1. Civil works for main plant and auxiliary plant buildings for
Unit No. 1 of 2 x 600 MW North Chennai TPS, Athipattu,
Tiruvallur Dist. Chennai.
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
AMAN KUMR RAI
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.Tech)
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology
JULY 2012

2. BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “Civil works for main plant and
auxiliary plant buildings for Unit No. 1 of 2 x 600 MW North
Chennai TPS, Athipattu, Tiruvallur Dist. Chennai.” is the bonafide
work of “AMAN KUMAR RAI” who experienced and learned various
project worksfor a period of 30 days (from 26th
June 2014 to 25th
July
2014) under my supervision.
D.K. Agarwal
Sr. Project Manager
Era Infra Engineering Ltd
BHEL Chennai Project,AthipaatuPuddunagar,
North Chennai,Pin-600120

3. ABSTRACT
This project report mainly emphasizes on my experience at a
construction site for 30 days. It starts with the briefing about the
company and its various departments. The contents of the report
throw a light on the way a company is mobilized at a site and
further processes that follow keeping in view the completion of
the project. There is a brief explantaion about the construction
techniques, handling of different instruments and the safety
measures that ought to be taken at the construction site.

4. INDEX
I. INTRODUCTION
II. CHAPTER I
1. Site investigation and feasibility report
2. Staffs and Departments
3. Sites Covered
III. CHAPTER II
1. Boiler C-D Bay Road
2. Weigh Bridge
3. 2 Wheeler Shed
4. 4 Wheeler Shed
5. Work Shop
6. Service Building & Main Power House (MPH)
7. C-Row (6-8 Grid) MPH (Brick Work)
8. Boiler Blow down Sump (Well Foundation)
9. Chemical Lab-Roof Water Proofing
10. Sewer Line Connection
IV. CONCLUSION

5. INTRODUCTION
Era is a multi-faceted engineering, construction and services conglomerate, well positioned in
the fastest growing segments of the economy viz. construction, infrastructure development,
real estate, hospitality & entertainment and pre-engineered buildings.
Era Engineers (India) Ltd. set up in 1986, a partnership firm engaged in the civil construction
business is the foundation stone of Era Group. It has grown leaps and bounds in the last two
decades.
Era encompasfourses entities offering –
 Era Constructions (India) Ltd.,
 Era Metal Building Systems Ltd.,
 Era Infrastructure (India) Ltd. and
 Era E-Zone (India) Ltd.
 Era Buildsys
 Era Landmarks
 Era EPC & International
 Era Machine Mart
All of which represent a synergistic and futuristic business mix.
Headquartered in Noida, Sector62 (Near Fortis Hospital) is promoted by Mr. H.S. Bharana, a
civil engineer with more than two decades of experience in the infrastructure industry. Under
the guidance of its promoter and dedicated human assets of over 1600 employees, Era has
developed a distinctive niche and credible presence in the industry.
Armed with solid experience and track record, a synergistic business model, strong engineering
base, technology driven approach, world class execution & project management capabilities
and robustinternal systems enables Era to deliver cost-competitive and quality projects at

6. record speed.
The underlying philosophy of Era is to be the first choice in their niche area through committed
focus on quality, innovation, technology, stakeholder growth and social responsibility. Era has
consciously endeavoured to build a portfolio of businesses that harmonizes with one another
and facilitates the delivery of a comprehensive one point solution, thereby making them the
preferred partner of choice.
Web Site: www.eragroup.co.in
Era Vision
“To be the group of first choice in engineering, construction, real estate, entertainment &
hospitality and project management through committed focus on quality, innovation,
technology, systems, stakeholder’s growths and social responsibility”.
Era Mission
Era Group will strive to attain a leadership position in the markets we chooseto serve by
creating innovative and value added solutions to all construction related issues so that we
deliver an impeccable quality of products and services
The Group contemplates its presence all over India, targeting all Metros and district
headquarters, with a view to add tangible value to the business in every engagement.

