9. z
EXPOSURE
REFERS TO THE ”ELEMENTS AT RISK” FROM A NATURAL OR MAN-MADE
HAZARD EVENT. ELEMENTS AT RISK INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. HUMAN BEINGS
2. DWELLINGS OR HOUSEHOLDS AND COMMUNITIES
3. BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
4. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS
5. PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
6. AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
7. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS
10. z
VULNERABILITY
DEFINED AS THE CHARACTERISTICS AND
CIRCUMSTANCES OF A COMMUNITY,
SYSTEM OR ASSET THAT MAKE IT
SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE DAMAGING
EFFECTS OF A HAZARD”.
11. z
REASONS WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF
SOCIETY ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO
DISASTER THAN OTHERS
VULNERABILITY CAN BE SEEN AS THE RESULT OF A
PROCESS IN WHICH VARIOUS DIFFERENT THINGS
CAUSE A POPULATION TO BE MORE VULNERABLE.
12. z
1. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
POPULATION DENSITY- THE MORE DENSE THE POPULATION, THE
MORE EFFICIENT A RESPONSE SHOULD BE, CONSIDERING THE
NUMBER OF PEOPLE THAT MIGHT BE AFFECTED BY A DISASTER.
AGE OF POPULATION – VERY OLD AND VERY YOUNG POPULATIONS
ARE LESS MOBILE AND ABLE TO RESPOND TO HAZARD EVENTS WELL.
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION- REGARDLESS OF DENSIY,
POPULATIONS MAY BE DISTRIBUTED DIFFERENTLY WITHIN THE
HAZAD AREA.
13. z
2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
WEALTH – LOW-INCOME POPULATIONS ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE
WELL PREPARED. PART OF PREPARATION IS HAVING A SURVIVAL KIT
THAT INCLUDES TOOLS TO BE USED, EMERGENCY FOOD STOCK,
AND WATER THAT COULD LAST FOR AT LEAST 3 TO 5 DAYS.
EDUCATION- A YEAR OF DRILL ACTIVITY WILL NOT BE ENOUGH TO
GET EVERYBODY PREPARED. HENCE, THEY ARE ENCOURAGING
SCHOOLS TO MAKE THIS PREVENTIVE ACTION PART OF THEIR
REGULAR ACTIVITIES, AT LEAST ONCE EVERY QUARTER.
14. z
NATURE OF SOCIETY – IN HIGHLY CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT
STRUCTURES, EFFICIENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE MAY BE THE
RESULT OF CAREFUL PLANNING AND TRAINING OF PERSONNEL.
HOWEVER, IT CAN ALSO LEAD TO BUREAUCRACY AND A LACK OF
AUTONOMOUS DECISION-MAKING, WHICH SLOWS DOWN THE
DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF GOODS AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
EFFORTS IN CASE OF EXTREME EMERGENCY.
15. z
UNDERSTANDING AREA - RECENT MIGRANTS ARE LIKELY TO STRUGGLE TO
COPE WITH HAZARD EFFECTS COMPARED TO ESTABLISHED POPULATION.
UNDERSTANDING THE AREA IS A SALIENT FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED IN
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLANNING, AND THIS WILL GIVE GREATER
ADVANTAGE TO THE ESTABLISHED OR ORIGINAL SETTLERS IN A
PARTICULAR AREA AFFECTED BY DISASTER.
16. z
3. COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
BUILDING CODES – RIGOROUS AND APPLIED BUILDING CODES
PROTECT MOST BUILDINGS FROM COLLAPSE DURING EARTHQUAKES.
SCIENTIFIC MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS –
ESTABLISHED MONITORING SYSTEMS CAN PREPARE PEOPLE FOR THE
ONSLAUGHT OF ANY KIND OF DISASTER. ( TYPHOON – ALWAYS
WARNED BUT NOT THE STORM SURGE)
17. z
COMMUNITY NETWORKS – COUNTRIES WITH GOOD QUALITY AND
WIDESPREAD COMMUNICATION NETWORKS ALLOW MESSAGES TO BE
QUICKLY SHARED. COMMUNICATION PLAN IS A VERY SALIENT
COMPONENT OF EMERGENCY PLANNING THAT SHOULD NOT BE LEFT
OUT.
EMERGENCY PLANNING – PREPARATION IS THE KEY ELEMENT OF
PREVENTION. PREPARATION FOR A DISASTER IS EMBODIED IN AN
EMERGENCY PLAN. WHERE MONITORING AND COMMUNICATION ARE
IN PLACE, THE EMERGENCY PLANNING IS LIKELY TO PREPARE A
PERSON OR A GROUP (FAMILY) FOR SUCH EVENTS AND TAKE ACTION
BASED ON DATA, RATHER THAN PREDICTION.
18. z
4. DEALING WITH THE AFTER-EFFECTS
INSURANCE COVER – PART OF THEIR PREPARATION, INDIVIDUALS
PURCHASE INSURANCE POLICIES TO MITIGATE THEIR LOSSES,
THUS PREPARING THEM BETTER FOR SIMILAR FUTURE EVENT.
EMERGENCY PERSONNEL- THE AVAILABILITY OF SUCH PERSONNEL
WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE TIME OF DAY AND LOCATION OF THE
HAZARD EVENT. (TRAIN MORE EMERGENCY PERSONNEL AS PART
OF DISASTER RISK MITIGATION, REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT)
AID REQUEST-OUTSIDE HELP IN THE FORM OF HUMANITARIAN AID IS
NECESSARY DURING A DISASTER. HOWEVER IT SHOULD BE FAST
AND EFFICIENT.
19. z
VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC HAZARD.
THERE ARE MANY ASPECTS OF VULNERABILITY, ARISING FROM VARIOUS
PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
EXAMPLES MAY INCLUDE:
POOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER
INFRASTRUCTURES;
INADEQUATE PROTECTION MEASURES OF ASSETS
LACK OF PUBLIC INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
LIMITED OFFICIAL RECOGNITION OF RISKS AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
AND
DISREGARD FOR WISE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. (ADPC, 20120
20. z
ACCORDING TO THE UNIDSR, THERE ARE
FOUR (4) MAIN TYPES OF VULNERABILITY.
1. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY – MAY BE DETERMINED BY ASPECTS
SUCH AS POPULATION DENSITY LEVELS, REMOTENESS OF A
SETTLEMENT, THE SITE, DESIGN AND AMTERIALS USED FOR
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND GOR HOUSING UNITED NATIONS
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER.
EXAMPLE; WOODEN HOMES ARE LESS LIKELY TO COLLAPSE IN AN
EARTHQUAKE, BUT ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO FIRE. HOUSES BUILT
WITH LIGHT MATERIALS MAY NOT BE A PROBLEM DURING AN
EARTHQUAKE, BUT MAY BE TOTALLY DAMAGED BY A SUPER
TYPHOON.
21. z
2. SOCIAL VULBERABILITY- REFERS TO THE INABILITY OF PEOPLE,
ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIATIES TO WITHSTAND ADVERSE IMPACTS
TO HAZARDS DUE TO CHARACTERISTICS INHERENT IN SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND SYSTEMS OF CULTURAK VALUES.
IT IS LINKED TO THE LEVEL OF WELL BEING OF INDIVIDUALS,
COMMUNITIES AND SOCIETY. IT INCLUDES ASPECTS RELATED TO
LEVELS OF LITERACY AND EDUCATOR, THE EXISTENCE OF PEACE
AND SECURITY, ACCESS TO BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS, SYSTEMS OF
GOOD GOVERNANCES, SOCIAL EQUITY, POSITIVE TRADITIONAL
VALUES, CUSTOMS AND IDEOLOGICAL BELIEFS AND OVERALL
COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEM (UNISDR).
22. z
EXAMPLE: WHEN FLOODING OCCURS SOME CITIZENS SUCH AS
CHILDREN, ELDERLY AND PERSON WITH DISABILITY (PWD’S0 MAY
BE UNABLE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES OR EVACUATE IF
NECESSARY. EDUCATED AND WELL-INFORMED ARE MORE LIKELY
TO SURVIVE WHEN DISASTER STRIKES. THERE WOULD BE
LESSER CASUALTY IN COMMUNITIES WITH EMERGENCY PLANS
BACKED UP BY EMERGENCY PERSONNEL AS COMPARED TO
THOSE WITHOUT.
23. z
3. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY- THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY IS
HIGHLY DEPENDENT UPON THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF
INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND NATIONS. THE POOR ARE
USUALLY MORE VULNERABLE TO DISASTERS BECAUSE THEY LACK
THE RESOURCES TO BUILD STRUDLY STRUCTURES AND PUT
OTHER ENGINEERING MEASURES IN PLACE TO PROTECT
THEMSELVES FORM BEING NEGATIVELY IMPACTED BY DISASTERS.
THE SAME PEOPLE ARE THE LEAST PREPARED DUE TO LACK OF
ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND INFORMATION.
24. z
EXAMPLE: POORER FAMILIES MAY LIVE IN SQUATTER
SETTLEMENTS BECAUSE THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO LIVE IN
SAFER 9MOE EXPENSIVE) AREAS. IN METRO MANILA THE SO-
CALLED ‘URBAN POOR’ BUILD THEIR SHANTIES OR
IMPROVISED HOUSES ALONG RIVER BANKS AND ESTEROS,
MAKING THEM PRONE TO FLASH FLOODS. LIGHT MATERIALS
THAT BUILD THEIR HOMES MAKE THEM EXPOSED TO FIRE
HAZARDS AS WELL.
