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Al-Rumaila Square: A Study on the Perception of the Space
- 1. Al-RumailaSquare Plaza of theSultans &Kings A StudyonthePerceptionoftheSpace By:AhmedYahiyaEnab
- 2. Important Note: ALL PHOTOGRAPHSARE COPYRIGHTED TO THE RESEARCHER THEYCANBEDOWNLOADEDAT http://flickr.com/blackpix AND NOTTOBEUSEDFORNON-EDUCATIONALPURPOSES SourceofMethodology: Matej Nikšič, “What makesmysquare?” http://www.uirs.si,matej.niksic@uirs.si References: http://www.alltalaba.com/ http://www.landcivi.com/ http://ar.wikipedia.org/ Introduction
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- 4. Research Methodology Introduction Meaning 1. IslamicCairo,andtheSpace’sLocation 2.HistoryoftheSpace. 3. TheSpace’sPresent(RemainsoftheSpace’s ArchitecturalElements). PhysicalCharacteristics 1. SpaceLocation,andAreaofStudy. 2. VisualElementsinside,andaroundtheSpace. 3. ApproachestoSpace. 4. Space Closures(WallsoftheSpace). 5. TheFoldingoftheSpace (ChangesinHorizontal, andVerticalPlanes). 6. ScalesoftheSpace (InRelationtotheHuman Figure). 7. Space Details(Floors,Furnishings,Plantation,etc…) Activities 1. PositiveandNegativeActivitiesinsidetheSpace.
- 5. Research Process Introduction Documentation Meaning 1. HistoryofSpace 2.TheSpaces LinktoHistoricCairo Physical Characteristics 1. ApproachestoSpace 2. MentalImageofSpace Analysis S.W.O.T. Analysis ofthe Space Suggestions Activates Based Approach Meaning Based Approach Documentation Analysis Suggestions
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- 7. Historic Location Documentation Meaning 1. RiverNile 2. HistoricCity 3. Citadel 4. Muqattm Hills 5. Misr 6. Old Cairo 7. Al-Fustat 8. North Cemetery 9. South Cemetery 10. Bulaq HistoricCairo& theSpace’sLocation thespacewe’restudyingisknownformanynames,of them: 1. Quraminad(FirstMamlukiname) 2. Al-Remaila(Ottoman name) 3. Al-SultanHassanSquare(AUC Archives) 4. Al-Qal’a(Citadel)Square(popularby busdrivers) 5. Al-Refa’ySquare(alsopopularby busdrivers) 6. MuhammadA’liSquare 7. Salahal-Din Square(currentofficialname) Thistellstheimportanceofthesquare,anditshistorical meaning. TheSquareliesin theheartofwhatwecall nowHistoric Cairo.
- 8. Historic Location Documentation Meaning TheSpaces LinktotheHistoricCity Thespaceislinkedtootherpartsofthehistoriccityviaal- Darbal-Ahmarstreet,whichleadstoal-Qasaba,andthen totheheartofFatimidCairo. 1.Al-Remaila Square 2. Al-Darbal- Ahmar 3. Al-Qasaba 4. TheFatimid Walls
- 9. History of theSpace Documentation Meaning Thesquare’shistorygoesback tothedaysofAhmedibn-Tulun;itwasinthisparticularlocation – atthefootofthecurrentdays’citadel – wherehe builtthepalacesforhisnewcapital,al-Qata’i’. TheimportanceofthesquarecontinuedtoincreasethroughthedaysoftheFatimidsandthe Mumluks,whereitwasthemainsquareforthegathering,traininganddisplayofarmies. Itwasalsoa publicparkwithseatsforspectatorsofsportinggames playedby thevariousteamsofyoungmamluks.Themostfamousof thesesportswaspolo,agameofballplayedonthebacksofhorses. Itwasalsoa remunerablesightforthepeopleofCairowhenaforeignclown walkstheairona ropehungbetweenthema’zanaofal-SultanHassan’sMasjedandthewallsofSalahal-Din’s Citadel. Thesquarewasalsothedeparturepointofal-Mahmal;thecaravan whichcarriedtheclothcoversofal-Ka’bain Mecca. Polo Payers Polois oneof the oldestequestriansports.At first it wasa training game for cavalry unitsorelitetroops. Tribesmenoftenplayedit with asmany asone hundredto a side,reminiscentof a miniaturebattle. Thegame isbelievedto have originatedin Persia(now Iran)and spreadto Arabia,thento Tibet. The Mahmal WhenShagaratal-Durr madethe pilgrimage to Mecca in royalstate,shetraveledin a richly decorated caravan.Whenshewasunableto make thepilgrimage again,shesentthe Mahmal, orornamentalcaravan, empty, but imbuedwith an auraof royalpower.When al-ZahirBaybarsbecamesultanin 1260, he maintainedthecustom of the emptyMahmal.