7. This page is intensely left blank…….

8. CHAPTER 1
SITE INVESTIGATION AND FEASIBILITY REPORT
I went to the Head Office (HO) of MS Era infra Engineering Ltd situated at Noida, Sector-62
to meet Mr. Raj Sharma(Corporate HR Head). After the completion of interview I was
assigned for anindustrial training at Project: BHEL-ATHIPATTU-TAMIL NADU 2*600 MW
(1335) for a period of 1 month.
After reporting to Mr. Deepak Kumar Agarwal (Sr. Project Manager) on June 26, 2014, he
gave a brief description about the scope of work and its nature. He also introduced me to his 5
site engineers namely-
I. S. Loganathan (Asst. Site Engineer)
II. C. Palanival(Asst. Site Engineer)
III. Anand Raj (Asst. Site Engineer)
IV. A Senthil Kumar (Asst. Site Engineer)
V. Anil Singh(Senior Surveyor)
The Construction & Contracts division of Era Infra Engineering Ltd. had bagged this project
from BHEL worth Rs.460mn on Sep 19, 2009 for “Civil works for main plant and auxiliary
plant buildings for Unit No. 1 of 2 x 600 MW North Chennai TPS, Athipattu, Tiruvallur Dist.
Chennai.”
Many other companies are also working on this site for the completion of the complete project
undertaken by BHEL from TNEB as shown through the flow chart below-

9. TNEB
ERA
Civil works
for unit 1 &
Aux.
Buildings
GDCL
Mech
erection
SPCL
Civil works for
unit 2 & Aux.
Buildings
GAMMON
INDIA
Chimney only
EDAC
(Mech)
BHEL

10. No of Staffs & Departments
This site is managed by the following various departments as shown through the flow chart
below-
PROJECT
IN-
CHARGE
PLANNING
PURCHASE
STORE
HR
SAFTEY
QC
BILLING
ACCOUNTS
IT

11. I. Site Administration
In Era Infra Engineering Ltd., each Project is administered by a Project Manager. In this
Project, Mr. Deepak Kumar Agarwal is designated as Sr. Project manager. He administers all
the departments at site and also handles Client and Petty Contractors (PC), Suppliers, etc.
II. Billing
Billing may refer to the process auditing & Quantity analysis of works done at site and
providing bills as per work done. All the construction works are done with efficient use of the
available resources, is noted down on paper in the form of Pour Cards, Protocols, BBS Sheets,
etc. and approved by Client. These are then analysed and a Bill against these works is
submitted to the Client (BHEL) for certification. After getting the Capital it is used for
payment of PCs, Suppliers & Service Providers and other expenses
III. Planning
Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the
activities required to achieve a desired goal. It involves the creation and maintenance of
a plan. All the works are recorded & analysed. A future scope (i.e. Budget) is made
considering all theavailable resources, future hindrances, etc. Daily Planning of resources is
done through MS. Project & DPR Sheets.
IV. Purchase
Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting to acquiring goods or services to
accomplish the goals of its enterprise. The head of the department negotiate with the party for
purchasing the materials such as Raw Materials (Sand, Gravels, etc.), Consumables (Paint,
Sanitary Items, Diesel, etc.), Stationaries, etc. After the negotiation with different parties,
material is brought and payment is done.
V. Store
A Store is a retail establishment with a building open to the workers, offering a wide range of
goods, and materials. Once the purchasing is done, the Store dept. maintain a record of all the

