Burrell sociological paradigms_and_organisational_analysis_slides

‫ﻓﺮﺣﺰادي‬ ‫ﻫﺎدي‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺪ‬1
‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻼن‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﻼﯾﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮرﯾﻞ‬-‫ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬‫ﭘﺮدازﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
5 ‫ﻓﺮﺣﺰادي‬ ‫ﻫﺎدي‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺪ‬

‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺮ‬:Determinism
‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬:Voluntarism

‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺪي‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎر‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬

‫ﮔﺮا‬ ‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬:‫آﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫اﯾﺪآﻟﯿﺴﻢ‬

‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺜﺎق‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﮕﺎري‬ ‫ﻧﺎم‬)Conventionalism(‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ‬.
Conventionalism is the philosophical attitude that fundamental principles of a
certain kind are grounded on (explicit or implicit) agreements in society, rather
than on external reality.
‫روﻧد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻧﺎی‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺎھﯽ‬ ‫ﭼﮫ‬ ‫ﮔر‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ﮔراﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮔراﯾﯽ‬ ‫واﻗﻊ‬.

‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺎت‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬.
‫دو‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﯾﺎن‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺎت‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﻨﺪ‬:‫اﺛﺒﺎت‬‫ﺑﺎوران‬)Verificationists(‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻄﺎل‬ ‫و‬‫اﻧﮕﺎران‬)Falsificationist(‫ﻋﻘﯿﺪه‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﯾﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،
‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي‬‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌﯽ‬)Cumulative process(‫دارد‬.

‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬‫ﭘﺮدازﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬

‫ﻧظرﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﯾﮫ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎرﮐس‬ ‫ﻧظرﯾﺎت‬
‫ﭘردازاﻧﯽ‬،‫دورﮐﯾم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻧد‬‫وﺑر‬‫و‬‫ﭘﺎرﺗو‬،
‫ﻓراﻣوﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدی‬ ‫ﺣد‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﺳﭘردا‬‫ﺷده‬
‫ﺑود‬.

‫رﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﻮﻫﻦ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫دل‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮده‬ ‫ﺗﻼش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺮده‬ ‫درك‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫دﺳﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬.

‫ﻧﺸﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻮب‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬‫اﻧﺪ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫واﻗﻌﺎ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰا‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫را‬ ‫آن‬.

‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ‬‫ﺑﻮرﯾﻞ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫دارﻧﺪورف‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﮥ‬‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋﯿﻨﯽ‬‫درون‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬‫دﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬‫در‬‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﮥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮي‬‫و‬‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﯿﻨﮥ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازان‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬‫ذﻫﻨﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﯿﻨﯽ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺘﺰم‬‫ﺷﮑﺎف‬‫دارد‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬.

‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺪﻧﺰ‬”‫ﭘﺎرادﯾﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫در‬...‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫واﺳﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎرادﯾﻤﻬﺎي‬.“‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺷﺎره‬ ‫او‬”‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺎرا‬‫د‬‫اﯾﻢ‬...‫آورد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺰي‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬.“
‫ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎ‬”‫ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ‬“‫واژة‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬”‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ‬“‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬.

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫درون‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮاﻧﻈﺮي‬‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر‬ ‫و‬.
‫ﺑﻮرﯾﻞ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن‬‫ﭘﺮدازان‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺦ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫اراﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻼش‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬.‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬ ‫روﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﯾﻢ‬ ‫آﻣﺪه‬ ‫ﮐﺠﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﺠﺎ‬ ‫اﻻن‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬.‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫وﻟﯽ‬‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬‫اﻠﺟﻣﻊ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫زﯾﺮا‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﻘﺾ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬.

‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﺋﯽ‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺖ‬ ،‫ﻓﮑﺮي‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎن‬ ‫از‬.

Origins and Intellectual Tradition

As Raymond Aron has suggested, Comte may be regarded, first and foremost, as
“the sociologist of human and social unity” (Aron , 1965 , p. 5q).

‫ﮔﺬرﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺖ‬

“In the final, the positive state, the mind has given over the vain search after
absolute notions, The origin and destination of the universe and the causes of
phenomena, and applies itself to the study of their laws, i.e. their invariable
relations of succession and resemblance.

•‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫آرون‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن‬‫رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫ﻧﻮﻋﯽ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﮐﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬‫رواﺳﺖ‬.‫اﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫و‬‫ﺑﺸﺮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬‫آن‬‫ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‬.
•‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺰي‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﮑﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺖ‬‫ﮐﺎرﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﯾﺖ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮود‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎن‬.‫داﻧﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫زﯾﺴﺖ‬ ‫او‬.

As Raymond Aron has suggested, Comte may be regarded, first and foremost, as
“the sociologist of human and social unity” (Aron , 1965 , p. 5q).

‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﭙﻨﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺪاي‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬.

‫ﭘﺎرﺗﻮ‬‫ﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬

structural functionalism
system theory

‫اﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬‫رﺳﺎﻧﯿﺪن‬‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬.
‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺷﺎﻋﻪ‬:‫ﻣﮑﺘﺒﯽ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫رﺳﯿﺪه‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ارزش‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺷﺎﻋﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬.

‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬‫و‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬.‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺘﮥ‬
‫در‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي‬ ‫اﯾﺮاد‬ ‫دﻧﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازاﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮو‬ ‫در‬
‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺑﺪﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬ ‫اراﺋﮥ‬ ‫ﺻﺪد‬.
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫از‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫رﯾﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﮥ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﻣﺮﺗﻮن‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬.

‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﻋﻄﻒ‬‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﻞ‬‫و‬ ‫داده‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻄﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫را‬‫ﺑﻘﺎء‬،‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬،‫ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ‬‫و‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫آن‬‫ﺿﺮوري‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬.‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن‬‫روﺷﻪ‬‫در‬ ،‫ﮔﻮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه‬‫واژة‬ ‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬‫راه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫اﺷﺎره‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻﯽ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ‬ ‫از‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﺑﻘﺎي‬‫ﺑﭙﺬﯾﺮد‬ ‫را‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬.‫و‬‫ﺑﻘﺎء‬‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ‬،
‫ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ‬‫و‬‫دﮔﺮدﯾﺴﯽ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬.
‫در‬ ،‫ﻟﺬا‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدي‬‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬:‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬‫از‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫را‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﺣﯿﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫اداﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬

‫در‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدي‬‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬:‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫اﯾﺠﺎد‬‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬‫از‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫را‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬‫ﺣﻞ‬‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺣﯿﺎت‬‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫اداﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬.

Adoption, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency or pattern maintenance
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺘﻬﺎي‬ ،‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ،‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫دوﺑﺎره‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه‬ ‫ﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدي‬ ‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﯾﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺮوان‬ ‫رادﮐﻠﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬.

‫ﻣﻘﻮﻻﺗﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬ ‫رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮده‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫وود‬ ‫ﻻك‬ ‫دﯾﻮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎري‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﯿﺪه‬.‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﯾﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎري‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻮه‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﮕﯿﺰه‬.‫را‬ ‫اﺗﻬﺎم‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎري‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﮐﺎراﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ذاﺗ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻧﺴﻮﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‬.
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮده‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه‬ ،‫دورﮐﻬﺎﯾﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﭙﻨﺴﺮ‬ ،‫ﮐﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ،‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫دﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﮥ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﮥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬.‫ﯾﮑﯽ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺬﮐﺮ‬ ‫وود‬ ‫ﻻك‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫اوﻟﯿﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮري‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫از‬”‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺠﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫از‬“‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮓ‬.‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪي‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺮورت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫وي‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫رﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ‬ ‫را‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﻮﯾ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫آﮔﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬.

structural functionalism
system theory

‫ﺗﻼﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫رﺳﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ‬ ‫درﺑﺎرة‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎب‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎري‬
‫اﻧﺪ‬‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار‬ ‫اي‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯿﺖ‬ ‫از‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫واژه‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫در‬.

Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (September 19, 1901, Atzgersdorf near Vienna –
June 12, 1972, Buffalo, New York) was an Austrian-born biologist known as one of
the founders of general systems theory (GST). GST is an interdisciplinary practice
that describes systems with interacting components, applicable
to biology, cybernetics, and other fields. Bertalanffy proposed that the laws of
thermodynamics applied to closed systems, but not necessarily to "open
systems," such as living things. His mathematical model of an organism's growth
over time, published in 1934, is still in use today.

‫اﺳﺘﺪﻻل‬‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫درﺑﺎره‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺗﺎﻟﻨﻔﯽ‬‫ﻓﻮن‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫از‬ ‫ﺟﺪاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﺸﺎن‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖ‬‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮداران‬‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫درﺑﺎره‬‫رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ‬‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬‫ﺳﺎزي‬
‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪه‬‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫داده‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﮐﺎﻣ‬.‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ،‫واﻗﻊ‬ ‫در‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮدازان‬‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬‫اﻣﺮ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﯽ‬
‫ﻧﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﻬﺎي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬‫ﭘﺮدازي‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎد‬‫ﺗﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﺪاران‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه‬‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫اﮐﻨﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫زاﺋﺪ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﯽ‬‫ﺛﻤﺮ‬‫اي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫آﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر‬‫ﻣﺘﺪاول‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬.

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎرﺗﻮ‬،‫ﻣﺎﯾﻮ‬،‫ﺑﺎرﻧﺎرد‬،‫ﭘﺎرﺳﻮﻧﺰ‬‫و‬...‫ﻫﺎروارد‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ‬ ‫و‬)‫ﺟﺮج‬‫ﻫﻨﺪرﺳﻮن‬(

‫ﻣﺎﮐﺲ‬‫وﺑﺮ‬‫زﻣﺮه‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬‫ﻧﺌﻮاﯾﺪآﻟﯿﺴﺖ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬.‫و‬‫ﻧﻈﺮه‬‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬.
‫دو‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎه‬‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫را‬.

‫اﯾﺪآﻟﯿﺴﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺎت‬

‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﯾﺪه‬‫زﯾﻤﻞ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﻣﺮده‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫او‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻮزر‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎد‬.

‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫را‬ ‫زﯾﺎدي‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬‫ﻣﯿﺪ‬‫ﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫و‬‫ﭼﺪﯾﺪارﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻫﻮﺳﺮل‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﯿﺪ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻋﺰﯾﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬.

‫رﻓﺘﺎري‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬-‫رز‬ ‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪار‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬-‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه‬‫ﺑﻠﻮﻣﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺎﮐﺲ‬‫وﺑﺮ‬:‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب‬The action frame of reference
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮ‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮي‬ ‫درك‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻤﯽ‬ ‫درون‬‫وﯾﻠﻬﻠﻢ‬‫دﯾﻠﺘﺎي‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮح‬‫وﺑﺮ‬‫ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬.

‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودي‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب‬‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬‫داﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎز‬ ‫را‬.

•‫ﻗﺪرت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪل‬‫ﺑﻼو‬
•‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮﺗﻮن‬
•‫ﺗﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
•‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫زاﯾﯽ‬ ‫رﯾﺨﺖ‬

•‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﺎره‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮﯾﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬.
)‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﺶ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬(
•‫داﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫درﺳﺖ‬ ‫را‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮا‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻨﯽ‬) .‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬ ‫ارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬(

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