- 10. History of theSpace Documentation Meaning WhenMuhammad‘AlitokeovertheruleofEgypthestartedtorebuildhisarmiesandopennew militaryschoolsinsidethewallsoftheCitadel,thetrainingtookplacein theal-Remayasquare wherethestudentswereobservedbyMuhammad‘Alihimself. DuringthedaysofIsmailthesquarewasrestored,planted,enlargedandlinkedtoMuhammad ‘AliStreettobecome oneofthelargestsquaresofCairo. Todaythesquareseeslessdenseractivates,and it’susedasamajortrafficroute,butstillthe gatheringofarchitecturalmonumentssurroundingthespace,speakofthebetterdaysthissquare hasseen. Muhammed A’li After Napoleon'sevacuationin 180 I, theMacedonian Ottoman army officerMuhammad A’liarrived asthe appointedpasha. Tenyearslater,he murderedthe remaininginfluentialMamluksand adoptedEgypt as hisprivateestate. From thenon,he encouraged foreignerswith talentandknow-howto come to Cairo andbuilda moderncity, in a stylealiento Cairo's characterandtradition.
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- 12. Space Location Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –Introduction01 Thespaceliesatthewesterncornerofwhatwecall IslamicCairo.Thespaceislinkedtothehistoriccityviaal- Mahgarstreet,andthenal-Darbal-Ahmarstreet,which leadstoal-Qasaba–theheartoftheIslamiccity.Itisalso directlylinkedtoal-SaidaAisha,andal-SaidaZainab squares,viaal-Salibaand al-SaidaAishastreets.Thespace isalsoconnectedtodowntownCairothrough MuhammadA’listreet,whichleadstoal-A’atbasquare.
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- 14. Like theMuhammadA’li street,butmoreinteresting,the Shaikhounstreetprovidesa“terminatedvista”ofthetwo masjedsofthesquare,thisvistastartstoappearattheIbn- Tulunmasjed Shaikhoun Street Al-SaidaZainabSquare Ibn-TulunMasjed Al-RumailaSquare Thesquareslink toal-SaidaZainabsquare,andtheviewfromIbn-Tulun’smasjed. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 15. Again,andlike theMuhammadA’listreet,theShaikhoun streetsplitsintotwominorstreets,one leadsdirectlyto thesquare,andtheotherleadstoal-SaidaAishastreet. Shaikhoun Street Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 16. Thestreetendingatthesquare,passesby thecrowdsat the“al-KhalefaPoliceStation”,anditsadjacent governmentbuilding.The streetthenendswithafine panoramaofthesquare. Shaikhoun Street Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
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- 18. TheotherarmoftheShaikhounstreet,goes bytheback of thegovernmentbuilding,ontheleft,andontherightit passesbysomecommercialbuildings,amodernmasjed, andasmallworkshop. Shaikhoun Street Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 19. Therearetwointerestingthingsaboutthisstreet,one is thefinevistaoftheMuhammadA’li masjeditgivesatits end. ShaikhounStreet Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
