The document provides an introduction to different types of energy sources including conventional sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas as well as non-conventional sources like solar, wind, and tidal energy. It discusses the formation and classification of coal and describes India's major coal fields. It also covers the occurrence and distribution of petroleum and natural gas reserves in India. The document introduces nuclear energy and provides details about non-conventional energy sources and their importance. It highlights India's energy crisis and discusses some of the major causes of energy crises.

1. Introduction to Energy
Sources and its
potentials

2. Introduction to Energy
▶ The knowledge of the basics types of energy and the law of thermodynamics are a
necessary foundation for fully understanding the topics presented throughout the
course.
▶ THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy is the ability to bring about change or to do work, and thermodynamics is the
study of energy. There are two basic laws of thermodynamics that rule how energy
behaves and can be used:
The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation) states that energy is always
conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed. In essence, energy can be converted
from one form into another.

3. Introduction to Energy
▶ The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that "in all energy exchanges, if no
energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always
be less than that of the initial state." This is also commonly referred to as
entropy
. A spring driven watch will run until the potential energy in the spring is
converted, and not again until energy is reapplied to the spring to rewind it.
▶ Energy: In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must
be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

4. Different forms of Energy-
Energy exists in many forms, such as heat, light, chemical energy, and electrical
energy. These forms can be grouped into two types, kinetic and potential.
▶ Kinetic Energy is motion––of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances,
and objects.
▶ Electrical Energy is the movement of electrical charges. Everything is made
of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller particles
called electrons, protons, and neutrons. Applying a force can make some of
the electrons move. Electrical charges moving through a wire is called
electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical energy.

5. Different forms of Energy-
▶ Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves.
Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves.
Light is one type of radiant energy. Solar energy is an example of radiant
energy.
▶ Thermal Energy, or heat, is the internal energy in substances––the vibration
and movement of the atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal
energy is an example of thermal energy.
▶ Motion Energy is the movement of objects and substances from one place to
another. Objects and substances move when a force is applied according to
Newton’s Laws of Motion. Wind is an example of motion energy.
▶ Sound is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal
(compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced when a force causes an
object or substance to vibrate––the energy is transferred through the
substance in a wave.

6. Different forms of Energy-
▶ Potential Energy is stored energy and the energy of position––gravitational
energy. There are several forms of potential energy.
▶ Chemical Energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. It is
the energy that holds these particles together. Biomass, petroleum, natural
gas, and propane are examples of stored chemical energy.
▶ Stored Mechanical Energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a
force. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored
mechanical energy.

7. Different forms of Energy-
▶ Nuclear Energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom––the energy that
holds the nucleus together. The energy can be released when the nuclei are
combined or split apart. Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium
atoms in a process called fission. The sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen
atoms in a process called fusion. Scientists are working on creating fusion
energy on earth, so that someday there might be fusion power plants.
▶ Gravitational Energy is the energy of position or place. A rock resting at the
top of a hill contains gravitational potential energy. Hydropower, such as
water in a reservoir behind a dam, is an example of gravitational potential
energy.

8. Energy System-
▶ An energy system is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services
to end-users.
▶ Taking a structural viewpoint, The definition of energy system as "all
components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of
energy.
▶ The field of energy economics includes energy markets and treats an energy
system as the technical and economic systems that satisfy consumer
demand for energy in the forms of heat, fuels, and electricity.
▶ The concept of an energy system is evolving as new regulations, technologies,
and practices enter into service – for example, emissions trading, the
development of smart grids, and the greater use of energy demand
management, respectively.

9. Introduction to Technology and its
revolution
▶ Technology (which is basically derived from the Greek word ‘technologia’) is
an art, skill or ability, which is used to create and develop products and
acquire knowledge.
▶ Scientists used their knowledge to develop technology and then used
technology to develop Science; so, because of this reason science and
technology are an integrated term in today’s world.
Consider the following points to understand the relationship between Science
and Technology −
▶ Contribution of Science to Technology
▶ Contribution of Technology to Science

10. Contribution of Science to Technology
▶ Science as a direct source of new technological ideas
▶ For example, innovation and development medical instruments; nuclear
technology, radar system, etc.