12. raw materials, resources, etc. A daily record of the machineries such as JCB, Hydra, Welding
Machine, Motors, etc. that are issued from store is also maintained.
VI. Accounts
An account (in bookkeeping) refers to assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and equity, as
represented by individual ledger pages, to which changes in value are chronologically recorded
with debitandcredit entries. At Site it handles all the financial matter and accounts of the staff
members, PC, etc.
VII. HR
Human resources is the set of individuals who make up the workforce of
an organization, business sector, or economy. At Site, it is responsible for maintaining labour
record on daily basis and Staff discipline. Maintenance of record of in/out time of labours,
supervision of Site, Maintenance of Guest house & Labour Colony etc. also comes under his
responsibilities.
VIII. IT
Information technology (IT) comes under the LogisticDivision and is the application
of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate
data,often in the context of a business or other enterprise. Proper working of the Systems, Data
cables, Hardware & Software, Correction of problems Related to Systems and their
Maintenance comes under his belt.
IX. Quality Control (QC)
Quality control is an important concern for project managers. Defects or failures in
constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction
may be required and facility operations impaired. As with cost control, the most important
decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and
planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that
component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided.
It also keeps record of Material Test Certificates such as Cube Test of Concrete.

13. X. SAFETY
It is a very important division as it looks after the safety of the workers.
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY RULES
 Keep your mind on your work at all times. No horseplay on the job. Injury or
termination or both can be the result.
 Personal safety equipment must be worn as prescribed for each job, such as:
safety glasses for eye protection, hard hats at all times within the confines of the
construction area where there is a potential for falling materials or tools, gloves when
handling materials, and safety shoes are necessary for protection against foot injuries.
 Precautions are necessary to prevent sunburn and to protect against burns from hot
materials.
 If any part of your body should come in contact with an acid or caustic substance,
rush to the nearest water available and flush the affected part. Secure medical aid
immediately.
 Watch where you are walking. Don't run.
 The use of illegal drugs or alcohol or being under the influence of the same on the
project shall be cause for termination. Inform your supervisor if taking strong
prescription drugs that warn against driving or using machinery.

14.  Do not distract the attention of fellow workers. Do no engage in any act which
would endanger another employee.
 Sanitation facilities have been or will be provided for your use. Defacing or
damaging these facilities is forbidden.
 A good job is a clean job, and a clean job is the start of a safe job. So keep your
working area free from rubbish and debris.
 Do not use a compressor to blow dust or dirt from your clothes, hair, or hands.
 Never work aloft if you are afraid to do so, if you are subject to dizzy spells, or if
you are apt to be nervous or sick.
 Never move an injured person unless it is absolutely necessary. Further injury
may result. Keep the injured as comfortable as possible and utilize job site first-aid
equipment until an ambulance arrives.
 Know where firefighting equipment is located and be trained on how to use it.
 Lift correctly - with legs, not the back. If the load is too heavy GET HELP. Stay
fit. Control your weight. Do stretching exercises. Approximately twenty percent of all
construction related injuries result from lifting materials.
 Nobody but operator shall be allowed to ride on equipment unless proper seating
is provided.
 Do not use power tools and equipment until you have been properly instructed in
the safe work methods and become authorized to use them.
 Be sure that all guards are in place. Do not remove, displace, damage, or destroy
any safety device or safeguard furnished or provided for use on the job, nor interfere
with the use thereof.
 Do not enter an area which has been barricaded.
 If you must work around power shovels, trucks, and dozers, make sure operators
can always see you. Barricades are required for cranes.
 Never oil, lubricate, or fuel equipment while it is running or in motion.
 Before servicing, repairing, or adjusting any powered tool or piece of equipment,
disconnect it, lock out the source of power, and tag it out.
 Barricade danger areas. Guard rails or perimeter cables may be required.
 Trenches over five feet deep must be shored or sloped as required. Keep out of
trenches or cuts that have not been properly shored or sloped. Excavated or other
material shall not be stored nearer than two feet from the edge of the excavation.
Excavations less than 5 ft. may also require cave in protection in some instances.
 Use the "four and one" rule when using a ladder. One foot of base for every four
feet of height.
 Portable ladders in use shall be equipped with safety feet unless ladder is tied,
blocked or otherwise secured. Step ladders shall not be used as a straight ladder.
 Ladders must extend three feet above landing on roof for proper use.
 Defective ladders must be properly tagged and removed from service.