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- 21. ThelongstraightstreetofMuhammadA’li providesafine “terminatedvista”oftheSultanHassan,andal-Refa’y masjeds.ThestreetthensplitsintoSultanHassan,and al- Refa’ystreets,whichleadtothesquare. MuhammadA’li Street Level = 21.80+ Level = 28.50+ Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 22. Thestreetisasnaketypelike,withamediumslope. Itsmainfeatureofcourse isthewesternfaçadeofthe SultanHassanmasjed.` Sultan HassanStreet Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 23. Inadditiontotraffic,hestreethassomevisualproblems, like thepoor conditionedindustrialandhousingbuildings alongitsrightside. SultanHassan Street BuildingsinBadConditions Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 24. ObscureEdgeWellDefinedEdge Notonlydo thesebuildingsdecreasethevisualqualityof thestreetexperience(talkingqualitybasis),butthere unidentifiedskylineandlack ofcontinuity,decreasethe qualityoftheexperienceonquantitybasis(thestreets definition). SultanHassan Street Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 25. Thestreetendsup withafinevistaoftheMuhammadA’li masjedattheCitadel. Sultan HassanStreet Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 26. Thetwistingexperienceofthestreetshould byinteresting, becausethisstreetpasseson fourdifferenthistoric buildings,andtheoverallatmosphereoftheothernon- historicbuildingsisquitoldtoo. Al-Refa’y Street Therestorationconditionsofthehistoricbuildingsonthe leftare extremelybad,and theplantationblocksviewsto someofthem. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 27. Theapproachfromal-Mahgarstreetgainsitsimportance fromthenumberofmonumentswhichthevisitorpasses bybeforeenteringthesquare. Al-Mahgar Street TheSquaresLinktothe HistoricCity 1. Al-RemailaSquare 2.Al-Darbal-Ahmar 3. Al-Qasaba 4. TheFatimidWalls Thepathfromthe Fatimidwallstothe square,contains morethan92Islamic monuments. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 28. Al-SultanHassanMasjed (far background) Al-MahmodiaMasjed Al-AwkafApartments Theintenseslopeofthestreetmake itactasa terrace lookingoverthesquare. Al-Mahgar Street Level = 41.00+ Level = 56.90+ Sectionthroughal-Mahgarstreet. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 29. Thestreetisastraightlongone aimeddirectlyatal- Mahmodiamasjed. Quramidan Street Thestreetendswithafinepanoramaofthesquarewith thefourdomesapparent. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 30. OntherightsideitfeaturesthegreatwallsoftheCitadel.Ontheleftliessomelow riseservicebuildings,ahospital, anda school,allsufferinginbadconditions. Quramidan Street Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
- 31. Thestreetisastraightlongone aimeddirectlyatal- Mahmodiamasjed. Thefreepavedspaceatitsendprovidesthebest panoramicviewofthesquare. Salah al-DinStreet Theareaattheend oftheSalahal-DinSt.providesthebestpanoramaofthesquare. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
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- 33. Themostcrowded,themostscary,themostliving,and the mostEgyptianapproachtothesquare,theapproachfrom al-SaidaAishasquare. Al-Saida AishaStreet Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics -ApproachestoSpace
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- 35. Mental Image ofSpace Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –Introduction02 Thementalimageofthespaceisderivedbasedonthe“Lynch” methodology,whichanalysistheurbanenvironmentinto Landmarks Nodes Edges Paths Districts Gateways Theaboveelementswhererankedbasedonthereimportanceand definitionintomajor,moderate(fair),andminor.