11. Science as a source of engineering
▶ Most of the technical knowledge used in the designing and development of
tools and techniques is actually an outcome of ‘engineering science’.
Examples are listed below-
▶ Development of nuclear technology
▶ Defense technology
▶ Development of satellites
▶ Biotechnology
▶ Meteorological science
▶ Space technology
▶ Nanotechnology
▶ Wireless communication, etc.

12. Science & Technology and Industry in India
▶ Over the recent past, Science and Technology has made tremendous contribution
towards the settlement of industries in India.
▶ Starting from the micro level to the macro level, research and development in the
field of technology has created an ideal niche for the overall growth of the
economic condition of the country. The perceptible examples are the development
of Atomic Energy, Space Science, dozens of successful satellite systems, advanced
medical technologies, etc.
▶ After the independence, it was not possible for India to depend on other countries
for various aspects of development; therefore, the development of indigenous
technology was indispensable for the overall development of a country.
▶ Thankfully, today, Indian technologies and companies are as competent as in other
developed countries. India is also a lead in various fields, and is a tough
competitor for other countries.

13. Technology revolution-
▶ technological
relatively
revolution is a
short period
in history when one technology (or
better a set of technologies) is
replaced by another technology (or
by the set of technologies). It is an
era of an accelerated technological
progress characterized not only by
new innovations, but also
their application and diffusion.

14. Technology revolution-

15. Energy resources-
▶ World energy resources are the estimated maximum capacity for energy
production given all available resources on Earth. They can be divided by type
into fossil fuel, nuclear fuel and renewable resources.
▶ Categorized into two categories-
1) conventional resources
2) Non conventional resources

16. Conventional Energy sources
▶ Energy that has been used from ancient times is known
as conventional energy. Coal, natural gas, oil, and
firewood are examples of conventional energy sources.
(or usual) sources of energy (electricity) are coal, oil,
wood, peat, uranium.
▶ The coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity are
conventional sources of energy. Conventional energy
directly mean the energy source which is fixed in
nature like oil, gas and coal. In other words
conventional energy is also termed as non-renewable
energy sources.

17. Conventional Energy sources
70% of energy requirement in rural
India is met by firewood and cattle
dung cakes
Continuation of the two is becoming
difficult as forest area is decreasing &
dung cakes are being discouraged as
it consumes most valuable manure
required for agriculture.

18. Global Energy Use-

19. Coal-
▶ Coal is formed by the compression of plant material over millions of years and
therefore is found in a variety of forms depending on the degree of
compression, depth and time of burial. Decaying plants in swamps produce
▶ Peat it has low carbon, high moisture content & low heating capacity.
▶ Lignite is a low grade brown coal it is soft with high moisture content. Principle
lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamilnadu. It is used for generation of
electricity
▶ Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperature is
Bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use, metallurgical
coal is high grade bituminous, which has special value for smelting iron in blast
furnaces
▶ Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.

20. Types of coal-

21. Natural Coal Making Process-

22. Ranking of coal-

23. Applications-
●
●
●
●
● Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.
It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs
It is used to generate power
Used to supply energy to industries as well as for domestic needs
India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy
requirements

24. In India coal occurs in rock series of two
main geological ages namely
▶ Gondwana age – a little over 200 million years in age . The major resources
of Gondwana coal which are metallurgical caol are located in Damodar valley(
West Bengal- Jharkhand) Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coal fields.
Other area that contain coal deposits are the valleys of Godavari, Mahanadi,
Son, and Wardha
▶ Tertiary age – deposits which are only about 55 million years old. They occur
in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland.

