power point

1. Promoting Sustainable Malaria Control in Okrika,
Rivers State, Nigeria: Community-Level Environmental
Manipulation Approaches
(Anopheles Mosquito: Photo Source: National Geographic: By: Hugh Sturrock)

2. Disclaimer
The views expressed in this presentation are
provided by this speaker in her private capacity and
do not represent and should not be construed to
represent the views, opinions, positions or
endorsement of New York State, New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation or
other New York State Agency.
Alali M. Tamuno, Esq., S.J.D., Senior Attorney, Office of General
Counsel, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
© Alali M. Tamuno, 2015

3. Part I
WHO/UNICEF Malaria Facts
Approximately 198 million cases of malaria were reported
worldwide in 2013.
Approximately 584 000 malaria deaths occurred worldwide in
2013.
Approximately 78% of the 584,000 worldwide malaria deaths
in 2013 were children under age 5.
Approximately 85% of malaria incidence worldwide in 2013
occurred in the continent of Africa.
Approximately 90% of malaria deaths worldwide in 2013
occurred in the continent of Africa.
Approximately 40% of malaria deaths worldwide in 2012
occurred in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

4. 2015 Sustainable Development Goals
The just unveiled United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development includes seventeen (17) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development presents the international
development agenda after 2015 with specific targets to be met by 2030.
The SDGs were adopted at the United Nations Sustainable Development
Summit that commenced in New York City on Friday, September 25, 2015 and
replace the eight (8) Millennium Development goals, which had 2015 target
dates.
The overall goals of the SDGs are to, by 2030, bring poverty around the world
to an end, stop climate change, and combat inequality and injustice.
The SDGs may be found at
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/

5. Human Welfare, Environment, and Malaria Control
SDGs
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
SDG 3: Guarantee health and well-being for all (includes an
unwavering commitment to end the epidemics of AIDS,
tuberculosis, malaria and other communicable diseases by
2030).
SDG 6: Attain Universal Access to Clean water and Sanitation
(includes the protection and restoration of water-related
ecosystems such as forests, mountains, wetlands and rivers
[as] essential [steps]….. to mitigate water scarcity).
SDG 8: Ensure Decent Work and Economic Growth for all
women and men.
SDG 11: Ensure Sustainable cities and communities.

6. Key Policy and Legal Frameworks to Combat
Malaria: Global, Regional, Country, and State
Global Malaria Action Plan for a Malaria-free World: Endorsed in 2008
with a 2015 target date for ending (or close to ending) malaria deaths.
Roll Back Malaria Partnership- The International Platform to
implement strategies to combat Malaria.
Action and Investment to defeat Malaria 2016-2030 (AIM)-for a
malaria-free world (GMAP-2): Preparation of GMAP 2 is on-going.
WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030). Adopted in
May 2015 by World Health Assembly.
Abuja Declaration and Plan of Action on Roll Back Malaria in Africa
(April 2000).
Nigeria: National Malaria Strategic Plan 2014-2020 available at
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5liZvEs6EVIVHVodXdJR2tDTXM/vie
w
Rivers State: Malaria Control Booster Project; Malaria Elimination and
Control Programme.
•

7. Part II
Potential Breeding Grounds for Mosquito
(Photo Source: CDC)
Pictures are worth a Thousand Words

8. Wetland
(Photo Source: Env. Studies Dept. Macalester College)

9. Marshy Areas
(Photo Source: The Jakarta Post :By: Asep Saefudin)

10. Flooded Area
(Photo Source: Save Children.Org (UK))

11. Manholes:
(Photo Source: Sierra Club: By: Trudy Collins)

12. Drinking Water Wells
(Photo Source: UNEP: Ogoniland Environmental Assessment)

13. Abandoned Tires
(Photo Source: Purdue University)

14. Water collected in Plastic Covers
(Photo Source: Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District)

15. Part III
Broad Strategies to Control Malaria: Global Practices
Chemical (Indoor Residual Spraying; use of Insecticide Treated
Nets and Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets; Use of pesticides for
larvicides and adulticides treatment.
There is a limited global exemption for the use of Persistent
Organic Pollutants such as DDT for malaria control under the
Stockholm Convention.
Biological (includes biological larviciding and larvae-eating fish).
Environmental Management (includes environmental
manipulation and modification methods:
●environmental modification→ capital intensive
● environmental manipulation → basic sanitary measures,
filling/grading/drainage, vegetative planting.