15. The following are the sites that I covered:-
 Main Power House(MPH)
 Boiler & Bunker
 ACW Building
 Service Building
 TransportAir CompressorHouse(TAC)
 Vacuum Air CompressorHouse(VAC)
 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
 Weigh Bridge-I
 Permanent Store-I
 Permanent Store-II
 Workshop
 Effluent Treatment Plant (ET)
 Fire Station
 Chemical Lab
 Condensate Polishing Unit (CPU)
 Water Switch Gear Room(SWGR)
 Carry Flocculate Tank (CF)
 Ash Slurry Pump House (ASPH)
 Weigh Bridge-II
 Dormitory a) Gents
b) Ladies
 Dispensary Building
 Two Wheeler Shade
 Four Wheeler Shade
 Roads & Drains
 Sewage & Sewer Works Disposal

16. CHAPTER II
During my stay at the Site, I enhanced my practical skills under the guidance
of different Site Engineers as listed earlier and was assigned to the following
Sites under construction:-
 Boiler C-D Bay Road-(Mr. Anil Singh)
 Weigh BridgeConcreting Work (A Senthil Kumar)
 2 Wheeler Shed
 4 Wheeler ShedConcreting Work (C. Palanival)
 Work Shop (Brick Work & Plaster)-(Anand Raj)
 Service Building & Main Power House (MPH)
 Joineries Fixing S Loganathan
 Staircase Railing
 Fire Door
 C-Row (6-8 Grid) MPH (Brick Work)
 Boiler Blow down Sump (Well Foundation) Anil Singh
 Chemical Lab-Roof Water Proofing (A Senthil Kumar)
 Sewer Line Connection (C Palanival)

17. 1) Weigh Bridge
 For starting the construction work all the planning work was done. Different Schedules
were prepared and order for bar bending according to BBS Sheets, Concrete Order, Man
power Schedule, etc. It ensures that on the date of concreting all the raw materials and
resources should be available.
Excavation
 Site excavation is a process in which soil, rock, and other materials are removed
from a site, typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators
and bulldozers.
 During new construction on buildings, roads, and other structures, site excavation
is one of the earliest stages. The site is excavated to create a level, clean area to work,
with the foundations being established in the excavated area.
 The depth of site excavation can vary, depending on what is being built
and where the building is occurring.
 Under the guidance of the senior surveyor, level and Co-Ordinates are
marked using Total Station.

18. LOCATION:
WEIGH BRIDGE ROAD (NEAR
341.275 N )
LEVEL CHECKING
S.NO. B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L. Rematks
1 1.41 1.16 -0.25 ROAD TOC -0.25
2 1.58 -0.42
3 1.60 -0.44
4 1.50 -0.34
5 1.60 -0.44
6 1.50 -0.34
7 1.60 -0.44
8 1.80 -0.64
9 1.37 -0.21
10 1.20 -0.04
11 1.40 -0.24
12 1.60 -0.44
13 1.50 -0.34
14 1.85 -0.69
15 1.90 -0.74
AVERAGE LEVEL: -0.40
Average OGL= -0.4 from Down from EL 0.00m
Depth Required= 2.6 m
Therefore, Depth of excavation = 2.6-0.4 = 2.2m
 For carrying out the excavation work, excavator was engaged.
 Since the depth of the footing was 2.60 m from Original Ground Level
(OGL), So Ground Water Table was attained by earth cutting.

19.  Dewatering
Typical Well Point dewatering system
o Construction of buildings, powerhouses, dams, locks and many other structures
requires excavation below the water table into water-bearing soils. Such excavations
require lowering the water table below the slopes and bottom of the excavation to
prevent ravelling or sloughing of the slope and to ensure dry, firm working conditions
for construction operations.
o Groundwater can be controlled by means of one or more types of dewatering
systems appropriate to the size and depth of the excavation, geological conditions, and
characteristics of the soil.
o Construction sites are dewatered for the following purposes:
1- To provide suitable working surface of the bottom of the excavation.
2- To stabilize the banks of the excavation thus avoiding the hazards of slides and
sloughing.
3- To prevent disturbance of the soil at the bottom of excavation caused by boils or
piping. Such disturbances may reduce the bearing power of the soil.
o Lowering the water table can also be utilized to increase the effective weight of
the soil and consolidate the soil layers. Reducing lateral loads on sheeting and bracing is
another way of use.

