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محاضرة الاولى ميكروبات الفم.ppt
1.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. “Germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell. Microbes in Our Lives
2.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY Public Health Applications Food Applications Industrial Applications Biofuels Applications Biopharmaceutical applications
3.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microorganisms Decompose organic waste Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread
4.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scientific Names Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case. Are “Latinized” and used worldwide. May be descriptive or honor a scientist.
5.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scientific Names Staphylococcus aureus Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies (aur-).
6.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scientific Names Escherichia coli Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat–the large intestine or colon.
7.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bacteria Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis Figure 1.1a
8.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Viruses Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat. Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope. Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell. Figure 1.1e
9.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fungi Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy. Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae. Yeasts are unicellular. Figure 1.1b
10.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modern Developments in Microbiology Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Mycology is the study of fungi. Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.
12.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modern Developments in Microbiology Immunology is the study of immunity. Figure 1.4 (3 of 3)
13.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modern Developments in Microbiology Virology is the study of viruses. Recombinant DNA is DNA made from two different sources. In the 1960s, Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein. Recombinant DNA technology, or genetic engineering, involves microbial genetics and molecular biology.
14.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bioremediation Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage. Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury. UN 2.1
15.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biological Insecticides Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission. Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans, and to plants.
16.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Biotechnology, the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old. Genetic engineering is a new technique for biotechnology. Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.
17.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (continued) Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy. Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing.
18.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microbes and Human Disease Bacteria were once classified as plants giving rise to use of the term flora for microbes. This term has been replaced by microbiota. Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota.
19.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens. Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K. Normal Microbiota
20.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Infectious Diseases When a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results. Emerging infectious diseases (EID): New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence.
21.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exam Questions Definitions Differentiate cell walls of Gram +ve & Gram –ve bacteria Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote Nutrition, environment, staining
22.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bacterial Membrane Structures Structure Chemical Constituents Plasma Membrane Phospholipids, proteins, enzymes for energy, membrane potential, transport. Cell Wall Gram +ve Bacteria Peptidoglycan Glycan chains of GlcNAc and MurNAc cross linked by peptide bridge. Teichoic Acid Polyribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate cross linked to peptidoglycan. Lipoteichoic Acid Lipid linked teichoic acid. Gram -ve Bacteria Peptidoglycan Thinner version of that found in Gram positive bacteria. Periplasmic Space Enzymes involved in transport, degradation, and synthesis. Outer Membrane Phospholipids with saturated fatty acids. Proteins Porins, lipoprotein, transport proteins. LPS Lipid A, core polysaccharide, O antigen. Other Structures Capsule Polysaccharides (disaccharides and trisaccharides) and polypeptides. Pili Pilin, adhesins. Flagellum Motor proteins, flagellin. Proteins M proteins of streptococci (for example). Bacterial Membrane Structures
26.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function Component(s) Structural Rigidity All. Packaging Of Internal Contents All. Permeability Barrier Outer membrane or plasma membrane. Metabolic Uptake Membranes and periplasmic transport proteins, porins, permeases. Energy Production Plasma membrane. Adhesion To Host Cells Pili, proteins, teichoic acid. Immune Recognition By Host All outer structures. Escape From Host Recognition Capsule, M protein. Antibiotic Sensitivity Peptidoglycan synthetic enzymes. Antibiotic Resistance Outer membrane. Motility Flagella. Mating Pili. Adhesion Pili. Functions Of The Bacterial Envelope
27.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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