25. PETROLEUM/ MINERALOIL
Next major energy resource after coal in India.
 provides fuel for heat and lighting
 Lubricants for machinery
 Raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
 Petroleum refineries act as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer
and chemical industries.

26. PETROLEUM/ MINERALOIL
 About 63% of India's petroleum production is from Mumbai high. 18% from
Gujarat and 16% from Assam.
 Mumbai high, Bassein, Heera, Panna, Neelam, mukta ratna are some
important offshore oil fields in western India.
 Ankaleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.
 Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboai, Naharkatiya and
Moran- Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state.

27. PETROLEUM/ MINERALOIL

28. PETROLEUM/ MINERALOIL
 Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are
associated with anticline and fault traps in the rock
formations of the tertiary age .
 In regions of folding anticlines or domes , it occurs
where oil is trapped in the crest of the unfolds. The
oil bearing strata is a porous limestone or sandstone
through which oil may flow the oil is prevented from
rising or sinking by intervening non porous layers.
 Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous
and non porous rocks .gas being lighter usually occurs
above the oil

29. Natural Gas-
▶ Natural gas is a naturally
occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting
primarily of methane, but commonly including
varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and
sometimes a small percentage of carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
▶ It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and
animal matter are exposed to intense heat and
pressure under the surface of the Earth over
millions of years. The energy that the plants
originally obtained from the sun is stored in the
form of chemical bonds in the gas.

30. Natural Gas-
 Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or
without petroleum.
 It is used as a source of energy as well as industrial raw material in the
petrochemical industry
 Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon
dioxide emissions therefore is known as the fuel for the present century
 Large reserves of Natural Gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari
basin.
 Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are
supplemented by the finds in the Gulf of Cambay.
 Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves
of Natural Gas.

31. Nuclear Energy-
▶ Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to
generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to
produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power can be obtained
from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion.
▶ Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by
nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table.
Nuclear decay processes are used in niche applications such as radioisotope
thermoelectric generators. The possibility of generating electricity from
nuclear fusion is still at a research phase with no commercial applications.
This article mostly deals with nuclear fission power for electricity generation

32. Nuclear Energy-

33. Non-conventional energy sources
▶ Energy generated by using wind, tides,
solar, geothermal heat, and biomass
including farm and animal waste as
well as human excreta is known as non-
conventional energy. All these sources
are renewable or inexhaustible and do
not cause environmental pollution.
More over they do not require heavy
expenditure.

34. Importance of non-conventional
sources of energy
▶ 1. The non-conventional sources of energy are abundant in nature. According
to energy experts the non-conventional energy potential of India is estimated
at about 95,000 MW.
▶ 2. These are renewable resources. The non-conventional sources of energy
can be renewed with minimum effort and money.
▶ 3. Non-conventional sources of energy are pollution-free and eco-friendly

35. Non-conventional energy sources
▶ 1. Wind Energy: Wind power is harnessed
by setting up a windmill which is used for
pumping water, grinding grain and
generating electricity.
▶ The gross wind power potential of India is
estimated to be about 20,000 MW, wind
power projects of 970 MW capacities were
installed till March. 1998. Areas with
constantly high speed preferably above 20
km per hour are well-suited for harnessing
wind energy.

36. Non-conventional energy sources
▶ 2. Tidal Energy: Sea water keeps
on rising and falling alternatively
twice a day under the influence of
gravitational pull of moon and sun.
This phenomenon is known as tides.
It is estimated that India possesses
8000-9000 MW of tidal energy
potential. The Gulf of Kachchh is
best suited for tidal energy.

37. Non-conventional energy sources
▶ 3. Solar Energy: Sun is the source of
all energy on the earth. It is most
abundant, inexhaustible and
universal source of energy
. AH other
sources of energy draw their strength
from the sun.
▶ India is blessed with plenty of solar
energy because most parts of the
country receive bright sunshine
throughout the year except a brief
monsoon period. India has developed
technology to use solar energy for
cooking, water heating, water
dissimilation, space heating, crop
drying etc.

