All about diseases and their prevention

1. diseases, symptoms and prevention
Submitted by
aisha. s

2. DISEASE
 Any condition which interferes with the normal functioning
of the body is called a disease.
 Disease may be defined as a disorder in the physical,
physiological, psychological or social state of a person
caused due to nutritional deficiency, physiological disorder,
genetic disorder.

3. PATHOGENS
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Fungi
 Protozoans
 Helminths

4. TYPHOID
Pathogen : Salmonella typhi (Bacteria)
Target organ - Small intestine
Mode of transmission :
 Through contaminated food and water
Confirmation Test - Widal test
Symptoms :
 High fever (39° to 40°C)
 weakness
 stomach pain
 constipation
 headache and loss of appetite
 In severe cases intestinal perforation and death may occur.

5. PNEUMONIA
Pathogen :
 Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
(Bacteria)
Target organ - Alveoli of the lungs
Mode of transmission :
 By inhaling the droplets/aerosols released by an infected person
 By sharing glasses and utensils with an infected person
Symptoms :
 Fever, chills, cough and headache
 In severe cases, the lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in
colour.
 Other bacterial diseases in man - Dysentery, plague

6. COMMON COLD
Pathogen :
 Rhino viruses (Virus)
Target organ - Nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs.
Mode of transmission :
 Through droplets from cough or sneezes of an infected
person
 Through contaminated objects such as pens, books, cups,
doorknobs, computer keyboard or mouse, etc.
Symptoms :
 Nasal congestion and discharge
 Sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache &tiredness

7. MALARIA
 Pathogen : Plasmodium vivax, P. malaria, P.falciparum
Mode of transmission :
 By bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes
Incubation period :
 Approximately 12 days
Symptoms
 Headache, nausea and muscular pain.
 Feeling of chilliness and shivering followed by fever which becomes normal
along with sweating after some time.
 The patient becomes weak and anaemic.
 If not treated properly secondary complications may lead to death.

8. PREVENTION AND CURE OF MALARIA
 Fitting of double door and windows (with wire mesh) in the
house to prevent entry of mosquitoes.
 Use of mosquito net and mosquito repellents.
 No water should be allowed to collect in ditches or other open
spaces to prevent mosquito breeding.
 Sprinkling of kerosene oil in ditches or other open spaces where
water gets collected.
 Antimalarial drugs to be taken.

9. AMOEIBIASIS
Pathogen :
Entamoeba histolytica (Protozoan)
Target organ - Large intestine of human
Mode of transmission :
 Houseflies transmit the parasite from faeces of infected person to
food, food products and water.
Symptoms :
i. Constipation
ii. Abdominal pain and cramps
iii. Stools with excess mucous and blood clots

10. ASCARASIS
Pathogen : Ascaris
Target organ – intestine
Mode of transmission :
 The eggs of the parasite are excreted along with the faeces of
infected persons which contaminate soil, water, plants, etc.
 contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc.
Symptoms :
 Internal bleeding
 Muscular pain
 Fever
 Anemia
 Blockage of the intestinal passage

11. ELEPHANTIASIS OR FILARIASIS
Pathogen : Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi)
Target organ –Lymphatic vessels of lower limb
Mode of transmission :
 bite by female Culex mosquito
Symptoms :
 Blocked lymph ducts
 Enlarged groin lymph nodes
 Fever
 Thickened skin tissue
 Impaired lymphatic drainage

12. RINGWORM
 Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin.
 The name “ringworm” is a misnomer, since the infection is
caused by a fungus, not a worm.
Pathogens :
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

13. Symptoms :
 Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such
as skin, nails and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease.
 These lesions are accompanied by intense itching.
 Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow, which makes them
thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes.
Mode of transmission :
 They acquired from soil or by using towels, clothes or even the
comb of infected individuals.

14. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 Maintenance of personal and public hygiene
 Keeping the body clean
 Consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits, etc.
 Proper disposal of waste and excreta;
 Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks
 Vaccination and immunization

15. THANK YOU