Exercise of biology

1. SCHEME OF WORK
Academic year: 2023 -2024
School: GS RWAMAGANA Protestant Teacher’s name: MUTAGANDA Ami Fidele Class: Senior Six MCB
Subject: BIOLOGY
WEEK
AND DATE
Unit title Lesson title and
evaluation
Learning objectives
and key unit
competence
Teaching methods
and evaluation
procedures
Resources and
References
Observation
Term 1
25/09/2023-
29/09/2023
Unit 1:
Population and
natural resources
Lesson 1&2: - Population
characteristics: density,
age structure, growth
pattern, birth and death
rates. - Population
density: dependent and
independent factors.
Lesson 3&4: - Methods
or techniques of
measuring and estimating
population density. -
Population growth
patterns.
Lesson 5,6&7: -
Environmental resistance
(density dependent factors
that affect the balance of
nature). - Natural
resources (renewable and
non-renewable). -
Importance of natural
resources and methods of
To be able to describe
the factors affecting
population size and the
importance of natural
resources
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
.

2. conserving natural
resources
02/10/2023-
06/10/2023
Unit 2: Concept
of ecosystem.
Lesson 1&2: - Ecosystem.
- Types of ecosystems:
terrestrial, aquatic and their
properties: o Feeding
relationships.
Cycling of materials.
Succession.
- Ecological factors
influencing the life of
organisms:
Biotic and abiotic.
Edaphic factors.
Lesson 3&4: - Energy
flow in ecosystems: o
Food chains.
Food webs.
Lesson 5,6&7: Ecological
pyramids
Bioaccumulation/biological
magnification.
- Efficiency of production.
- Biogeochemical cycles:
nitrogen, carbon and water
To be able to describe
the different
components of an
ecosystem,
biogeochemical cycles
and how energy flows
in an ecosystem.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.

3. 09/10/2023-
13/10/2023
Unit 3: Effects of
human activities
on ecosystems.
Lesson 1&2: Impact of
human activities on
ecosystems. - Agriculture:
modern technology to
increase food supply,
negative impacts of large-
scale monoculture and
livestock on ecosystems
Fishing.
- Deforestation: habitat
destruction.
- Mining.
- Industrialization
. - Pollution:
Air pollution
Lesson 3&4: Sources and
effects of main air
pollutants (greenhouse
effect and acid rain).
Water pollution
(eutrophication).
Lesson 5, 6&7: Bio
indicators of pollution.
Control of pollution.
Ways of reducing:
 Pollution.
 Poaching.
 Forest fires.
- Biological conservation
conservation methods
To be able to evaluate
the effects of human
population size,
resource use, and
technology on
environmental quality.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming *Role
plays.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
16/10/2023-
20/10/2023
Unit 4: The
Circulatory
System.
Lesson 1&2: The need for
transport system in
animals. - The blood
To be able to relate the
structures of the
circulatory and
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,

4. circulatory system
(advantages and
disadvantages of open and
closed, single and double
circulatory systems) in
insects, annelids, fish and
mammals. - Internal and
external structure of the
mammalian heart. -
Initiation of a heartbeat
. - Mammalian cardiac
cycle. - Control of the heart
rate: Nervous control.
Hormonal control:
adrenalin and
acetylcholine.
Lesson 3&4: Other factors
controlling heart rate: pH,
carbon dioxide,
temperature, and mineral
ions. - Effect of drugs,
physical activity and
temperature on cardiac
frequency. –
Lesson 5, 6&7: Structure
of blood vessels. - Blood
and its functions. -
Lymphatic system. -
Carriage of respiratory
gases by red blood cells.
- Oxygen dissociation
curve. - Common cardio
vascular diseases
lymphatic systems to
their functions.
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming .
Computer with internet
connection.

5. 23/10/2023 -
27/10/2023
Unit 5: Energy
from respiration.
Lesson 1&2: The need for
energy by organisms. -
Structure of ATP. -
Synthesis and breakdown
of ATP.
Lesson 3&4: The roles of
coenzymes (NAD, FAD
and coenzyme A) in
respiration. Lesson 5,
6&7: - Respiratory
substrates and their relative
energy values. -
Measurement of respiration
and respiratory quotients
by using respirometers.
To be able to describe
the structure and
importance of ATP,
and outline the roles of
the coenzymes NAD,
FAD and coenzyme A
during cellular
respiration.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
30/10/2023-
03/11/2023
Unit 6: Cellular
respiration.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6&7:
Aerobic respiration. -
Glycolysis. - The link
reaction. - TCA cycle. -
Oxidative phosphorylation.
To be able to describe
the process of cellular
respiration.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
06/11/2023-
10/11/2023
Unit 6: Cellular
respiration.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6&7: -
Efficiency of aerobic and
anaerobic respiration. -
Factors which affect the
rate of respiration. - Use of
other substrates in
respiration.
To be able to describe
the process of cellular
respiration.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
13/11/2023-
17/11/2023
Unit 7: Excretion
and
osmoregulation.
Lesson 1, 2&3: Structure
and functions of excretory
organs in mammals:
kidney, liver and skin.
Lesson 4, 6&7: - Structure
and the functions of the
To be able to explain
the principles of
excretion and
osmoregulation.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming .
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.