38. Non-conventional energy sources
▶ 4. Geo-Thermal Energy: Geo-thermal energy is
the heat of the earth's interior. This energy is
manifested in the hot springs. India is not very
rich in this source,
▶ 5. Energy from Biomass: Biomass refers to all
plant material and animal excreta when
considered as an energy source. Some important
kinds of biomass are inferior wood, urban waste,
bagasse, farm animal and human waste.

39. Energy Crisis-
▶ An energy crisis is any significant bottleneck in the
supply of energy resources to an economy.
▶ In popular literature, it often refers to one of the
energy sources used at a certain time and place, in
particular those that supply national electricity
grids or those used as fuel in vehicles.
▶ Industrial development and population growth have
led to a surge in the global demand for energy in
recent years.
▶ In the 2000s, this new demand — together
with Middle East tension, the falling value of the
U.S. dollar, dwindling oil reserves, concerns
over peak oil, and oil price speculation — triggered
the 2000s energy crisis, which saw the price of oil
reach an all-time high of $147.30 a barrel in 2008.

40. Causes of Energy Crisis-
▶ Most energy crisis have been caused by localized shortages, wars and market
manipulation.
▶ Some have argued that government actions like tax hikes, nationalization of
energy companies, and regulation of the energy sector, shift supply and demand of
energy away from its economic equilibrium.
▶ However, the recent historical energy crisis listed below were not caused by such
factors.
▶ Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs.
▶ A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and
government embargoes.
▶ The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point disruption
or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply.
▶ An emergency may emerge during very cold winters due to increased consumption
of energy.

41. Historical crises
1970s energy crisis -
▶ caused by the peaking of oil production in major industrial nations
(Germany, United States, Canada, etc.) and embargoes from other producers
▶ 1973 oil crisis - caused by an OAPEC oil export embargo by many of the
major Arab oil-producing states, in response to Western support
of Israel during the Yom Kippur War
▶ 1979 oil crisis - caused by the Iranian Revolution
▶ 1990 oil price shock - caused by the Gulf War
▶ the 2000–2001 California electricity crisis - Caused by market
manipulation by Enron and failed deregulation; resulted in multiple large-
scale power outages.

42. Historical crises
▶ 2008 Central Asia energy crisis-
caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area
dependent on hydroelectric power
. At the same time the South African
President was appeasing fears of a prolonged electricity crisis in South Africa.
▶ Nepal experienced severe energy crisis in 2015 when India created an
economic blockade to Nepal. Nepal faced the shortages of various kinds of
petroleum products and food materials which affected severely on Nepal's
economy.

43. Current Indian Electricity scenario
▶ With electricity production of 1,201.543 BU in
India in FY18, the country witnessed growth of
around 55.72 per cent over the previous fiscal
year.
▶ Over FY10–FY18, electricity production in India
grew at a CAGR of 5.69 per cent.
▶ In March 2017, the Power Ministry has launched an
application named - GARV-II, to provide real time
data related to rural electrification regarding all
un-electrified villages in India.
▶ A total of 17,164 villages out of 18,452 un-
electrified villages in India have been electrified
up to March 2018 as part of the target to electrify
all villages by May 1, 2018.

44. Contin….

45. Introduction
▶ Power is one of the most critical components of infrastructure crucial for the
economic growth and welfare of nations. The existence and development of
adequate infrastructure is essential for sustained growth of the Indian
economy.
▶ India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the world. Sources of
power generation range from conventional sources such as coal, lignite,
natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power to viable non-conventional sources
such as wind, solar, and agricultural and domestic waste. Electricity demand
in the country has increased rapidly and is expected to rise further in the
years to come. In order to meet the increasing demand for electricity in the
country, massive addition to the installed generating capacity is required.
▶ In May 2018, India ranked 4th in the Asia Pacific region out of 25 nations on an
index that measures their overall power

46. Market Size
 Indian power sector is undergoing a significant change that has redefined the
industry outlook.
 Sustained economic growth continues to drive electricity demand in India.
The Government of India’s focus on attaining ‘Power for all’ has accelerated
capacity addition in the country.
 At the same time, the competitive intensity is increasing at both the market
and supply sides (fuel, logistics, finances, and manpower).
 Total installed capacity of power stations in India stood at 343.79 Gigawatt
(GW) as on April, 2018.

