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1. Topic:
Ebola virus
Ebola Virus:
The Ebola virus is a highly infectious and often fatal virus that belongs to the
Filoviridae family. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is
now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as
Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is the illness caused by the Ebola virus.
Ebola virus is transmitted to humans through direct contact with the blood, bodily
fluids, or tissues of infected animals, such as fruit bats, chimpanzees, gorillas,
monkeys, forest antelope, and porcupines. Once the virus enters the human
population, it can spread from person to person through direct contact with the
blood or other bodily fluids of an infected individual. It is important to note that
Ebola is not an airborne virus and does not spread through casual contact or
respiratory droplets like the flu.
SYMPTOMS OF EBOLA VIRUS:

2. The symptoms of Ebola virus disease typically begin with a sudden onset of fever,
fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting,
diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and, in some cases, internal
and external bleeding. The severity of the disease can vary, with case fatality rates
ranging from 25% to 90%, depending on the outbreak and the healthcare
resources available.
TREATMENT OF EBOLA VIRUS:
There is currently no specific treatment for Ebola virus disease. Supportive care,
including providing fluids, managing complications, and treating secondary
infections, is crucial. Experimental treatments and vaccines have been developed
and tested, showing promising results in some cases.
OCCURANCE OF EBOLA VIRUS:
Ebola outbreaks have occurred primarily in Central and West African countries,
with occasional outbreaks in other regions. The World Health Organization (WHO)
and other international health organizations work closely with affected countries
to control the spread of the virus, provide medical care, and promote prevention
measures.
It's important to note that information about the Ebola virus is constantly
evolving, and the latest updates should be sought from reputable health
organizations and authorities.

3. The Ebola virus has several structural and non-structural proteins that play
important roles in its lifecycle and pathogenicity. Here are some of the key
proteins associated with the Ebola virus:
PROTEINS OF EBOLA VIRUS:
1-STRUCTURAL PROTEIN:
I. Glycoprotein (GP):
The viral surface glycoprotein (GP) is a critical structural protein
that protrudes from the viral envelope. It plays a crucial role in viral entry into
host cells by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. The GP protein is
also a major target for host immune responses and is involved in
evading the immune system.
II. Nucleoprotein (NP):
The nucleoprotein forms complexes with the viral
RNA to create the helical nucleocapsid structure
inside the viral envelope. The NP protein is involved

4. in protecting and packaging the viral genetic material
and is crucial for viral replication and transcription.
III. Matrix Protein (VP40):
The matrix protein, VP40, is located beneath the viral
envelope. It interacts with both the viral envelope and the nucleocapsid,
providing structural support to the virus. VP40 is also involved in the assembly
and release of new viral particles.
2-Non-structural Proteins:
I. Viral Protein 24 (VP24):
VP24 is a non-structural protein that plays a role in
counteracting the host's immune response. It
interferes with the production of interferons, which
are important antiviral molecules produced by the
host cells. By inhibiting interferon signaling, VP24
helps the virus evade the immune system.
II. Viral Protein 35 (VP35):
VP35 is another non-structural protein involved in
counteracting the host immune response. It has multiple
functions, including suppressing the production of interferons
and inhibiting the host cell's antiviral defenses. VP35 also plays
a role in viral RNA synthesis and replication.

5. III. Viral Protein 30 (VP30):
VP30 is a non-structural protein that acts as a transcription
factor, regulating viral gene expression and replication. It
interacts with the viral RNA and is essential for initiating
viral transcription.
IV. Viral Protein 40 (VP40):
Although the same name as the structural matrix
protein, the non-structural VP40 is distinct. It plays a role in viral replication
and assembly, specifically in the formation of the viral nucleocapsid.
These are some of the key structural and non-structural proteins associated
with the Ebola virus. Each protein serves specific functions during the virus's
replication cycle and contributes to its pathogenicity. Understanding the roles
of these proteins is crucial in developing targeted therapies and vaccines to
combat Ebola virus infections.
Sample for diagnosis of Ebola virus

6. Diagnosing Ebola virus infection typically involves a combination of clinical
assessment, laboratory testing, and epidemiological information. Here is a general
outline of the diagnostic process for Ebola virus:

7. Clinical Assessment:
Healthcare professionals evaluate the patient's symptoms, medical
history, and potential exposure to the virus. Symptoms of Ebola virus infection
can include fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea,
and in some cases, bleeding.
Blood Tests:
Blood samples are collected from the patient for laboratory testing. The
samples are handled with extreme caution and analyzed in a specialized
laboratory equipped to handle highly infectious agents like Ebola virus.
a. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR):
This technique detects
the presence of Ebola virus genetic material (RNA) in the patient's blood. It
involves converting viral RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) and amplifying
specific regions of the viral genome. RT-PCR provides a sensitive and specific
method for diagnosing Ebola virus.
b. Antigen Detection:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or rapid
diagnostic tests (RDTs) can be used to detect viral antigens in the patient's blood.
These tests identify specific viral proteins produced during infection.
Serology:
Serological tests are conducted to detect the presence of antibodies
produced by the patient's immune system in response to Ebola virus infection.