6. nephron. - Formation of
urea and urine.
20/11/2023-
24/11/2023
Unit 7: Excretion
and
osmoregulation.
Lesson 1&2: - Role of the
hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, adrenal gland and
nephron in varying the
osmotic pressure of blood.
Lesson 3&4: - Kidney
transplants and dialysis
machines.
Lesson 5, 6&7:
- Excretion and
osmoregulation in other
organisms
– Protoctista, insects, fish,
amphibians and birds. -
Principles of
osmoregulation in marine,
freshwater and terrestrial
organisms. - Excretion in
plants
To be able to explain
the principles of
excretion and
osmoregulation.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
27/11/2023-
01/12/2023 REVISION WEEK
04/12/2023-
08/12/2023 EXAMINATION PERIOD
11/12/2023-
15/12/2023
18/12/2023-

7. 22/12/2023
PREPARATION OF REPORTS
2nd Term
08/01/2024-
12/01/2024
Unit 8: General
principles of
reception and
response in
animals.
Lesson 1&2: Importance
of responses to the internal
and external environment.
Lesson 3&4: - Types of
sensory receptors and
stimuli. - Components of
the sensory system:
transduction, transmission
and processing.
Lesson 5, 6&7: - Sensory
adaptation. - Structure and
functioning of the eye and
the ear. - Location of taste
buds on the tongue and
sensory cells in the skin.
To be able to explain
the general principles
of reception and
response in animals.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
*Role plays.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
15/01/2024-
19/01/2024
Unit 9: Nervous
coordination.
Lesson 1&2: Control and
co-ordination in mammals.
- Structure and functions of
neurons. - Generation of
nerve impulses (resting and
action potential).
Lesson 3&4: Transmission
of a nerve impulse: o
Propagation of a nerve
impulse. o Transmission in
a myelinated fibre/saltatory
To be able to describe
the structure of neurons
and explain the
mechanisms of impulse
transmission.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
*Role plays.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.

8. conduction. All or nothing
law
The refractory period.
Lesson 5, 6&7: -
Functions of sensory relay
and motor neurons in a
reflex arc. - Structure and
function of a cholinergic
synapse. - Roles of
synapses in the nervous
system.
22/01/2024-
26/01/2024
Unit 10:
Hormonal
coordination in
animals.
Lesson 1&2: - Structure
and function of the
endocrine system in
humans: location of
endocrine glands and
functions of their
secretions.
Lesson 3&4:- Principles of
the negative feedback
mechanism of hormonal
action.
- Necessity of hormonal
balances.
Lesson 5, 6&7: - Effects of
hormonal imbalance:
diabetes, goiter, dwarfism
and gigantism. -
Comparison of hormonal
and nervous systems.
To be able to identify
the location and
function of endocrine
glands in the body.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
29/01/2024-
02/02/2024
Unit 11:
Skeletons,
muscles and
Lesson 1&2: Types of
animal skeletons:
hydrostatic, exoskeleton
To be able to explain
the structure of muscles
in relation to movement
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,

9. movement. and endoskeleton.
- Types of muscles
(cardiac, smooth and
skeletal muscle).
Lesson 3&4:- Vertebrate
joints and locomotion:
structure of joints, and
types of joints (fibrous,
cartilaginous, and
synovial). Lesson 5, 6&7:
- Ultrastructure and
functioning of striated
muscle. - The sliding
filament theory of muscle
contraction.
*Brainstorming Computer with internet
connection.
05/02/2024-
09/02/2024
Unit 12: Human
reproduction
Lesson 1&2: The
menstrual cycle in humans.
- Copulation, fertilization
and fetal development.
Lesson 3&4: - Role of
placenta in the
development of an embryo.
Lesson 5, 6&7:
– Physiological changes in
females during pregnancy.
Gestation period and birth.
To be able to explain
the role of hormones in
human reproduction,
stages of pregnancy and
foetal development.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming *Role
plays.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
12/02/2024-
16/02/2024
Unit 12: Human
reproduction
Lesson 1&2: Parental care.
- Twins and multiple
births. Lesson 3&4: -
Infertility and in-vitro
fertilization.
Lesson 5, 6&7:
- Family planning and
To be able to explain
the role of hormones in
human reproduction,
stages of pregnancy and
fetal development.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.