25. z
4. ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY- NATURAL RESOURCE
DEPLETION AND RESOURCE DEGRADATION ARE KEY
ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY. THIS IS ONE
ASPECT THAT BOTH COMMUNITIES AND GOVERNMENT MUST
BE SENSITIVE ABOUT. MITIGATION MEASURES LIKE
REFORESTATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION AND
CONSERVATION MUST BE UNDERTAKEN TO REDUCE NATURAL
DISASTER RISK AND VULNERABILITY.
26. z
EXAMPLE; WETLANDS, SUCH AS AGUSAN ARSH, ARE SENSITIVE
TO INCREASING SALINITY FROM SEA WATER, AND POLLUTION
FROM STORM WATER RUNOFF CONTAINING AGRICULTURAL
CHEMICALS, ERODED SOILS ETC. DEFORESTATION OF
MOUNTAINS DUE TO ILLEGAL LOGGING IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF
LANDSLIDES AND MUDFLOWS LIKE WHAT HAPPENED IN ORMOC ,
LEYTE (19940 AND INFANTA, QUEZON (2011).
27. z
ELEMENTS AT RISK AND EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
PERSONS, HOUSES, BUILDINGS,
INFRASTRUCTURES, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS,
FINANCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS, CROPS,
ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES OF LIVING, AND
OTHERS LIKE SOCIETAL COMPONENTS EXPOSED
TO KNOWN HAZARD, WHICH ARE LIKELY TO BE
ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY THE IMPACT OF A
HAZARD.
28. z
RISK FACTORS
RISKS SIGNIFIES THE POSSIBILITY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS IN THE
FUTURE. IT IS DERIVED FROM THE INTERACTION OF SOCIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, FROM THE COMBINATION OF
PHYSICAL HAZARDS AND THE VULBERABILITY OF EXPOSED
ELEMENTS. THE FOLLOWING IS A DISCUSSION OF THE THREE
FACTORS OF RISK PRESENTED IN A TRIAGRAM.
30. z
THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE CONCEPT OF RISK WHICH COMBINES AN
UNDERSTANDING OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF A HAZARDOUS EVENT OCCURING WITH
AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS IMPACT WHERE
RISK= HAZARD X EXPOSURE X VULNERABILITY
CAPACITY
THE LEFT SIDE OF THE TRIAGRAM SHOWS THE DIFFERENT NATURAL
HAZARDS THAT MAY OCCUR IN AN AREA AT ANY GIVEN PERIOD OF
TIME. THE BASE OF THE TRIAGRAM INDICATES THE DIFFERENT
ELEMETNS EXPOSED TO HAZARD/DISASTER. ON THE RIGHT SIDE,
FACTORS AND ELEMENTS OF VULNERABILITY ARE PRESENTED.
35. z
MANY OF OUR AREAS ARE
ALSO AT OR BELOW SEA
LEVEL, AND THIS MAKES
US VULNERABLE TO
FLOODING AND WORST,
INUNDATION WITH RISE IN
SEA LEVEL.
36. z
WITH ONE OF THE LONGEST
COASTLINES IN THE WORLD AT
32400 KILOMETERS WE HAVE
MANY AREAS THAT ARE
VULNERABLE TO STORM
SURGES.
37. z
THE PHILIPPINES IS STILL A
PRIMARILY AGRICULTURAL AND
FISHING ECONOMY.
DISRUPTIONS IN AGRICULTURAL
AND FISHERY PRODUCTION
AND THE DESTRUCTION OF
OUR ECOSYSTEMS WILL HAVE
DEVASTATING EFFECTS ON OUR
ECONOMY AND FOOD
SECURITY.
38. z
NATURAL HAZARD RISK IS COMPOUNDED IN THE PHILIPPINES BY
POOR INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIETAL CAPACITY TO MANAGE,
RESPOND AND RECOVER FROM NATURAL HAZARD EVENTS.
THE PHILIPPINES IS CONSIDERED “HIGH RISK” IN TERMS OF THE
COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO MANAGE AND MITIGATE THE IMPACTS OF
NATURAL HAZARDS AND IN PART DUE TO “ENTRENCHED
CORRUPTION AND HIGH LEVELS OF POVERTY” (RAPPLER, 2014)
ASIDE FROM BEING AT RISK OF TYPHOONS, THE PHILIPPINES IS
ALSO AT RISK OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (WE HAVE ACTIVE
VOLCANOES), QUAKES (SEVERAL FAULT LINES WERE IDENTIFIED),
AND FLOODS (WE HAVE DENUDED MOUNTAINS).
the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.
DENSE: MATAO
Building codes specify minimum standards for the construction of buildings. The codes themselves are not legally binding.
THE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE CONCEPT OF RISK WHICH COMBINES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF A HAZARDOUS EVENT OCCURING WITH AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS IMPACT WHERE