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- 38. Landmarks Al Refa’y Masjed MajorLandmark ActsasacomplementtotheSultanHassanMasjed,ona micro-urban level.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 40. Landmarks Qainbay al-RamahMasjed Moderate Landmark Anelegantarchitecturalmonument,butitsviewisunfortunately obscuredbytheunusedspacebeforeitandbythemetalfence surroundingit. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 42. Landmarks Al-AzabGate, and Masjed ModerateLandmark Thegrandstairs,theminaret,andthecommunicationtowerdistinguish al-AzabgatefromthewallsoftheCitadel.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 45. Landmarks A GovernmentalBuilding MinorLandmark Itscolors(theorange,andyellow stripes),highlydistinguishitfromthe surroundinglowrisebuildings.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 47. Nodes Space Behind theSultan Hassan Masjed MajorNode A gathering,andrestingplace behindtheSultanHassanmasjed, speciallyaftertheFridayprayer.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 48. Nodes TheSpace before al-RamahMasjed MinorNode ThespaceisusuallycrowdedaftertheFridayprayer,butfortherestof theweekit’saplaygroundforschoolboys.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 49. Nodes TheCitadel walls ParkingArea MinorNode Thoughofficiallyaparkinglot,thechildrenfrequentlyfillthespacewith lifeeachday afterschooltime.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 50. Nodes TheSquare Fountainand Roundabout ModerateNode Whitherit’sagoodthing,orabad thing,I don’tthinkitneedsa comment.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 51. Nodes The Salah al-DinPark MajorNode Acalmand pleasantnode, itsonlydisadvantageisthehighfence surroundingmostofit.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 52. Nodes Planted Islands Moderate Node Allplantedislandsatroadintersectionsareusedasrestingplacesfor visitors,andaplacewherethepoor,andthehomelessgather.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 54. Paths ThePath between theTow Masjeds Pedestrian Routs A gloriouspath,whichrecallstheurbancharacteroftheancientIslamic lands.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 55. Paths TheRamp before al-RamahMasjed PedestrianRouts Therampconnectsal-Mahgarand al-Refa’ystreets,andprovidesgood viewsofthemarvelousQaynbayal-RamahComplex.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 57. Paths TheSultan Hassan Street Routsfor Vehicles ThestreetgoesaroundthewesternfaçadeoftheSultanHassanmasjed, andmergeswithal-Refa’ystreetattheend oftheMuhammadA’listreet.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 58. Paths Al-Refa’yStreet Routs for Vehicles Withal-Lalamasjedasastartingfocalpoint,al-Refa’ystreetisatwisting pathwhichlinksthesquaretotheMuhammadA’listreet.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 59. Paths Al-MahgarStreet Routs for Vehicles Thismaybethemosthistoricallyimportantpathofthemall,itleadsto al-Darbal-Ahmarstreet,whichleadstoal-Qasaba-theheartofthe Fatimidcity. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 60. Paths Quramidan Street Routs forVehicles ThestreetsholdstheMamlukinameofthesquare“Quramidan”,its prettyempty,andgoesbythewallsoftheCitadel,andends atal-Saida AishaSquare. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 61. Paths Salah al-DinStreet Routs forVehicles Thestreetholdsthecurrentnameofthesquare,thespacealsoends at al-SaidaAishasquare,andisfilledwithworkshops,anda fewservice buildings. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 62. Paths Al-Saida Aisha Street Routsfor Vehicles Holdingthenameofitsfinaldestination,thestreetisacrowdedmarket place,abusstation,and aplaceforfuneralsand weddingfestivals.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 64. Edges TheFencesaround the Monuments ModerateEdge Themonumentsareall surroundedbya metalfence,Ireallydon’tseea reasonforthatatall, butitsjustone oftheunnecessaryproceduresof thesecurityforces. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 65. Edges TheCitadel Walls MajorEdge Themostdefiningedgeofthespace,it’sa visualandphysicalbarrier, whichmakesthemindwonderwhateverhappened behindthatwall.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 66. Edges TheFenceof the Salahal- DinPark Moderate Edge A metalandbrickfence,separatesthewonderfulparkfromtherestof thespace,thefenceprotectsthepark,butsurelyhidesitsbeauty.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 67. Edges Fencesaround Green Areas MinorEdge Alow pointedfencesurroundsmostofthegreenareasin thesquare, prohibitingpublicaccesstoit.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 69. Gateways Gateway to theTwo Masjeds (Back) MajorGateway A ceremonialgatemarkstheentrancetoal-SultanHassanandal-Refa’y masjeds,fromMuhammadA’listreet,itsatback entrance,surlythe wrongplace. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 70. Gateways Gateway to theTwo Masjeds (Front) Moderate Gateway A dull, prisonlikegateway,markstheentranceofthemostcelebrated monumentofIslamicarchitecture,what'smissingisa signsaying “You’reNotWelcome”. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 71. Gateways Gateway to Salahal-DinPark Moderate Gateway A Strangegateway,withabsolutelyno pointatall, becausethespaceof al-Mahmodiaiscompletelyopenfromtheback.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 72. Gateways Al-A’zabGate MajorGateway A monument,a landmark,andagateway,unfortunatelyclosed,and deserted.Al-A’zabgatemarkstheentrancetothemysteriousCitadel.Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 73. Gateways Gateway to al-MahmodiaMasjed Moderate Gateway Anexpectedgatewayforthefencedpark. Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 75. Al-Mahgar MajorDefined District Definedbyitsrelativelyhighlevel, theoldandpoordistrictsurrounds thesquarefromeasttonorth. Districts Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 77. Areabehind Mustafa KamelMausoleum Moderate Defined District TheMustafaKamelHospital,andal-SaidaAishaschool. Districts Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 78. 2 Salah al-DinSquare Moderate Defined District A bunch oflow-riseworkshops,andsmallindustrialandservice buildings. Districts Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 79. Al-Saida Aisha Moderate DefinedDistrict Themostcrowdedandlivingdistractofthemall, withamarketplace,a busstation,and thefamousmasjedofal-SaidaAisha. Districts Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 80. Masaken al-Kal’a MajorDefined District AhousingprojectacrosstheSultanHassanstreet.Distinguishedbyits regularforms,anddetails,butsharespovertywithitssisterdistracts. Districts Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
- 81. Al-Khalefa Moderate Defined District AtypicalEgyptiancommon “sha’by”suburban,withmulti-landuses, randomplantation,snakelike streets,andeverything. Districts Documentation PhysicalCharacteristics –MentalImage
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- 83. Evaluation Method Analysis S.W.O.T. Analysis-Introduction Theevaluationmethodofthespaceisbasedonthe S.W.O.T.concept, whichistoanalyzeaspectsofthespace basedon their: •Strengths •Weakness •Opportunities •Threats Theaspectschosenforevaluationwere: •Access& Linkage •Sociability •Comfort& Safety •TouristValue
- 84. ThreatsOpportunitiesWeaknessStrengths Access&Linkages Policeblocksboth traffic and pedestrianaccess,sometimes. Notrafficlights, insufficientwalkable paths. Accessto historicstreetscould be furtherexposed. Visualaccessfrom andto the outside of the space. Noparking lotsnearthe main nodes.Thespacedrownsin a generousflow of publictransport. Theview of thecitadelis to be damagedby a buildingblock. Analysis S.W.O.T. Analysis -Evaluation