47. Government Initiatives
▶ The Government of India has identified power sector as a key sector of focus so as
to promote sustained industrial growth. Some initiatives by the Government of
India to boost the Indian power sector:
▶ Initiatives taken by the Energy Efficiency Services (EESL) have resulted in energy
savings of 37 billion kWh and reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30
million tonnes.
▶ The Union and state governments have agreed to implement the Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) scheme in the electricity sector for better targeting of subsidies,
according to Mr Raj Kumar Singh, Minister of State for Power (Independent
Charge).
▶ The Government of India approved National Policy on Biofuels – 2018, the
expected benefits of this policy are health benefits, cleaner environment,
employment generation, reduced import dependency, boost to infrastructural
investment in rural areas and additional income to farmers

48. Current Indian Renewable Energy production
potential
▶ India has an estimated renewable energy potential of about 900 GW from
commercially exploitable sources viz.
▶ Wind – 102 GW (at 80 metre mast height);
▶ Small Hydro – 20 GW; Bio-energy – 25 GW; and
▶ solar power - 750 GW, assuming 3% wasteland is made available.
▶ Renewable energy has a great potential to user in universal energy access. In
a decentralized or standalone mode, renewable energy is an appropriate,
scalable and viable solution for providing power to un-electrified or power
deficient villages.

49. Current Indian Renewable Energy production
potential
▶ India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy from
renewable sources.
▶ In the electricity sector, renewable energy (excluding large hydro) accounted
for 20% of the total installed power capacity (71.325 GW) as of 30 June 2018.
▶ Large hydro installed capacity was 45.29 GW as of 31 March 2018,
contributing to 13% of the total power capacity.
▶ Unlike most countries, India does not count large hydro power while
accounting for renewable energy targets as it comes under the older Ministry
of Power instead of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
▶ Thus, renewable energy including large scale hydro-power currently adds up
to more than 33% of the total installed power capacity in India.

50. Current Indian Renewable Energy production
potential

51. Current Indian Renewable Energy production
potential
Wind power-
▶ Wind power capacity was 34,046 MW as
of 31 March 2018, making India the
fourth-largest wind power producer in
the world.
▶ The country has a strong
manufacturing base in wind power with
20 manufactures of 53 different wind
turbine models of international quality
up to 3 MW in size with exports to
Europe the USA and other countries

52. Current Indian Renewable Energy production
potential
Solar power –
▶ The government target of installing 20 GW of solar power by 2022 was
achieved four year ahead of schedule in January 2018, through both solar
parks as well as roof-top solar panels.
▶ India has set a new target of achieving 100 GW of solar power by 2022. Four
of the top seven largest solar parks worldwide are in India including the
second largest solar park in the world at Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, with a
capacity of 1000 MW.
▶ The world's largest solar power plant, Bhadla Solar Park is being constructed
in Rajasthan with a capacity of 2255 MW and is expected to be completed by
the end of 2018.

53. Current Indian Renewable Energy production
potential
▶ Biomass power from biomass combustion, biomass
gasification and bagasse co-generation reached 8.3 GW installed capacity as
of 31 March 2018. Family type biogas plants reached 3.98 million .
▶ Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
▶ India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-
conventional energy resources, in the early 1980s.
▶ Solar Energy Corporation of India is responsible for the development of solar
energy industry in India.
▶ Hydroelectricity is administered separately by the Ministry of Power and not
included in MNRE targets.

54. STATE WISE RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL

55. STATE WISE RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL