260^2) = 6240 Rp 6250 Maximum TR 6240 TR 240 250 260 Q
  • 77. Marginal Cost (MC) dan Average Cost (AC) • TC = 50.000 + 100Q • MC = dTC / dQ .TC1 = 150.000 . Q1 = 1000 .TC2 = 250.000 . Q2 = 2000 .dTC = 100.000 . dQ = 1000 MC = 100.000 / 1000 = 100 TC’ = 100 (pangkat x koefisien, pangkat -1, abaikan konstanta) • AC = TC/Q • AC1 = TC1/Q1 = 150.000/1000 = 150 • AC2 = TC2/Q2 = 250/2000 = 125
  • 78. (1) MAXIMUM PROFIT TC = 100 + Q^2 MC = 2 Q Qd = 100 - P  P = 100 - Q TR = 100 Q - Q^2 MR = 100 - 2 Q Max Profit  MR = MC 100 - 2 Q = 2 Q 100 = 4 Q Q = 25 Profit = (TR - TC) = (100Q - Q^2) - (100 + Q^2) Profit = 100Q - 2Q^2 - 100 Profit 25 = 100(25) - 2(25^2) - 100 = 2500-1250-100 =1.150 Profit 30 = 100(30) - 2(30^2) - 100 = 3000-1800-100= 1.100 Profit 20 = 100(20)-2(20^2)-100 = 2000-800-100 = 1.100
  • 79. MAXIMUM PROFIT Q = 25 MC = 2Q = 50 MR = 100 -2Q = 50 Profit = 100Q - 2Q^2 - 100 Profit = 1.150 Q = 30 MC = 60 MR = 40 Profit = 1.100 Q = 20 MC = 40 MR = 60 Profit = 1.1050 20 25 30 20 25 30 1150 1100 50 40 60 MC MR Profit Q Q Rp Rp
  • 80. MAXIMUM CONDITION MR = D Q kWh MC AC Q1 Q2 Rp 0 P 0 Rp Pofit Loss Q kWh Q3 A C B
  • 81. MR1 = P1 Q kWh Rp P1 Q1 AC 0 MC AVC MR2 = P2 MR3 = P3 C B A P2 P3 P4 Q2 Q3 D MR4 = P4 E F MARGINA COST PRICING
  • 82. (2) MINIMUM COST (AC) TC = 100 + Q^2 MC = 2 Q AC = TC/Q = 100/Q + Q Min AC  MC = AC 2Q = 100/Q + Q Q = 100 / Q Q^2 = 100 Q = 10 AC 10 = 100/10 + 10 = 20 AC 12,5 = 100/12.5 + 12.5 = 20.5 AC 8 = 100/8 + 8 = 20,5
  • 83. MINIMUM COST (AC) Q = 10 AC = 100/Q +Q AC = 100/10 +10 =20 Q = 12.5 AC = 100/12.5 +12.5 =20,5 Q = 8 AC = 100/8 + 8 =20.5 8 10 12.5 20.5 20 AC Q Rp
  • 85. Skala ekonomis Skala disekonomis QkWh Rp Q* LAC SAC1 SAC2 SAC3
  • 86. (3) MAXIMUM TR • MAX TR  MR = 0 • Qd = 100 - P  P = 100 - Q • TR = 100Q - Q^2 • MR = 100 - 2Q • MR = 0  100-2Q =0 • 2Q = 100 • Q = 50 • MAX TR : - TR50 = 100(50) - 50^2 = 5000 - 2500 = 2.500 (MAX) - TR40 = 100(40) - 40^2 = 4000 -1600 = 2.400 - TR 60 = 100(60) - 60^2 = 6000 - 3600 = 2400
  • 87. MAXIMUM TR Q = 50 TR = 100Q – Q^2 TR = 100(50) – 50^2 = 2.500 Q = 40 TR = 100(40) – 40^2 = 2.400 Q = 60 TR = 100(60) – 60^2 = 2.400 40 50 60 2400 2500 TR Q Rp
  • 88. Fungsi Teori Ekonomi • Skema model ekonomi sederhana PERUSAHAAN BISNIS RUMAH TANGGA PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI BARANG DAN JASA SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI PENDAPATAN BERBENTUK UANG
  • 89. P Q D S (2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN Titik kesimbangan
  • 90. P Q D S (2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN Excess supply P1 P0 P2 Excess demand Q0 Kesimbangan D & S Q1 Q1 Q2 Q2 A E F C B
  • 91. P Q D1 S (2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN D2 D 3
  • 92. P Q D S1 (2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN S3 S2
  • 93. P Q D1 S1 (2) PERMINTAAN, PENAWARAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN S3 S2 D3 D2 A J I H G E F C B
  • 94. Supply 1 Demand Q kWh Price Q1 P1 P2 Q3 Q2 Q4 Q5 P3 E1 0 Excess demand Supply 2 E2 SUBSIDI
  • 95. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS 1. Elastisitas harga dari permintaan • Elatisitas busur (arc elasticity) • Elastisitas titik (point elasticity) 2. Elastisitas titik dan pengeluaran total 3. Elastisitas pendapatan dari permintaan 4. Elastisitas silang dari permintaan 5. Elastisitas harga dari penawaran
  • 96. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (2) 1. Elastisitas harga dari permintaan e = - (dQ/Q) /(dP/P) = -(dQ/dP)(P/Q) elastis jika e> 1, inelastis jika e<1 dan elastis uniter jika e=1 D Q P B A C 2000 1000 3000 7 5 3 -Dari C ke A = - (1000/-2)/(7/1000) = 3,5 -Dari A ke C = -(-1000/2)/(5/2000) = 1,25 -Dari A ke B = -(1000/-2)/(5/2000)= 1,25 -Dari B ke A = -(-1000/2)(3/3000) = 0,5 Utk menghindarkan perbedaan, digunakan rata-rata : Titik A ke B : e= -(dQ/dP)x(PA+PB)/(QA+QB) e= -(1000/-2)x(5+3)/(2000+3000) = 0,8