- 85. Opportunities Sociability Weakness Importantpartsof thespacearenot welcoming. With noproperplacetosit, thespace is notfriendly. Lots of unusedspaces,with great enclosure,andsensation. Other functionslike meditationcould be addedeasily. Threats Streets,andparking spacesare dangerousplacesforchildren. Strengths Thoughall Islamic,the spaceoffers diversityof scales,periods,anduses. Thespaceisfine onthe childishscale. Analysis S.W.O.T. Analysis -Evaluation
- 86. Opportunities Comfort&Safety Weakness Mostof the times,thisisnot the cleanestsquareinEgypt. Theplantationin the squareisnot very useful,orbeautiful. Threats Some placesarenot very safefor childrento play. Some times,lost dogsdominateparts of the square. Strengths Policeforcessecurethespace,to the levelof boredom. TheSalahal-Din parkhasa great potential,whichcouldbeaddedto the square. Analysis S.W.O.T. Analysis -Evaluation
- 87. Opportunities TouristValue Weakness Elementsof the spaceareina desperate needforpreservation. Accessto thesoutherncemetery, and al-Gamaliacan be easilygranted. Threats Whiletaking a photo, youcan simply die(by vehicletraffic). Strengths Thespaceisan attractionto various typesof people. Analysis S.W.O.T. Analysis -Evaluation
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- 89. Suggestions Alternatives– Activity BasedSuggestion SuggestionConcept Theconceptofthissolutionisbasedon there-useofthe spaceanditssurroundingarias. Thefunctionssuggestedarebasedonthehistoryofthe spaceanditsvitaltouristicvalueandlocation. Thefunctionssuggestedare… 1. Stone,andothermaterialscraftingworkshops, classes,andexhibition. 2. Amarketplace,fordistributionofthecrafts,and theirproducts. 3. Re-usageoftheSultanHassanasaschoolfor religiousandculturalclasses. 4. A publicopenspaceforceremonialuse,andfor usageasaprayerspace. 5. Public restaurantsandcafeteriastoservethepublic ofthenewspaces.
- 90. Suggestions Alternatives– Activity BasedSuggestion RoadNetwork Inordertofulfillthesuggestion’sgoals,theroadnetwork hasbeenre designedtoallow foranopenpublic space, tunnelshavebeenusedtolink majorroads,otherroads werere-directedorremoved. Above groundRoads RoadsUnderground TunnelsStarts Thecurrentroadnetwork.
- 91. Suggestions Alternatives– Activity BasedSuggestion RoadNetwork Inordertofulfillthesuggestion’sgoals,theroadnetwork hasbeenre designedtoallow foranopenpublic space, tunnelshavebeenusedtolink majorroads,otherroads werere-directedorremoved. Above groundRoads RoadsUnderground TunnelsStarts Thecurrentroadnetwork.
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- 93. Suggestions Alternatives– Activity BasedSuggestion Twomajorvehicleroads,andnosafepedestrian accesstothe space. Smallindustrial buildingsandworkshops. CurrentSituation
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- 95. Suggestions Alternatives– Activity BasedSuggestion Stone,andothermaterialscraftingworkshops, classes,andexhibition. Theareabetweenthe workshopsandal-Saida Aishamarket couldbe usedforstorageandopen workshops. A market opento thespaceto distributethe crafts, andits products. ActivityBased
- 96. Suggestions Alternatives– Activity BasedSuggestion Thebuildingofthe craftsworkshops complementsthe citadelwalls,andfurther definesthe spacein-between. the publicrestaurantsandcafeterias,and the market, act alsoasshadedmeeting placesinside the newspace ActivityBased
- 97. Suggestions Alternatives– Activity BasedSuggestion There-useofbuildings,like al-SultanHassan, andthe Citadelpalaces,as schools,andlibraries. Theflooringof thespacescouldbe directedto al-Qubla,to be easilyusedasan openprayer space. ActivityBased
- 98. End Notes: Thisresearchistobeconsideredpartofalargescaleplan,tosaveand reusetheIslamic monumentsofCairo. Theareaofstudycannotbedetachedfromotherareasofthecitylike,theCitadel,al-Gamalya,al- SaidaZainab,andotherhistoricareas. And intheend Iwouldlike tothankall thosewhohelpedme throughoutthisresearch,andI apologizeforitsincompleteness(speciallythesuggestionspart),hopingit could becompleted lateron throughotherresearchwork. Thankyouforyourinterest. AhmedYahiya,2008 Introduction