10. contraceptive methods.
- Causes and prevention of
STIs and HIV.
19/02/2024-
23/02/2024
Unit 13:
Principles of gene
technology.
Lesson 1&2: Recombinant
DNA. - Gene manipulation
(transfer of genes from one
organism to another).
Lesson 3&4: - Properties
of plasmids.
Lesson 5, 6&7:
- Principles of Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) in
cloning and amplifying
DNA.
To be able to explain
the principles of gene
technology.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
26/02/2024-
01/03/2024
Unit 13:
Principles of gene
technology.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6&7: -
Gel electrophoresis. - Roles
of enzymes in genetic
engineering. - Use of
microarrays in the analysis
of genomes and in
detecting mRNA.
To be able to explain
the principles of gene
technology.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
*Role plays.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
04/03/2024-
08/03/2024
REVISION WEEK
11/03/2024-
15/03/2024
EXAMINATION PERIOD
18/03/2024-
22/03/204
25/03/2024-
29/03/2024
PREPARATION OF REPORTS

11. 3RD TERM
15/04/2024-
19/04/2024
Unit 14:
Applications of
gene technology.
Lesson 1&2:
Bioinformatics.
- Production of human
proteins by recombinant
DNA technology.
Lesson 3&4:
- Genetically modified
organisms in agriculture.
Lesson 5, 6&7:
- Significance of genetic
engineering in improving
the quality and yield of
crop plants and livestock.
To be able to evaluate
how gene technology is
applied in areas of
medicine, forensic
science and agriculture.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
22/04/2024-
26/04/2024
Unit 14:
Applications of
gene technology.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6&7:
Genetic technology applied
to medicine: genetic
screening and treatment of
genetic diseases by gene
therapy.
To be able to evaluate
how gene technology is
applied in areas of
medicine, forensic
science and agriculture.
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
*Role plays.
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
29/04/2024-
03/05/2024
Unit 14:
Applications of
gene technology.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6&7: -
Ethical and social
implications of using
genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) in food
To be able to evaluate
how gene technology is
applied in areas of
medicine, forensic
science and agriculture.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.

12. production
06/05/202-
10/05/2024
Unit 15:
Variation.
Lesson 1, 2, 3&4:
Variation. - Types of
variation: continuous
(quantitative) and
discontinuous (qualitative).
Lesson 5, 6&7: - Causes of
variation: genetic and
environmental factors.
To be able to explain
variation and mutation
as a source of
biodiversity.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
13/05/2024-
17/05/2024
Unit 16: Artificial
and natural
selection.
Lesson 1, 2, 3&4: -
Natural selection with
specific examples:
antibiotic resistance in
bacteria, pesticide
resistance in insects and
mammals and industrial
melanism.
Lesson 5, 6&7: - Role of
over production and
variation in natural
selection. -
To be able to explain
the role of artificial and
natural selection in the
production of varieties
of animals and plants
with increased
economic importance
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
20/05/2024-
24/05/2024
Unit 16: Artificial
and natural
selection.
Lesson 1, 2, 3&4:
Environmental factors as
forces of natural selection
(selection pressure,
stabilizing selection,
directional selection and
disruptive selection).
Lesson 5, 6&7: - Artificial
selection (selective
breeding). - Inbreeding and
out breeding (selective
To be able to explain
the role of artificial and
natural selection in the
production of varieties
of animals and plants
with increased
economic importance
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.

13. breeding in cattle)
27/05/2024-
31/05/2024
Unit 17:
Evolution and
speciation.
Lesson 1&2: Theories of
evolution (Lamarck,
Darwin, Neo-Darwinism
and creation theory).
- Molecular evidence of
evolution.
Lesson 3&4: - Causes of
evolution limited to: o
Competition changes in the
environment Sexual
reproduction.
Mutations.
Lesson 5, 6&7: Gene
recombination.
Industrialization.
Effect of drugs or
chemical resistance.
Artificial selection.
- Speciation (allopatric and
sympatric speciation) -
To be able to analyze
the relevance of
theories of evolution
and explain the process
of speciation.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
03/06/2024-
07/06/2024
Unit 17:
Evolution and
speciation.
Lesson 1&2: Role of
natural selection and
artificial selection in
speciation.
Lesson 3&4: -
Mechanisms of speciation:
Continental drift
Migration.
Lesson 5, 6&7: Adaptive
radiation. Divergent and
convergent evolution.
Isolation i.e. ecological,
To be able to analyze
the relevance of
theories of evolution
and explain the process
of speciation.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.

14. reproductive and genetic
10/06/2024-
14/06/2024
Unit 17:
Evolution and
speciation.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6&7:
Adaptive radiation.
Divergent and convergent
evolution.
Isolation i.e. ecological,
reproductive and genetic.
To be able to analyze
the relevance of
theories of evolution
and explain the process
of speciation.
Group discussion
*Discovery approach
*Question and Answer
*Inquiry approach
*Brainstorming
Biology text book for
senior 6 student
established by REB,
Computer with internet
connection.
17/06/2024-
21/06/2024
REVISION WEEK
24/06/2024-
28/06/2024
EXAMINATIONS
01/07/2024-
05/07/2024
MARKING OF EXAMINATIONS
PREPARATION OF REPORTS