8. These tests are typically performed during the later stages of illness or during the
recovery phase.
a. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):
ELISA detects the presence of
antibodies, such as immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG),
against the Ebola virus in the patient's blood. IgM antibodies are produced
early in the infection, while IgG antibodies are generated later and can
indicate a previous infection or immunity.
Epidemiological Information:
Information regarding the patient's recent travel
history, exposure to infected individuals, or contact with animals associated with
Ebola virus transmission is collected. This helps in assessing the likelihood of Ebola
virus infection and provides important epidemiological data.
It is important to note that the diagnosis of Ebola virus infection requires
specialized laboratory facilities and expertise. Suspected cases should be handled
with strict infection control measures to prevent the spread of the virus.
Healthcare professionals and laboratories following proper protocols and
guidelines ensure accurate and safe diagnosis of Ebola virus infection.
Mechanism of replication in Ebola virus:
There are following mechanism of Replication in Ebola Virus:

9. Attachment and Entry:
The Ebola virus attaches to specific receptors on the
surface of host cells, primarily cells of the immune system and endothelial cells
lining blood vessels. The viral glycoprotein (GP) on the surface of the virus
facilitates attachment to the host cell receptors.
Fusion and Genome Release:
After attachment, the Ebola virus enters the host cell
through receptor-mediated endocytosis. The viral envelope fuses with the host
cell membrane, allowing the release of the viral contents, including the viral RNA
genome, into the cytoplasm.
Transcription and Translation:
Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA genome is
transcribed into individual messenger RNA (mRNA) strands by the viral RNA-

10. dependent RNA polymerase. These viral mRNA molecules are then translated by
the host cell's ribosomes into viral proteins.
Replication:
The Ebola virus replicates its RNA genome in the host cell's cytoplasm.
The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase uses the viral mRNA strands as
templates to generate new copies of the viral RNA genome.
Assembly:
Newly synthesized viral proteins, including nucleocapsid proteins and
matrix proteins, are produced in the host cell. These proteins interact with the
replicated viral RNA to form new viral nucleocapsids.
Budding:
The viral nucleocapsids move to the host cell's plasma membrane,
where they acquire a viral envelope derived from the host cell membrane. The
viral envelope contains the viral glycoproteins, including GP. The fully assembled
Ebola viruses bud from the host cell, incorporating the viral glycoproteins into the
envelope.
Release:
The newly formed Ebola viruses are released from the host cell, ready to
infect other cells and continue the replication cycle. This release can occur
through various mechanisms, including cell lysis or budding from the plasma
membrane.

11. The replication mechanism of the Ebola virus is complex and involves intricate
interactions with host cell components. Understanding the details of this process
is crucial for developing strategies to interrupt viral replication and control the
spread of Ebola virus infection.
Commercial test available for diagnosis:
There are following Commercial test available
for diagnosis :
GeneXpert Ebola Assay:
The GeneXpert Ebola Assay is a rapid molecular diagnostic
test developed by Cepheid. It utilizes the GeneXpert platform, which combines
nucleic acid amplification and real-time PCR technology to detect the Ebola virus
RNA in patient samples. The test provides results within a few hours.
ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test:
The ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test is a lateral flow
immunoassay developed by Corgenix. It is designed to detect specific Ebola virus
antigens in patient blood samples. The test provides results within 15-30 minutes
and does not require specialized laboratory equipment.
Real Star Filovirus Screen RT-PCR Kit:
The Real Star Filovirus Screen RT-PCR Kit is a
molecular diagnostic test developed by altona Diagnostics. It is designed to detect
and differentiate multiple filoviruses, including Ebola virus, in patient samples
using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
technology. The test is performed in specialized laboratories equipped for
molecular diagnostics.

12. It's important to note that the availability and specific details of commercial
diagnostic tests may vary over time and across different regions. Additionally, the
use of these tests should be conducted by trained healthcare professionals in
appropriate laboratory settings following established protocols and guidelines.
For the most up-to-date information on commercial tests for Ebola virus
diagnosis, it is recommended to consult with local health authorities or reputable
diagnostic companies.