16. Mosquito
(Photo Source: USEPA)

17. Part IV
Recommendation
Sustainable Malaria Control
Promote Environmental Manipulation for
Malaria Control in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria.
→Develop an Expansive Community-
Based Environmental Manipulation Program for
Malaria Control in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria.

18. Develop expansive formal and informal instructional programs
to build the capacity of people in Okrika Local Government
Area (LGA) regarding environmental manipulation strategies
to combat and control malaria in the community.
Train and equip people in Okrika LGA to be mosquito control
inspectors to look for, destroy, and monitor mosquito
breeding grounds in the community (NYSC “Corpers”, LGA
staff, college students in an environmental science program
(who get academic credit(s) for the work/stipend) are a
possible pool of workers.
Train and equip people (full time and seasonal) to open and
clear clogged storm drains/gutters in Okrika LGA (LGA staff,
University students and NYSC Corpers).
Recommendation
Sustainable Malaria Control

19. Recommendation
Sustainable Malaria Control
Train and equip people in Okrika LGA to clear
Vegetation along creeks (LGA staff, NYSC Corpers
and University students).
Train and equip people in Okrika LGA to fill in
big and small holes, and excavations that hold
water, e.g. potholes, stagnant pools and
abandoned wells and properly dispose of
abandoned containers that can hold water. (LGA
staff, NYSC Corpers and University students).

20. Part V
Conclusion
Sustainable Malaria Control
Call to Action: A Picture is worth a
Thousand Words.

21. Clearing a Blocked Drain
(Photo Source: PAN (Mbogo, 2009-Kenya)

22. References
American Association for the Advancement of Science (1991). Malaria and Development in Africa: A
Cross-Sectoral Approach. Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABM357.pdf
Birkholtz, Lyn-Marie, et al. (2012). Sustainable malaria control: transdisciplinary approaches for
translational applications. Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3548719/
Castro, Narcia C. et al. (2009). Community-based environmental management for malaria control:
evidence from a small-scale intervention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Retrieved on September 27,
2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2683857/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Malaria. Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/nigeria/what/malaria.htm
FHI 360 (n.d.) Malaria Action Program for States . Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://pshi.fhi360.org/pdfs/maps_cpshi.pdf
Pesticide Action Network-Germany (2010). Environmental Strategies to replace DDT and control
Malaria. Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://www.panna.org/sites/default/files/ddt_alternatives_2_edition.pdf.
Randell H.F., et al. (2008). Environmental Management for Malaria Control: Knowledge and
Practices in Mvomero Tanzania. Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/468/MP_hfr_200805.pdf?sequenc
e=1

23. References
United Nations (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved on September 26, 20515 from
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
UNDP (2015). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/post-2015-development-
agenda.html
Walker, Kathleen (2002). A Review of Control Methods for African Malaria Vectors. Retrieved on
September 8, 2015 from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf
WHO (2014). Factsheet on the World Malaria Report 2014. Retrieved on September 8, 2015 from
http://www.who.int/malaria/media/world_malaria_report_2014/en/
WHO (2015). Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 29016-2030. Retrieved on September 8, 2015
from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/176712/1/9789241564991_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
WHO (2015). 2015 Country Rankings: Nigeria. Retrieved on September 8, 2015 from
http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/countries/rbm-roadmaps
WHO (n.d.). Environmental management for Vector Control. Retrieved on September 8, 2015 from
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/world-malaria-day-2015/en/
WHO (2015). Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030. Retrieved on September 27, 2015
from http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/global_technical_strategy/en/

24. References
WHO (2015). Environmental Management for Vector Control. Retrieved on
September 27, 2015 from
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/envmanagement/en
WHO (1982). Manual on Environmental Management for Mosquito Control
(with special emphasis on malaria vectors. Retrieved on September 27, 2015
from
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/37329/1/9241700661_eng.pdf
WHO, UNEP (n.d.). Malaria control: The power of integrated action. Retrieved
on September 27, 2015 from
http://www.who.int/heli/risks/vectors/malariacontrol/en/
WHO (2011). Strengthening malaria control while reducing reliance on DDT.
Retrieved on September 27, 2015 from
http://www.who.int/ipcs/capacity_building/ddt_statement/en/