20. o A number of methods are available for controlling the inflow of water into an
excavation; the choice of method will depend on the nature and permeability of the
ground, the extent of the area to be dewatered, the depth of the water table below ground
level and the amount by which it has to be lowered, the proposed methods of excavation
and ground support, the proximity of existing structures, the proximity of water courses
etc.
o A Submergible pump was engaged and continuous dewatering was done till the
complete erection.
 Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is a construction material generally used as a binding
materials and is composed of cement, (commonly Portland Cement) and other cementitious
materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of
gravels or crushed rocks such as limestone or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand),
water, and chemical admixtures.
Specifications for Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
 Materials Specifications
a. Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound,
durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing good bond with mortar.
b. Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free
from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and

21. smaller. All the coarse material should be retained in a 5mm square mesh and should be
well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42%.
c. Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular
grains and shall pass through a screen of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard
specifications, clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matter. Sea sand shall not be
used.
d. Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard ISI specifications and
shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
e. Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for
drinking purposes.
 Proportion Specifications
1:2:4 (cement: sand: stone ballast) by volume when specified. Minimum compressive strength
of concrete of 1:2:4 proportions shall be 140 kg/cm2 in 7 days.
 Machine mixing
Stone ballast, sand and cement shall be put into cement concrete mixer to have the required
proportions.
 Slump
Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the
required consistency. A slump of 7.5cm to 10cm may be allowed for building work.
 Formwork
Formwork centering and shuttering shall be provided as required as per the standard
specification before laying concrete to confine to support or to keep the concrete in position.
The inner surface of shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking to it.
 Laying Technique
Concrete shall be laid gently (not thrown) in layers not exceeding 15cm and compacted
by pinning with rods and tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating
machine until a dense concrete is obtained.

22.  Curing Method
After about two hours of laying of concrete, when the concrete has begun to harden, it shall be
kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours.
Reinforcement
 The BBS Sheets that were generated from drawing earlier are checked carefully
and with the instructions of the site engineer in charge, Binders & Fitters (special type of
labours engaged for cutting, bending, shaping, etc.) are engaged for the steel rods.
 With the help of the machineries such as HydraCranes the steel rods are dropped
at the given location.
 In general, a clear cover of 50 mm is given.
 At last Curing is done using sand mortar (1:6) blocks.

25.  Form Work
 Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this
mould, fresh concrete is placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of
formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of the
structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures are made to economic
expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped
formwork can be reused.
 Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with
timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of water
impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these defects.
 A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired
sequences without damage to the concrete.
5. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have
plane surface.
6. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to
the elements.
 Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fibre
glass used separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in situation where large
numbers of re-use of the same forms are necessary. For small works, timber formwork
proves useful. Fibre glass made of pre-cast concrete and aluminium are used in cast-in-
situ construction such as slabs or members involving curved surfaces.

26.  Steel forms compared with timber formwork:
1. Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber formwork and their
reuses are more in number.
2. Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.
3. The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and such surfaces
need no further treatment.
4. Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.
 Construction of formwork:
This normally involves the following operations:
1. Propping and centring
2. Shuttering
3. Provision of camber
4. Cleaning and surface treatment
 Order and method of removing formwork:
The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as follows:
1. Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides should be
removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
2. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.
3. Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.
 Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