  • 97. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (3) (1.1) Elastisitas busur (arc elaticity), koefisien elastisitas antara dua titik pada suatu kurva permintaan seperti contoh diatas. Elastisitas ini hanya sebagai perkiraan, dan semakin tepat bila busur itu semakin kecil dan mendekati suatu titik. (1.2) Elastisitas titik (point elasticity), secara geometrik diperoleh : N 0 M D C Garis singgung P Q e= -(dQ/dp)(P/Q) e=(NM/NC)(NC/ON) = (NM)/(ON) e= 4000/2000 =2 6000 2000 D N M 0 P Q 8000 4000 A =1 2000 5000 B =3000/5000 = 0,6 atau < 1 C =6000/2000 =3 atau > 1
  • 98. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (4) 2. Elastisitas titik dan pengeluaran total C A B Q P 5 4 3 5000 4000 3000 A=pengeluaran 5x3000=15000 B=pengeluaran 4x4000=16000 C=pengeluaran 3x5000=15000 Elastisitas diatas titik tengan e>1, dibawah titik tengan e< Titik A, e=(8000-3000)/3000=5/3 Titik B, e=(8000-4000)/4000=1 Titik C, e=(8000-5000)/5000=3/5 8000 e>1 e=1 e<1
  • 99. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (5) 3. Elastisitas pendapatan dari permintaan eM = (dQ/Q)/(dM/M) =(dQ/dM)(M/Q) eM negatif, barang bermutu rendah (inferior) eM positif, barang normal atau kebutuhan pokok (necessity) eM > 1, barang mewah (luxury) Contoh : 1) Pendapatan Rp 8000 menjadi 12000 (naik 50%), permintaan 5 unit menjadi 10 unit (100%) eM = (5/4000)/(8000/5) = 2 atau eM =100% / 50% = 2 (barang lux) 2) Pendapatan Rp 16000 menjadi 20000(naik 25%), permintaan 15 unit menjadi 18 unit (naik 20%) eM = 20% / 25% =0,8 (kebutuhan pokok) -3) Pendapatan Rp 24000 menjadi Rp 28000 (naik 16,67%), permintaan 20 unit menjadi 19 unit (turun 5%) eM = -5% / 16,67 % = - 0,3 (bermutu rendah)
  • 100. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (6) 4. Elastisitas silang dari permintaan (cross elasticity of demand) exy = (dQx/Qx)/(dPy/Py) = (dQx/dPy)(Py/Qx) exy positif, X dan Y barang subtitusi exy negatif, X dan Y barang komplementer exy=0, X dan Y tidak berhubungan Contoh : 1) Harga Y, Rp 40 menjadi Rp 60 (naik Rp 20), permintaan X 40 unit menjadi 50 unit (naik 10) exy = (10/20)(40/40) = + 0,5 (subtitusi) 2) Harga Z, Rp 10 menjadi Rp 20 (naik Rp10), permintaan X 40 unit manjadi 35 unit (turun 5 unit) exz = (5/10)(10/40) = - 0,125 (komplementer)
  • 101. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (7) 5. Elastisitas harga dari penawaran Elastis bila e >1, inelastis bila e<1, elastis uniter bila e=1 e = (dq/Q)/(dP/P) = (dQ/dP)(P/Q) S P Q E F 4000 6 4 8000 Titik E ke F e=(4000/2)(4/4000)= 2 Titik F ke E e=(4000/2)(6/8000)= 1,5
  • 102. ELASTISITAS P TERHADAP Q • Inelastis sempurna: • Elastis sempurna : e = - (dQ/dP) (P/Q) e = - (0/10)(10/100) = kecil P Q P Q D D 100 10 20 e = - (dQ/dP) (P/Q) e = - (50/0)(10/100) = ∞ 100 150 10
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  • 124. Sales Promotion dan Personal selling  Sales promotion atau promosi penjualan adalah salah satu tipe marketing yang biasanya digunakan untuk memperkenalkan produk baru, menghabiskan produk lama, dan tentu saja menaikkan angka penjualan. Umumnya, sales promotion berlangsung sementara, ditujukan untuk menaikkan minat pembeli terhadap produk dan dilakukan oleh perusahaan saat momen-momen tertentu saja.  Personal Selling atau Penjualan Perorangan adalah sebuah komunikasi langsung (tatap muka) antara penjual dan calon pembeli.  Sales management adalah proses menyusun sebuah tim sales, mengoordinasi operasi penjualan, dan mengimplementasi teknik sales agar bisnis bisa terus mencapai target dan bahkan melampauinya. Sales management atau manajemen penjualan adalah bagian dari marketing mix yang memiliki peran penting dalam persaingan perusahaan, penurunan biaya, serta peningkatan keuntungan. Saat ini, manajemen penjualan merupakan salah satu fungsi yang tidak bisa dianggap remeh oleh bisnis manapun.
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