27. o Advantages of RCC construction:
1.Materials used in RCC construction are easily available.
2.It is durable and long lasting.
3.It is fire resisting and not attacked by termites.
4.It is economical in ultimate cost.
5.The reinforced concrete member can be cast to any shape because of the fluidity of
concrete.
6.Its monolithic character gives much rigidity to the structure.
7.Cost of maintenance is nil.
o Disadvantages:
1.Scrap value of reinforced members is almost nil.
2.Constant checking is required.
3.Skilled labour is engaged in the work.
4.The advantages of RCC outweigh its disadvantages.
o RCC Specifications
 Shuttering shall be done using seasoned wooden boards of thickness not less than 30mm.
 Surface contact with concrete shall be free from adhering grout, nails, splits and other
defects.
 All the joints are perfectly closed and lined up.
 Nowadays timber shuttering is replaced by steel plates.
 All the props of approved sizes are supported on double wedges and when taken out,
these wedges are eased and not knocked out.
 The entire framework is removed after 21 days of curing without any shocks or
vibrations.
 All reinforcement bars conform IS specifications and are free from rust, grease oil etc.
 The steel grills are perfectly as per detailed specifications.
 The covers to concrete are perfectly maintained as per code.
 Bars of diameter beyond 25mm diameter are bent when red hot.
 The materials proportion should be as per the specifications of the concrete.
o Number of Cement bags required for a specific cement
concrete ratios
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:1:2(1 cement: 1sand/coarse sand: 2graded stone
aggregate) require 11no bags of 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:1.5:3 require 7.8no bags of each 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:2:4 require 6 no bags of each 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:3:6 require 4.25no bags of each 50kg.

28.  For cement concrete of ratio 1:4:8 require 3.2 no bags of each 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:5:10 require 2.50 no bags ofeach 50kg.
 For cement concrete of ratio 1:6:12 require 2.25 no bags ofeach 50kg.
 Footing Concreting & curing (28 days)
 Pedestal Concreting & curing
 Slab Concreting
 Form work
 Reinforcement
 Concreting
 Curing

 Backfilling
 Backfilling a trench requires skills and some knowledge on the specifications and
requirements of your contract. Backfilling can be done in several ways, and can be used
in tasks such as protecting foundations, landscaping, or filling in voids that would
weaken underground structures.
 There are several methods that foundation contractors can use to reduce the
likelihood of a problem. First, keep the height of the backfill to no more than 4 feet
except at the corners or offsets until the deck is in place. Four feet of unbalanced backfill
usually will not exert sufficient pressure to damage the wall.
 There are two other issues that can contribute to problems during and after the
backfilling operation. The first of these is the material used to backfill. If the materials
are not well drained, they could result in an under-designed wall. Poor soils can increase
the pressure on the wall well above the design load requirements.
 A second concern is the compaction of the backfill material. It is not acceptable to
compact by driving heavy equipment next to the building—the force exerted will exceed
even the largest of assumed soil pressures. Neither is it suitable to put a garden hose in

29. the hole and let it run. If the soil is not well drained, this act in itself may cause a wall
failure.. Finally, always leave the final grade with a minimum slope away from the
foundation of 6 inches in the first 6 feet. More is better as the soil closer to the
foundation will likely settle, reducing the slope.
 PlateBolt Fixing
 Insert plate fixing and bolt fixing for mechanical machine arrangement.
 Total 4 bolts (40 mm dia.) are was placed according to drawing specifications.
 Concreting was done for halfone-third of the length of the bolts.
 In the holes that were placed plates were inserted.
 After the completion, Cement, Dense Slurry, Grouting was done.
2) Boiler C-D Bay Road
The same processesare followed in its execution as in the Weigh Bridge as explained above.
The techniques involved are listed below in the order
of their execution:-
a. Planning
b. Excavation
c. Dewatering
d. Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
e. Reinforcement
f. Form Work
g. Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC
3) Two & Four Wheeler Shed

30. The same processes are followed in its execution also as in the Weigh Bridge as
explained above. The techniques involved are listed below in the order of their
execution:-
a. Planning
b. Excavation
c. Dewatering
d. Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
e. Reinforcement

31. f. Form Work
g. Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
h. Back filling
i. Pillar Formwork-Reinforcement-Concreting-Curing
4) Work Shop
Brickwork & Plastering
o Bricks was laid in English bond, and the vertical joints were in one line.
The header brick was placed on center line of the stretcher brick, so that all
vertical joints were in same vertical line.
o Width of brick joints was proper.
o Joints were properly packed with mortar, creating honeycomb brickwork.
o Plastering cannot commence until; all the surfaces that are to be coated are
level. There must be no more than a 3mm deviation in the surface alignment over

32. a 1200mm radius. All the necessary waterproofing elements must have been
completed and checked and the joinery must be in place.
5) Service Building & Main Power House (MPH)
Different joineries work was executed such as:-
a. Fire Door fixing
A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating (sometimes referred to as a fire protection
rating for closures) used as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the spread
of fire or smoke between compartments and to enable safe egress from a building or structure
or ship.
b. Glass fixing
There are many glass fixing systems as listed below:
 Glass Camps
 Balustrade Channels
 Glass anchors & balustrade fixing
 Mini-posts
 Component parts
c. Staircase Railing

33. 6) C-Row (6-8 Grid) MPH (Brick Work)
There was also brickwork and plastering was done. The explanations of the same are above.
7) Boiler Blow down Sump (Well Foundation)
Well foundation belongs to the Caisson family. It has come to mean a box like structure, round
or rectangular, which is sunk from the surface of either land or water to some desired depth.
They are of 3 types:-
i. Box Cassions
ii. Open Cassions (Wells)
iii. Pneumatic Cassions
ComponentParts

34. Steps of Construction
a. Laying the Well curb
b. Masonry in well steining
c. Sinking operations
d. Tilts and Shifts
e. Completion of well
8) Chemical Lab-Roof Water Proofing
Waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and commercial
buildings. Bitumen (asphalt) is a mixed substance made up of organic liquids that are highly
sticky and viscous, and are waterproof.
Reasons to use a roofing underlayment
 It protects the roof deck from rain before the roofing is installed.
 It provides an extra weather barrier in case of blow offs or water penetration through the
roofing or flashings.
 It protects the roofing from any resins that bleed out of the sheathing.
 It helps prevent unevenness in the roof sheathing from telegraphing through the shingles.
 It is usually required for the UL fire rating to apply (since shingles are usually tested
with underlayment).
Negative aspects
 Bitumen is mostly produced from crude oil and is not regarded as a sustainable building
product
 Bitumen is combustible

35.  Exposure to extreme heat and UV radiation decreases the lifespan drastically
9) Sewer Line Connection
 A sewer line is a drain line. It is under no pressure except for the water that runs
through it. This means any connections must fit the diameter of each pipe, and once in
place they must be leak-proof. Without manufacturing a specially made pipe and fitting,
the logical and preferred choice to connect a PVC sewer line to a tile sewer line is a
flexible coupling.
 Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or suspension that is intended to be
removed from a community
 Sewer may refer to:
 Part of sewerage, the infrastructure that conveys sewage
 Effluent sewer, a collection system that transports only the liquid portion of
wastewater through small-diameter pipes laid at contour
 Sanitary sewer, a system of pipes used to transport human waste
 Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses
components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and
screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry
to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment.

36. CONCLUSION
After experiencing the site works, I have learnt several
techniquesand standardsof constructionpractices. In this
period of 30 days, I gained knowledge about:
1. Use of Total Station
2. Use of Auto Level
3. Different Constructionpractices
4. Preparation of bar bending schedules.
5. Quantity Analysis & Estimation
6. Safety to be followed at site
7. Planning using MS Project software
8. Drawing using AutoCAD
I am very thankful to all Engineers, Staffs & especially Project IN
charge Mr. Deepak Kumar Agarwal for accompanying me a lot
for accomplishing my goal of learning process.